110793392 gsm rf planning concepts ppt

7/27/2019 110793392 GSM RF Planning Concepts Ppt

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RF Network Design

Network Planning


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Introduction

The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can

be summarised as follows :- To help theoperator toidentify their RFdesignrequirement

Optional

Discuss and agreeRF designparameters,assumptions andobjectives with thecustomer

Coveragerequirement Traffic requirement Various level of

design (ROM todetail RF design)

Issuing of searchring

Cand. assessment Site survey,

design, approval Drive test(optional)

Frequencyplan

Neighbour list

RF OMC data Optimisation

ComparativeAnalysis

RF Designrequirement

RF Design

SiteRealisation

RF Design

Implementation


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Comparative Analysis

This is an optional step

This is intended to :-o Help an existing operator in building/expanding their networko Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement,

e.g. where their network should be built

For the comparative analysis, we would need to :-o Identify all network that are competitors to the customero Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of

interesto Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the

competitors have service


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Comparative Analysis

The result of the analysis should include :-

For an existing operatoro All problems encountered in the customers networko All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor

doeso Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems

For a new operatoro Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors networko Problem encountered in the competitors network


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RF Network Design Inputs

The RF design inputs can be divided into :-o Coverage requirements

Target coverage areas Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be

marked geographically Coverage area probability

Penetration Loss of buildings and in-carso Capacity requirements

Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS Network capacity


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RF Network Design Inputs

Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be included

in the RF design Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any Quality of Network (C/I values) Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)


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Coverage Design Inputs by BSNL

Coverage Thresholdso Indoor Coverage : Signal Level measured at street better than65 dBm.

Indoor coverage to be provided in commercial complexes,hotels,technology parks etc.

o In Car Coverage: Signal Level measured at street better than75 dBm.In Car coverage to be provided in residential areas, highways, touristspots etc.

o Outdoor Coverage : Signal level measured at street better than85dBm. All remaining areas to be covered with Outdoor coverage.

o These are general guidelines for planning , specific areas not provided.


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Capacity Design Inputs by BSNL

Frequency spectrum available 6.2 MHz (31 channels). Average traffic per sub for RF design : 50 mErlang. Synthesizer frequency hopping can be used. GOS: 2% Existing network Database

o Total No. of sites with configurationo Site details eg location(Lat-Long), Antenna height ,azimuth, etc.


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RF Network Design

There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the :-o Capacity requiremento Coverage requirement

For the RF Coverage Design

RFCoverage

Design

LinkBudget

PropagationModel

DigitisedDatabasesCW Drive

Testing

CustomerRequirements


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CW Drive Testing

CW drive test can be used for the following purposes :-

o Propagation model tuningo Assessment of the suitability of candidate sites, from both

coverage and interference aspect CW drive test process can be broken down to :-

TestPreparation

Propagation

Test

DataProcessing

Equipmentrequired BTS antenna

selection Channel selection

Power setting Drive route planning Test site selection

Transmittersetup

Receiversetup

Drive test Transmitter

dismantle

Measurementaveraging

Report generation


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CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation

Test Site Selection

For propagation model tuning, the test sites should be selected sothat :-o They are distributed within the clutter under studyo The height of the test site should be representative or typical for

the specific cluttero Preferably not in hilly areas

For candidate site testing/verification, the actual candidate siteconfiguration (height, location) should be used.

For proposed greenfield sites, a cherry-picker will be used.


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Frequency Channel Selectiono The necessary number of channels need to be identified from the

channels available With input from the customer

o The channels used should be free from occupation From the guard bands Other free channels according to the up-to-date frequency plan

o The channels selected will need to be verified by conducting apre-test drive It should always precede the actual CW drive test to verify the

exact free frequency to be used It should cover the same route of the actual propagation testA field strength plot is generated on the collected data to

confirm the channel suitability


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Transmit Power Setting

For propagation model tuning, the maximum transmit power isused

For candidate site testing, the transmit power of the testtransmitter is determined using the actual BTS link budget tosimulate the coverage

On sites with existing antenna system, it is recommended thatthe transmit power to be reduced to avoid interference or inter-modulation to other networks.

The amount of reduction is subject to the possibility if separatingthe test antenna from the existing antennas


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Drive Route Determinationo The drive route of the data collection is planned prior to the drive test

using a detail road map Eliminate duplicate route to reduce the testing time

o For propagation model tuning, each clutter is tested individually and thedrive route for each test site is planned to map the clutter under-study forthe respective sites.

o It is important to collect a statistically significant amount of data, typically

a minimum of 300 to 400 data points are required for each cluttercategory

o The data should be evenly distributed with respect to distance from thetransmitter

o In practice, the actual drive route will be modified according to the latestdevelopment which was not shown on the map. The actual drive route

taken should be marked on a map for record purposes.


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Transmitter Equipment Setupo Test antenna location

Free from any nearby obstacle, to ensure free propagation in bothhorizontal and vertical dimension

For sites with existing antennas, precaution should be taken to avoidpossible interference and/or inter-modulation

o Transmitter installation

o A complete set of 360 photographs of the test location (at the test height)and the antenna setup should be taken for record

CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test


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Scanning Receiver Setup - HP 7475A Receiver Example

HP 7475A Receiver


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Scanning Receiver Setupo The scanning rate of the receiver should always be set to allow at least

36 sample per 40 wavelength to average out the Rayleigh Fading effect. For example: scanning rate = 100 sample/s test frequency = 1800 MHz therefore, to achieve 36 sample/40 wavelength, the max. speed is =

o It is recommended that :- Beside scanning the test channel, the neighbouring cells is also

monitored. This information can be used to check the coverageoverlap and potential interference

Check the field strength reading close to the test antenna beforestarting the test, it should approach the scanning receiver saturation


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Drive Testo Initiate a file to record the measurement with an agreed naming

conventiono Maintain the drive test vehicle speed according to the pre-set

scanning rateo Follow the pre-plan drive route as closely as possibleo Insert marker wherever necessary during the test to indicate

special locations such as perceived hot spot, potential interferer

etc.o Monitor the GPS signal and field strength level throughout the

test, any extraordinary reading should be inspected beforeresuming the test.

Dismantling Equipmento

It is recommended to re-confirm the transmit power (as the pre-setvalue) before dismantling the transmitter setup


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Measurement Data Processing

Data Averagingo This can be done during the drive testing or during the data

processing stage, depending on the scanner receiver and theassociated post-processing softwareo The bin size of the distance averaging depends on the size of the

human made structure in the test environment Report Generation

o For propagation model tuning, the measurement data is exported

into the planning tool (e.g. Asset)o Plots can also be generated using the processing tool or using

MapInfoo During the export of the measurement data, it is important to take

care of the coordinate system used, a conversion is necessary ifdifferent coordinate systems are used.


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Propagation Model Standard Macrocell Model for Asset

o Lp (dB) = K1 + K2 log(d) + K3 Hm + K4 log(Hm) + K5 log(Heff)o + K6 log(Heff) log(d) + K7 Diffraction + Clutter factoro where Lp, Diffraction, Clutter factor are in dBo d, Hm, Heff are in mo It is based on the Okumura-Hata empirical model, with a number of

additional features to enhance its flexibilityo Known to be valid for frequencies from 150MHz to 2GHzo Applies in condition :-

Base station height : 30 - 200 m Mobile height : 1 - 10 m Distance : 1 - 20 km

o An optional second intercept and slope (K1, K2) for the creation of a two-piece model with the slope changing at the specified breakpoint distance.


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Morphology Class


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Link Budget

Link Budget Element of a GSM Network

BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Fade Margin

LNA(optional)

Feeder Loss

DiversityGain

BTSReceiver

Sensitivity

ACELoss

BTSTransmit

Power

Penetration Loss

MS Antenna Gain,Body and Cable

Loss

MobileTransmit

Power

MobileReceiver

Sensitivity


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Li k B d t


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Link Budget

Mobile Transmit Powero GSM900 : Typical mobile class 4 (2W)o GSM1800 : Typical mobile class 1 (1W)

Mobile Receiver Sensitivityo The sensitivity of GSM900 and GSM1800 mobile = -102 dBm

Li k B d t


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Link Budget Diversity Gain

o Two common techniques used :- Space Polarisation

o Reduce the effect of multipath fading on the uplinko Common value of 3 to 4.5 dB being used

BTS Receiver Sensitivityo Depends on the type of propagation environment model used,

most commonly used TU50 modelo BTS :-

Receiver Sensitivity for GSM900 = -107 dBm

Li k B d t


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Link Budget

Feeder Losso Depends on the feeder type and feeder length

o The selection of the feeder type would depends on the feederlength, I.e. to try to limit to feeder loss to 3 -4dB.

BTS Antenna Gaino Antenna gain has a direct relationship to the cell sizeo The selection of the antenna type depends on :-

The morphology classes of the targeted area and coveragerequirements

Zoning and Local authority regulations/limitationso Common antenna types used :-

65, 90, omni-directional antennas with different gains


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Link Budget


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Link Budget

Penetration Losso Penetration loss depends on the building structure and materialo Penetration loss is included for in-building link budgeto Typical value used for Asia-Pacific environment (if country specific

information is not available) :- Dense Urban : 20 dB Urban : 18 dB

Suburban : 15 dB Rural : 9 dB

Body Losso Typical value of 3dB body loss is used

MS Antenna Gaino A typical mobile antenna gain of 2.2 dBi is used

Link Budget


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Link Budget

Link Budget Example (GSM900)

Antenna


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Antenna

Antenna Selectiono Gaino

Beamwidths in horizontal and vertical radiated planeso VSWRo Frequency rangeo Nominal impedanceo Radiated pattern (beamshape) in horizontal and vertical planeso Downtilt available (electrical, mechanical)o Polarisationo Connector types (DIN, N)o Height, weight, windload and physical dimensions

Antenna


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Antenna

The antenna selection processo

Identify system specifications such as polarisation, impedanceand bandwidtho Select the azimuth or horizontal plane pattern to obtain the

needed coverageo Select the elevation or vertical plane pattern to be as narrow as

possible, consistent with practical limitations of size, weight and

costo Check other parameters such as cost, power rating, size, weight,

mounting capabilities, wind loading, connector types, aestheticsand reliability to ensure that they meet system requirements

Antenna


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Antenna

System Specificationo Impedance and frequency bandwidth is normally associated with the

communication system usedo The polarisation would depends on if polarisation diversity is used

Horizontal Plane Patterno Three categories for the horizontal plane pattern :-

Omnidirectional Sectored (directional)

Narrow beam (highly directional) Elevation Plane Patterno Choosing the antenna with the smallest elevation plane beamwidth will

give maximum gain. However, beamwidth and size are inversely relatedo Electrical down tilto Null filling

Nominal RF Design


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Nominal RF Design

Link Budget

Maximumpath loss

Propagationmodel

Typical siteconfiguration

Site radius

Nominal RFDesign

(coverage)

Coveragerequirements

Nominal sitecount

Coverage sitecount

Transmit Power Antenna

configuration(type, height,azimuth)

Site type (sector,omni)

Trafficrequirements

Standard hexagonsite layout Friendly,

candidate sites Initial site survey

inputs

Traffic sitecount

Traffic > Cov.

Cov. > Traffic

Recalculate thesite radiususing the

number of sitesfrom the trafficrequirement

Repeat thenominal RFdesign

Trafficrequirements

Nominal RF Design


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Nominal RF Design

Calculation of cell radius

o A typical cell radius is calculated for each clutter environmento This cell radius is used as a guide for the site distance in the

respective clutter environmento The actual site distance could varies due to local terrain

Inputs for the cell radius calculation :-o Maximum pathloss (from the link budget)o Typical site configuration (for each clutter environment)o Propagation model

Nominal RF Design


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Nominal RF Design

There are different level of nominal RF design :-o Only using the cell radius/site distance calculated and placing

ideal hexagon cell layouto Using the combination of the calculated cell radius and the

existing/friendly sites from the customer

The site distance also depends on the required capacity In most mobile network, the traffic density is highest within the CBD

area and major routes/intersections The cell radius would need to be reduce in this area to meet the traffic

requirements

BASED ON THE SITE DISTANCE & THE COVERAGEREQUIREMENTS CELL COUNT BASED ON COVERAGE ISCALCULATED.

Nominal RF Design


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Nominal RF Design

Cell count based on traffic is derived based on capacity inputs:-

Capacity requirements GOS Spectrum availability Freq. Hopping techniques

If the total sites for the traffic requirement is more than the sites

required for coverage, the nominal RF design is repeated usingthe number of sites from the traffic requiremento Recalculating the cell radius for the high traffic density areaso The calculation steps are :-

Calculate the area to be covered per site

Calculate the maximum cell radius Calculate the site distance

Site Realisation


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Site Realisation

After completion of Nominal design based on cell count (coverage & capacity requirements) , search rings for each cellsite issued.

Nominal design is done , with the existing network inplace(existing BTS). Existing site location remain unchanged ,azimuth , tilts as per the new design requirements.

Based on the search ring form physical site survey isundertaken.


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Site Realisation


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Release ofSearch Ring

SuitableCandidates?

CandidatesApproved?

ArrangedCaravan

All partiesagreed atCaravan

Produce FinalRF Design

Caravan nextcandidate

Exhaustedcandidates

Additional sitesrequired

Cell splitrequired

Candidate

approved?

Driveby, RFsuggest possible

alternative

Nextcandidate

Problemidentifyingcandidate

Discussalternative with

customer

Issue designchange

Exhaustedcandidates

Y

N

Y Y

Y

Y

YY

NN

N

N

NN

YN


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Site Realisation-Site Survey Form


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y

Final RF Configuration Formo Base Station configuration

AzimuthAntenna heightAntenna type Down tiltAntenna location

Feeder type and length BTS type Transmit power Transceiver

configuration

Traffic Engineering


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g g

SpectrumAvailable

Reuse factor

Maximum numberof TRX per cell

No of TCH

availableTraffic offered

TrafficRequirement

Subscriber

supported

Channel

loading

Traffic Engineering


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Traffic Requirement

The Erlang per subscriber

Grade of Service (GoS)o

GoS is expressed as the percentage of call attempts that areblocked during peak traffico Most cellular systems are designed to a blocking rate of 1% to 5%

during busy hour


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Traffic Engineering


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Channel Loadingo As the number of TRX increases, the control channels required

increases accordinglyo The following channel loading is used for conventional GSM

networko For services such as cell broadcast, additional control channels

might be required

Traffic Engineering


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After determining the number of TCH available and the trafficrequirements, the traffic offered is calculated using the Erlang B table

o For example, for a 2% GoS and 3 TRX configuration, the traffic offered is14 Erlango If the traffic per subscriber is 50mE/subscriber, then the total subscribers

supported per sector = 280

For a uniform traffic distribution network, the number of sites requiredfor the traffic requirement is :-

Traffic Engineering


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Erlang B Table

Traffic Engineering


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If a traffic map is provided, the traffic engineering is done together withthe coverage design

After the individual sites are located, the estimated number ofsubscribers in each sector is calculated by :-o Calculating the physical area covered by each sectoro Multiply it by the average subscriber density per unit area in that regiono The overlap areas between the sectors should be included in each

sector because either sector is theoretically capable of serving the area The number of channels required is then determined by :-

o Calculating the total Erlangs by multiplying the area covered by theaverage load generated per subscriber during busy hour

o Determine the required number of TCH and then the required number ofTRXs

o If the number of TRXs required exceeded the number of TRXs supportedby the available spectrum, additional sites will be required

SWAP PLAN


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Why do we need a swap plan?To reduce mix of different vendor BTS within a large city/ area

o Reduce Inter MSC HO.o Better maintenance efficiency

Swap Strategyo No. of existing BTS sites with configuration knowno No. of new sites with configuration known.


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For Example BSNL UP(W) Circle

UP(W) Circle Network Diagram


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NokiaBTS

EriccssonBTS

All DHQ onNokia

Muzaffarnagar

Meerut

AligarhMathura

Agra

Noida

Etah

Ghaziabad

Bijnor

Rampur

Pilbhit

Etawah

Mainpuri

Budaun

Bulandshahr

Saharanpur

Moradabad

Bareilly

Delhi

NCR

Uttaranchal

Haryana

Haryana

RajasthanUP(E)

Nepal

UP(W) Circle Network Distribution Major Cities /SSAs to be deployed on Nokia BTS


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Major Cities /SSAs to be deployed on Nokia BTSo DHQ of all SSAso Meeruto Agrao Mathurao Noidao Ghaziabado Muzaffarnagaro Aligarho Bulandshahar

SSAs except DHQs deployed on Ericsson BTSo Bijnoro Bareillyo Moradabado Etaho Etawah

o Rampuro Pilbhito Badauno Mainpurio Saharanpur

HW & Rly Plan for UPW

NH 58


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Agra

Mathura

Mainpuri

Meerut

Muzaffarnagar

Saharanpur

Moradabad

Bulandshahar

BadaunPilbhit

Bareilly

Etawah

Aligarh

Bijnor

Rampur

Ghaziabad

Noida

Delhi

Etah

69 Ericsson HWSite

56 Nokia HW Site

National HW

Railways

State Highway

District Border

Uttaranchal

Haryana

Haryana

Rajasthan UP(E)

NH-58

NH-91

NH-24

NH-02

NH-03

Nepal

SWAPSUMMARYSl NO SSA PH-IV PLANNEDNOKIA

SWAPNOKIA WITHERICSSON

EXISTINGERICSSON

SWAPERICSSON

WITH NOKIA

TOTALNOKIA

TOTALERICSSON

HighwaysNokia

GRANDTOTAL


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A B C D E F G H

(A+D-B) (C-D+B) (E+F+G)

1 Agra 74 2 43 37 109 8 8 125

2 Aligarh 40 4 27 19 55 12 1 68

3 Badaun 16 10 11 3 9 18 1 28

4 Bareilly 45 11 27 17 51 21 2 74

5 Bijnor 39 32 16 3 10 45 0 55

6 Bulandshahar 27 3 17 12 36 8 1 45

7 Etah 17 12 10 3 8 19 3 30

8 Etawah 29 21 16 4 12 33 0 45

9 Ghaziabad 27 1 15 9 35 7 0 42

10 Mainpuri 22 17 12 2 7 27 0 34

11 Mathura 34 1 22 17 50 6 7 63

12 Meerut 68 5 30 26 89 9 11 109

13 Moradabad 73 35 33 16 54 52 9 115

14 Muzaffarnagar 48 10 17 13 51 14 3 68

15 Noida 12 0 8 6 18 2 0 20

16 Pilbhit 11 6 6 2 7 10 5 22

17 Rampur 20 13 11 3 10 21 0 31

18 Saharanpur 31 18 16 9 22 25 5 52

Total 633 201 337 201 633 337 56 1026

Before Swap 24volts (40) BTS

UP(W) Circle 24volt BTS Distribution


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Before Swap 24volt s (40) BTSstatuso Agra 9o Aligarh 2o Bareilly 5o Mathura 2o Meerut 3o Moradabad 6o Saharanpur 4o Bijnor 2o Bulandshahar 2o Etah 1o Etawah 3o Pilibhit 1

Out of 40 sites 31 have beenswapped too Bijnor 16o Moradabad 15

Out of 40 sites 9 left as it is (NoSwap)o Agra - 1o Moradabad 1o Saharanpur 1o Bijnor 1o Bulandshahr 1o Etah 1o Etawah 3

After Swap 24volts (40) BTS statuso Agra 1o Moradabad 16o Saharanpur 1

o Bijnor 17o Etah 1o Etawah 3o Bulandshahr 1


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Advanced Network Planning Steps

Parameter Planning


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Parameter planning means creating a default set of BSS parameters. The most important parameters to plan for:

o frequencieso BSIC

o LACo handover control parameterso adjacent cell definitions.

BSS Parameter


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Relevant BSS parameter for NW planningo frequency allocation plano transmit powero definition of neighbouring cellso definition of location areaso handover parameterso power control parameterso cell selection parameters

Handover Types


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Intracell same cell, other carrier or timeslot Intercell between cells (normal case)

Inter-BSC between BSC areas Inter-MSC between MSC areas Inter- PLMN e.g. between AMPS and GSM systems

intracell

intercell

inter-BSC

Handover Criteria


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1. Interference, UL and DL2. Bad C/I ratio3. Uplink Quality4. Downlink Quality5. Uplink Level6. Downlink Level

7. Distance8. Rapid Field Drop

9. MS Speed10. Better Cell, i.e. periodiccheck (Power Budget, UmbrellaHandovers)11. Good C/I ratio12. PC: Lower quality/levelthresholds (DL/UL)13. PC; Upper quality/levelthresholds (DL/UL)

Location Area Design 1/2


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Location updating affects all mobilesin networko LocUp in idle modeo LocUp after call completion

Location updating causes signallingand processing load within thenetwork (international LocUpdate !)

Avoid oscillating LocUpdate Trade-off between Paging load

and Location Update signalling

Location area 1

Location area 2

major road

Location Area Design 2/2


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Different MSC can not use the same LAC.

Location areas are important input for transmission plannerso should be planned as early as possible.

Never define location area borders along major roads! Dual band or microcellular networks require more attention on LAC

planningo co-located DCS and GSM cells are defined to the same LACo same MSC to avoid too much location updates which would

cause very high SDCCH blockings


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Network Optimisation


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What is network optimisation?

Network Optimisation is:


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Improving network quality from a subscribers point ofview.

Improving network quality from an operators point ofview.

p


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What is network quality?

H/W Failure Network

Configuration

Overall Network Quality


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OPE

RATOR

CUSTOMER

NETWORK

SERVICES

MOBILE

COST

Mail Box, Data,Fax, etc. Customer Care Faulty H/W or S/W Mobile Quality Misuse of

Equipment

g Network Traffic Spectrum

Efficiency

Coverage yes/no Service Probability Quality Call Set Up Time Call Success Rate Call Completion

Rate

H/W Costs

Subscription/AirtimecostsAdditional ServicesCosts

Network EquipmentCostsMaintenance Costs

Site Leasing Costs

Tools for Optimisation


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Cell Planning Tools

Prediction Simulation

Network Measurement Tools

Propagation Drive test

Network ManagementSystem Network configuration

BSS parameter data Network performance

Performance Feedback


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Network is under permanent changeo ==> detect problems and symptoms early!

OMC

field

tests

customercomplaints

Its far toolatewhen

customerscomplain!


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Optimize compared to what?

Key Performance Indicators, KPI


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KPIs are figures used to evaluate Networkperformance.o post processing of NMS data oro drive test measurements data

Usually one short term target and one long term target.o check the network evolution and which targets are

achieved KPIs calculated with NMS data

o network performance on the operator side. KPIs from drive test

o performance on the subscribers side Usually turn key projects are evaluated according to

some predefined KPIs figures like drop call rate

Network Performance Evaluation withNMS

Th t li bl KPI t l t th t k f ith


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The most reliable KPIs to evaluate the network performance withNMS are:o SDCCH and TCH congestiono Blocking percentage [%]o Drop call rate [%]o Handover failure and/or success rateo Call setup success rateo Average quality DL and UL

The targets are always defined by the customer but the followingfigures can be considered as satisfactory results:

Item limit Target Lowest acceptable Dropped calls: 98 % 96 %

Good Qual samples (0..5) >98 % 95 %

Drive Test Measurements

E l t t k f f th b ib i t f i


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Evaluate network performance from the subscriber point of view KPIs information:

o DL quality, call success rate, handover success rate, DL signallevel

o not statistically as reliable as NMS information Added value of drive test measurement :

o find out the geographical position of problems like bad DLquality to look for a possible interference source in the area

o compare the performance of different networkso display the signal level on the digital maps to individuate areas

with lack of coverage eventually improve the propagation modelo verify the neighbour list parameter plan

Optimisation Process


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There are not strict processes for optimization because the activity isdriven by the network evolution.

Optimisation Process: Young NetworkCase

In a young network the primary target is normally the coverage


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In a young network the primary target is normally the coverage. In this phase usually there is a massive use of drive test

measuremento check the signal ando the performance of the competitors

GPS

NMSX

MMAC

Optimisation Process: Mature NetworkCase In a mature network the primary targets are quality indicators


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p y g q yo drop call rate, average quality, handover failures.

Important use the information from NMSo a general view of the network performance.

Drive test measurements are still usedo but not in a massive wayo in areas where new sites are on airo where interference and similar problems are pointed out by NMS

data analysis.

110793392 gsm rf planning concepts ppt

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