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Temperature Measurement of a Candle Flame using a CCD CameraBy Arpit PatelSupervisor: Dr. G Lu
Technical Approach
IntroductionThe monitoring of flame temperature distribution in a combustor is one of the key requirements for the control of a combustion process. The flame temperature is needed to measure for evaluating the combustion efficiency and emission formation process. A flame is a difficult object to measure as its temperature is very high. Most existing flame monitoring devices are only the indication of the flame presence or absence.Research work was made to measure the temperature distribution by using a film portrait and analyzing the image accordingly but these techniques for flame temperature measurement are mostly local and offline. For similar cases a remote and online flame temperature measurement is desirable. With the recent technological advances in imaging, remote and online temperature measurement could be brought into a new dimension using a CCD camera.
Conclusion and Future WorkThe objective of this project was to create a prototype of an imaging system for the temperature measurement of a candle flame using a CCD camera and the objective has been achieved. The end result is a fully functional imaging system for temperature measurement ready to use, which meets its requirements, providing temperature values for candle flame. The most notable issues with the system are heating and camera noise but the system still provides with the results in a reasonable temperature range, but with further work, the system can give optimum results. A lot of work can still be done for the project, the system can be upgraded to new CCD camera and/or camera gain could be adjusted for better image quality and results. The heating issues can be solved with adding a copper based cooling system. A separate power supply unit could be added to supply power to camera, microprocessor and motor to make the system more efficient and with less cabling. All the programming is written in cross-platform C++, hence the system can be introduced as an embedded system running on its own as a standalone system with a monitor, embedded circuitry with processor and current system. An automated temperature control module can be written and made to control the temperature of flame, burner and/or combustion chamber to maintain temperature levels.
The Complete System
System Design
Frame GrabberImage Analysis & Temperature Calculations
Graphical Interface
Filter holder
Optical Filters
Analog to USB Converter
Motor Control Board
Motor Controller
Motor Control Tool
9V DC Motor & Board Power
12V DC Camera Power
High Medium Low1452
1456
1460
1464
1468
1472
1459.79
1464.94
1468.11
Output Temperature (˚K)
Flame Size
Tem
pera
ture
(˚K)
5.4450 5.8590 6.2980 6.7590 7.24001400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
True Temperature(˚K) Output Temperture(˚K)
Current(A)
Tem
pera
ture
(˚K)
Results and Discussions
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
f(x) = − 10.7384122861748 x + 17.407273396566
Greylevel Ratio (R)
Inst
rum
en
t F
act
or
(S)
The project aims to develop a prototype imaging system for the temperature measurement of a candle flame. The imaging system is to be designed and implemented, to consist a CCD camera, optical filters and signal processing software. The system software is to be developed to process the flame images captured by the camera and calculate the temperature of the flame. The system will be working on the two colour principle based on Plank’s radiation law. The camera is to capture flame images at two different wavelengths by attaching separate narrow band-pass filters in front of the camera using a stepper motor. The temperature distribution of flame is calculated from the ratio between the average grey-levels of the two images. Objectives of the project are:
•Build prototype of the system with CCD camera and stepper motor.•Build the digital signal software compatible with the system.•Test the working model of the system with a candle flame and/or burner.
Project Aim and Objectives
Rotate back & disconnect
Display Results
Temperature Histogram Temperature Distribution Average Temperature Display and continue to calculations
Rotate to next filterConnect MotorStore Average ImageCapture and Average at Filter
Connect Camera Capture and Average at Filter Store Average Image