111028 p1 tridti_resized

01 November 2011Complexity studio

Graduation Lab UrbanismTU Delft

Tridti Patarakiatsan

BANGKOK SYNERGY

BKKs [Krung-Thep]

Bangkok SynergyA model to preserve urban heritages,integrated with rapid mass transit system

Source : www.flickr.com

CONTENT

1782-18521853-18851886-19341935-19591960-1990Urban growthDevelopment planning systemUrban developmentTransportationThe interrelation

Bangkok was ...

The consequencesPast assembled presentThe challengeConditions of MTSConditions of historic coresThe dual city

Bangkok is ...

ConfrontationThe probable scenarioRepetitous experiencesThe desirable sc enarioResearch questionEssential componentsRelevant theoriesProject positioningPossible interventionBangkok in 2030What is next?

Bangkok will ...Introduction

Bangkok with the worldBangkok with the satelliteBankok with ThailandBangkok with its governmentBangkok with LondonBangkok with its portraitBangkok with the reality Bangkok with built-up areas

00BKKs

Bangkok’s profile

01BKKsBANGKOK ‘S PROFILE

Shanghai13,447,000

Jakarta8,500,000

Singapore5,000,000

Kuala lumpur7,300,000

Tokyo12,790,000

Bangkok Metropolitan Region[BMR]

Thailand

Bangkok10,161,694

WITH THE WORLD

Source : www.mapofworld.com


Source : www.earth.google.com

WITH THE SATELLITE

40 km

20 km


Source : Bangkok assessment report(2008), www.nationalgeographic.com

WITH THAILAND

20%BMA:72%BMR:28%

80%

50%

50%

BMA:80%BMR:20%

0.3%

99.7%

1%

350%

Area GDP Population Density

Source : Bangkok planning standard(2010)

GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES

S

E

W

N


S

E

W

N

S

E

W

N

S

E

W

N

CBD

Commercial center

Community center

S

E

W

N

S

E

W

N

S

E

W

N

First city

Second city

Third city

Regional and BangkokVision

Head


WITH LONDON

BANGKOK, Thailand London, EnglandPopulation : 10,161,694

Area : 1,568 sq.km.

Density : 5,258 people/sq.km.

Population : 7,825,200

Area : 1,572 sq.km.

Density : 4,978 people/sq.km.

Source : UK office of National statistics



Bangkok’s icons

WITH ITS PORTRAITS

1. Siam paragon2. Khaosan road3. Traffic congestion4. The grand palace5. Jatujak outdoor market6. Food vendors and motorcycle taxi7. Skyline8. Suvarnabhumi airport9. Bangkok rapid mass transit system

1 2

8

654

97

3

Source : Department of Interior(website)

Population of Bangkok

Registered Population (Thai)

Non-registered Population (Thai) Thai-Chinese

East-Asians Indian

Others

Urban population : 19,361,000

Non-Urban population : 42,802,000

Population of Bangkok Metropolitan : 11,971,000

Concentration of urban population

5,000 - 10,000

10,000 - 15,000

15,000 - 20,000

20,000 - 25,000

25,000 - 30,000

More than 30,000

Population Density (person/sq.m.)

Toll way (Motor way)

Expressway

Ring road

Metro

Airport link rail

Main Highway

Infrastuctures

50 Districts

Density

Infrastructure

0 km. 10 km.

Area 7,761.50 sq.km.

Inhabitants 11,971,000 ppl

Registered 5,695,956 ppl

Density 4,051 ppl/sq.m.

Districts 50

Infrastructure

Airport 2

Port 1

Highways 6

Expressways 8

Subway 1

Rail system 4,346 km.

Bus 7,064

Minivan 5,519

Water bus 9

Facilities

Governance Paliament

Education 45 universities

Expo/ Conference 4

Park 16

Economic Stock market,

CBD, internat-

ional offices

International Embassies


WITH THE REALITY

Head


Source : Bangkok Comprehensive Plan

WITH BUILT-UP AREAS

Low density residential area

Medium density residential area

High density residential area

Commercial area

Industrial area

Cargo area

Country-side &Agriculture protected area

Country-side &Agriculture area

Protected area

Governance area

Public space

LegendLiving

Landscape

Working & Facilities(7.74%)

(41.15%)

(51.12%)

40x20 km. BMA landuse plan

How did Bangkok look in the past?

02BKKsWHAT DID BANGKOK LOOK IN THE PAST?

Source : : Committee for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin and The Old Towns(2004)

Estrablishment of orginal Bangkok

1782-1852

ยังไม่มีอะไร

Built up areaInfrastructureBuilt-up area Water


Source : Committee for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin and The Old Towns(2004)

1st modernization wave

1853-1885

Built up areaInfrastructureBuilt-up area Water Road



City expansion with transportation structures

1886-1934

Built up areaInfrastructureBuilt-up area Water Road Train



Road network development

1935-1959




Urban development and landuse change

1960-1990



Source : www.flickr.com, R. Kanjanapanyakom(2008)

URBAN GROWTH

A

B

C

D

E

Establishment of OriginalBangkok(1782-1852)

City Expansion withTransporta-tion Structure(1886-1934)

Road Network Development(1935-1959)

1st Modernization wave(1852-1885)

A B C D E

A B C D E

Suburb Development and Land use Change(1960-1990)


Source : A. Kishiue et al.(2005)

PLANNING SYSTEM


Water-Based Transportand Walking Period(Rama I-IV)

Transport Modernisation Period(Rama V-VIII)

Modernisation Period(Rama IX)

Outcome

Areas

Stratigies

Governance





P L A N N I N GP A T T E R N

- Chakri ‘s DynastryRevolution

Plan for Dusit Area Road network develop-ment plan

Greater Bangkok’90Social Economic Develop-ment Plan 1960General Plan’92

Rebuilding of Ayutthaya

Modernization of Bangkok

Modernization ofBangkok

- -

Old castle Bangkok Dusit Area Nationwide Bangkok

Kings, Royal Government of Thailand





Smoke control (temples and factories)

Height control(partially) Height control(partially) Building code,Minimun open space ratio,Material control,Height control

Zonning

Built of temples along canals,Military service for the construction of general infrastructure

Foreign residences in BKK,Infrastructure, shophouses,Open route to China,Public facilities, Slave liberation

Interest of EU on SE Asia,King Rama V tour Europe,New political system,Import Dutch and Uk planners

Financial from U.S.A,Public housing, Building code, Commercial buildings for immigrants

Industrailization, Greater Bangkok Plan, Urban plan code, 1st socio-economic development plan, FAR, Condominium, Zonning

Governance

Master Plan/Plans

Scope andCoverage

Vision

Implementation/leader

Planning tool

Developement

Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy


URBAN DEVELOPMENT Transportation

Water transportation

Road transportation

Tram

Train

Private vehicles

Urban development

Population

Urban area

Density

100%

50%

A EB C D

100%

50%

A EB C D





Private vehi.

Public trans.City Expansion withTransporta-tion Structure(1886-1934)




Population(200000 ppl)

King RAMA(I-IX)

Year(1700s-1900s)

Built-up area(1000 ha)

Density(25 ppl/ha)

Canal length(150 km)

Road length(400 km)

Rail route length (10 km)

Rail route length (1km/10000 sq.km)

Motorcycle/10000 ppl

Trams/100 ppl

Car/10000 ppl

Bus/100 ppl

LAND USE /TRANSPORT

Phrasing

Physicle info.



TRANSPORTATION

Transportation

Water transportation

Road transportation

Tram

Train

Private vehicles

Urban development

Population

Urban area

Density

100%

50%

A EB C D

100%

50%

A EB C D





Private vehi.

Public trans.City Expansion withTransporta-tion Structure(1886-1934)




Population(200000 ppl)

King RAMA(I-IX)

Year(1700s-1900s)

Built-up area(1000 ha)

Density(25 ppl/ha)

Canal length(150 km)

Road length(400 km)

Rail route length (10 km)

Rail route length (1km/10000 sq.km)

Motorcycle/10000 ppl

Trams/100 ppl

Car/10000 ppl

Bus/100 ppl

LAND USE /TRANSPORT

Phrasing

Physicle info.



THE INTERRELATION

1782 - 3 Canala and Chao Phraya river as transport means1852 - Pradung Krungkasem canal

1880s - Private sector in Infrastructure1853 - Rama IV road, canal1861 - Silom canal1862 - Charoen Krung rd., request from Westerns

1886 - 1892 Railway1888 - Sathon rd., canal1897 - Surawong rd, canal1894 - 1934 Tramway, Streetlight1889 - Ratchadamnoen rd.1906 - Road network plan1990 - First automobile1903 - Emerge of 4S area1934 - First bridge

- Infrastructure development- Road network built- Canal for irrigation 1951 - Commercialization of Railway

1976- Inner ring road1981 - Expressway

1782 - Define the Palace, walled city(7.23 km length)1785 - 346 ha for BKK,built temples, emerged of commercial district1840s - BKK double size1853 - Wall destruction along canals

1880s - trading firm, embas-sies1851 - Urban area 640 ha1854 - Population 400,0001855 - Foreign firms from Bowring Treaty1882 - Open trade to China, 370000 migrants

1887 - Class A residential area by private investors1890s - Hub of cargo1897 - Palace moved to Dusit1919 - Removal of wall (527,000 ppl)

1936 - urban area 4300 ha, Control of Townscape in BKK1947 - Lost of role of com-mercial district- 1950s - prohibition of trade between China and Thialand- 1957 - pop. 1831000 ppl,Landuse of 4S changed to commercial aspect

1960s - Large shopping center constructed1971 - population double, suburb development1979 - BKK sprawl,1992 - 4S became hish rise bd.






Tran

spor

tatio

n an

d In

tras

truc

ture

Dev

elop

men

tU

ban

Dev

elop

met

n

1782

Priority+3

+2

+1

1852 1885 1934 1959 1992

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

1782

Priority+3

+2

+1

1852 1885 1934 1959 1992


1782 - 3 Canala and Chao Phraya river as transport means1852 - Pradung Krungkasem canal

1880s - Private sector in Infrastructure1853 - Rama IV road, canal1861 - Silom canal1862 - Charoen Krung rd., request from Westerns

1886 - 1892 Railway1888 - Sathon rd., canal1897 - Surawong rd, canal1894 - 1934 Tramway, Streetlight1889 - Ratchadamnoen rd.1906 - Road network plan1990 - First automobile1903 - Emerge of 4S area1934 - First bridge

- Infrastructure development- Road network built- Canal for irrigation 1951 - Commercialization of Railway

1976- Inner ring road1981 - Expressway

1782 - Define the Palace, walled city(7.23 km length)1785 - 346 ha for BKK,built temples, emerged of commercial district1840s - BKK double size1853 - Wall destruction along canals

1880s - trading firm, embas-sies1851 - Urban area 640 ha1854 - Population 400,0001855 - Foreign firms from Bowring Treaty1882 - Open trade to China, 370000 migrants

1887 - Class A residential area by private investors1890s - Hub of cargo1897 - Palace moved to Dusit1919 - Removal of wall (527,000 ppl)

1936 - urban area 4300 ha, Control of Townscape in BKK1947 - Lost of role of com-mercial district- 1950s - prohibition of trade between China and Thialand- 1957 - pop. 1831000 ppl,Landuse of 4S changed to commercial aspect

1960s - Large shopping center constructed1971 - population double, suburb development1979 - BKK sprawl,1992 - 4S became hish rise bd.






Tran

spor

tatio

n an

d In

tras

truc

ture

Dev

elop

men

tU

ban

Dev

elop

met

n

1782

Priority+3

+2

+1

1852 1885 1934 1959 1992


1782

Priority+3

+2

+1

1852 1885 1934 1959 1992



What is the consequences from the past?

03BKKsWHAT IS THE CONSEQUENCES FROM THE PAST?

Source : Reproduced from a map produced by BMA planning standard(2009)

THE CONSEQUENCES

Motor way

Expressway

Ring road

Metro

Main Highway

Infrastuctures

1853-1885

1886-1934

1935-1959

1960-1990

1782-1852

Urban development

. ( ) .BKK model

( ( )(


Source : Reproduced from a picture of R.Kanjanapanyakom(2008)

PAST ASSEMBLED PRESENT

1782 Venice of the east: Life and transportation on Canals network(Fernao Mendez Pinto 1554)

1853 Foreign influences: an ending of monopoly of the government and an emergence of foreigners(Tasaka T. 1998)

1886 Modernizing Bangkok: Road net-work, train and tram lines adopted from Europe(Pattanaek W. 2000)

1935 New towns in town: Rapid urban-ization enclaves on infrastructure node(Kaothien U. 1997)

1960 Planning act: A plan for expressways and ring roads and the period of high rise buildings(Amano K., Kishiue A. 2005)

2000 The two lines: Scatterded CBD and CSD were tied up by the Sky train(McGrath B. 2009)


THE CHALLENGE

Urban Development interrealates with infrastructure develpment

Urban Development leads infrastructure develpment

Public transportationCommunity-based development1782-1885

Urban Development follows with infrastructure develpment

Private transportationResource-based development1886-2010

Using built infrastructure development to strengthen the historic core

Mass transit transportationCivic-based development2011-????

1st - 2nd period

Urban development interrelates to infrastructure development


THE CHALLENGE








3rd- 5th period










THE CHALLENGE








6th period
















CONDITIONS OF MTS

Sky train

Underground

Airport link

Mass transit system

Weakness

- Not integrated with local(mass)- Expensive - Commuters- Segregated transport

Strength

- More and more people using it - Increasing develop-ment and investments- Upgrading landuse and price- Fast, clean, unpoluted- Linking with public facili-ties

03BKKsWHAT DOES THE PAST EFFECT THE PRESENT?

Planned

Globalization

Formal economic


CONDITIONS OF HISTORIC CORES OF BKK

?

1853-1885

1886-1934

1935-1959

1960-1990

1782-1852

Urban development

Strength- High historic value and cultural identity- Tourists’ attraction

Weakness- The consequence ofeconomic recession caused people moving out of the area- Urban fragmentaion- Lack of conectivity and accessibility- Market oriented

03BKKsWHAT DOES THE PAST EFFECT THE PRESENT?

Unplanned

Localization

Informal economic




THE DUAL CITY [ ]Plan - unplan

Globalization - localization

Formal - informal economic activities

What would Bangkok be in 2030?

04BKKsWHAT WOULD BANKOK BE IN 2030?

Source : BMA mass transit master plan(2010)

CONFRONTATION


THE PROBABLE SCENARIO

SecessionSpatial fragmentation Lifestyles

DemograhicUnintended economic eviction

Generic city

Confliction Displacement

Sathon Road

REPETITIOUS EXPERIENCES

Secesstion



Generic city


Sky train

Underground

Airport link

Mass transit system

Weakness


Strength





Generic city



MarketLocal peopleGovernmentAristocratic family Developers

Suanlum night bazaar

Sky train

Underground

Airport link

Mass transit system

Weakness


Strength





Generic city






Generic city


Confliction


Sky train

Underground

Airport link

Mass transit system

Weakness


Strength



SecessionSpatial fragmentationLifestyles


Generic city

ConflictionDisplacement





Generic city

Confliction DisplacementNakornkasem

Replacement





Generic city

Confliction DisplacementReplacementConflictionSecession


PreservationHistoric value

Cultural identitySocio - economic sustainability Spatial fragmentation into

a coherent urban space

Enhancement Tranformation

THE DESIRABLE SCENARIO



Generic city


RESEARCH QUESTION

How to avoid the de-struction of historic areas when the mass transit comes at the same time enhancing social cohesion and economic viability?



ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS

Literature review|METHODOLOGY

SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Historic research| Interview| Case study| Technical research

How to avoid the destruction of historic areas when the mass transit comes at the same time enhance social cohesion and economic viability?

Preserve historic value, identity What is the historic value, cultural identity and its potentials of the area?

What are strategies for urban historic cores revitalization? Are strategies related to TOD?

What are benefits and conflicts of the combination of historic and new dynamics?

What are the spatial indicators and key components of urban vitality?

Are there strategies to avoid indiscriminate gentrification and preserve lifestyles?

• Revitalization• Maintain value, identity

• Develop potentials

• Generate mutual benefits• Conflicts solved

• Positive gentrification

• Urban vitality

Enhance socio-economic sustainablity

Transform

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

E

AContext understanding

Implementation and evaluation

Tools for design


RELEVANT THEORIES

Social PolarizationGentrification

The dual city

Process

Traditional Development

MTSDevelopment

HistoricRevitalization

TOD

Urban Vitality

Synergy


PROJECT POSITIONING

CurrentDesirable

Regionaleconomic

Comprehensiveintegrated

Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Regionaleconomic


Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Plan Build Use

Monitor Build

Participate


PROJECT POSITIONING

CurrentDesirable

Regionaleconomic


Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Regionaleconomic


Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Plan Build Use

Monitor Build

Participate

CurrentDesirable

Regionaleconomic


Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Regionaleconomic


Land usemanagement

Urbanism

Plan Build Use

Monitor Build

Participate


POSSIBLE INTERVENTION

Nonlinear

Management Spatial Components

OpenspaceNew Typology


SYNERGY[ ] MEANS...

Nonlinear

Management

Intervention

Spatial Components

OpenspaceNew Typology

economic SocialSpatial quality Function

Viability Positive Gentrification Mixed usePresearved identity,valueAmenities improved

+ +

PreservationHistoric value

Cultural identitySocio - economic sustainability Spatial fragmentation into

a coherent urban space

Enhancement Tranformation

Goal


BANGKOK IN 2030

Redefine the role

Governance

Pilot project integrated with the network of Bangkok MTS

Tools for decision makers and planners

A model of socio economic restructuringPolicy of denification

Land use, zonning changedSpecific project plan

Policy


WHAT IS NEXT?

Literature studyTheory paperCase studyInterviewAnalysis on existing layersStatistic researchVisionDesign

Research

- Study on current conditions of Bangkokand its potential- Specified research in the field of design- Technical research

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

Theoretical framework

- Relation of TOD and urban revitalization- Spatial indicators of urban vitality- Positive gentrification- Conflicts between social and economic development

Design task

- Preliminary design proporsal- Design proporsal- Evaluation and reflection- Possibility study

Implementation on visionStrategyDesign parameter

Detailed designDesign parameterScrenarios

Specific project planEvaluationConclusion

Thank you


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