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Tourism and PeaceMyths, Realities & ProgressOmar Moufakkir

Stenden UniversityThe Netherlands(31)58244-1301omar.moufakkir@stenden.com

University

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSAdopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 1948

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25 1   Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 04/10/233 |

252   Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

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Based on enrolment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were girls.

Worldwide 121 million children out of education.

26 1   Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages.

Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or

sign their names.

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1.2 billion people live on less than $1 a day

2.5 billion live on less than $2 a day

1.3 billion do not have access to clean water

According to UNICEF, 25,000 children die each day due to

poverty.

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In US poverty rates in 2007 was 12.5%

non-Hispanic Whites (8.2%)

Blacks (24.5%)

Asians (10.2 %)

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In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76.6% of total private consumption. The poorest

fifth just 1.5%:

No planet can survive half slave, half free, half engulfed in misery, half careening along the joys of an almost unlimited consumption –neither ecology, or our morality could survive such contrasts.

Lester B. Pearson, UN General Assembly President

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The right to development is the measure of the respect of all other human rights. That should be our aim: a situation in which all individuals are enabled to maximize their potential, and to contribute to the evolution of society as a whole. 

Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-General

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No world can claim to be developed as long as there is a world somewhere in this World that is underdeveloped.

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http://architecture.myninjaplease.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/dubai-towers-dubai.jpg

http://bespokecashmere.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/slums-3.jpg

Tourism - The World's Peace IndustryLouis D'Amore, 1988

Tourism: The World's Peace Industry? Stephen W. Litvin, 1998

EuphoriaDisbelief

SkepticismInterestBelief

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http://www.kenya-golf-safaris.com/html/golf_in_kenya.html

Importance of tourism in developing countriesInternational receipts in US $billion

1990 2000 2007 Growth rate

World 264 474 856 224%

High income countries

221 352 597 170%

Developing countries 43 122 259 506%

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• In 2007, international tourism receipts in developing

countries grew to 30% of the world total

• Principal export sector in one third of the developing countries

• First source of foreign exchange earnings in most of the 49

LDC’s (excluding oil)

•Developing countries have valuable tourism resources and the› tourism activity has a strong potential of geographical› expansion including in remote areas› • The tourism supply chain has a high capacity to support and› complement other economic activities, such as traditional› agriculture, transport, handicraft› • Tourism is a labour intensive sector creating many

opportunities for youth and women› • Tourism is a sector where entry barriers for SME’s can be› quite low, and that can contribute to development in poor

areas› • Tourism can also have non material benefits like making› communities proud of their local culture, and appreciate their› natural environment

http://www.icptr.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/plenary-4-luigi-cabrini.pdf04/10/2315 |

Tourism contributes to development and poverty reduction (WTO)

We discovered that peace at any price is no peace at all. We discovered that life at any price has no value whatever; that life is nothing without the privileges, the prides, the rights, the joys which make it worth living, and also worth giving. And we also discovered that there is something more hideous, more atrocious than war or than death; and that is to live in fear. 

Eve Curie, French author, speaking to the American Booksellers Association, New York, 9 April 1940

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There is more to peace than money

There is more to tourism than money

The missing link“tourism represents a vital force

for peace and a factor of friendship and understanding

among the peoples of the world”.

The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

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What is Peace in our globalised world?

› Participatory peace: defined as a situation in which ordinary people as world citizens work together for global benefits (Moufakkir)

› Positive peace: defined as a situation wherein all the states in former conflict are working together for mutual benefit (Galtung)

› Negative peace: defined as nothing more than the absence of physical violence (seen most often at the onset of a United Nations enforced cease-fire)

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Pea

ce

Peace is a never-ending story

Hot p

eace

Cold

peace

Peace is reverence for life. Peace is the most precious possession of humanity. Peace is more than the end of armed conflict. Peace is a mode of behavior. Peace is a deep-rooted commitment to the principles of liberty, justice, equality and solidarity among all human beings. Peace is also a harmonious partnership of humankind with the environment. Today, on the eve of the twenty-first century, peace is within our reach.

(UNESCO, 1989)

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If there is to be peace in the world,there must be peace in the nations.If there is to be peace in the nations,there must be peace in the cities.If there is to be peace in the cities,there must be peace between neighbors.If there is to be peace between neighbors,there must be peace in the home.If there is to be peace in the home,there must be peace in the heart.

by Lao-Tse, 604 BC(from Tao Te Ching)

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Peace is not the product of a victory or a command. It has no finishing line, no final

deadline, no fixed definition of achievement. Peace is a never-ending process, the work of many decisions.

Oscar Arias, Former President of Costa Rica and 1987 Nobel Peace Laureate

Peace - the word evokes the simplest and most cherished dream of humanity. Peace is, and has always been, the ultimate human aspiration. And yet our history overwhelmingly shows that while we speak incessantly of peace, our actions tell a very different story.Javier Perez de Cuellar

Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed

(Constitution of UNESCO, 1945, Preamble)

We need to teach for peace and not just about peace

Peace Education

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Established in 2005 as an initiative by the Israel hotel managers association and sponsored by the Peres Center for

peace

Creation of the forum aims to advance peace through tourism by strengthening dialogue and ties in the region

T4P Mission

Offering advanced solutions to mutual challenges and development of activities to strengthen economies and peaceful advancement in the region.

Working toward facilitating border crossings and obtaining freedom of movement of tourists and tourism professionals in the area, through lobbying and conducting meetings with relevant authorities in the region.

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“No borders, no boundaries, no animosity; just

beautiful cultural experiences”

Rafi Baeri, VP Marketing and

Sales Dan Hotels Corp.

(Israel)

Raed S. Saadeh, President, Arab

(Palestinian) Hotel Association

“Tourism has no borders”

Elhamy ElZayat,

Chairman and

CEO EMECO Travel (Egypt)

“The most important thing about peace is

hope”

Chairman of the Board,

Jordan Hotel Association

“Tourism is key to

improving relations with

other”

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Janos Damon,

Executive Director, Israel Hotel Managers

Association (Israel)

“Tourism is hospitality, welcoming strangers,

getting to know people, developing friendships”

“It is very appropriate that the forum begin its conference in an

area known for its commitment to peace with the well known The

Hague Peace conference beginnings in the 1890s”

Klaas Wybo van der Hoek, Vice President

Stenden University (Netherlands)

› Joint marketing!› Joint training› Border crossing!› Destination image studies 

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The working group’s reports

International Centre for Peace Through Tourism Research

› Mission Statement

We will work towards building bridges out of the walls that keep us apart

› We will promote analysis and initiatives that support peace through tourism, by means of research results dissemination and knowledge sharing with the academic community, government, NGOs, and the tourism and hospitality private sectors, and related tourism stakeholders.

› We will encourage debate about  the place of tourism within peace and conflict studies, and participate in national and international networks that work on issues related to conflict management

www.icptr.com

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Academic research projects

› Role of tour guides in promoting peace between Israelis and Palestinians

› Social tourism and racialized boundaries in domestic tourism

› Ethics and demand for ethical tourism

› Interplay of immigration, stereotypes and tourism destination visitation

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Descriptors of Turks living in Germany

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Turks have different culture and religion

(mosques, kerchiefs)

Turks have Integration problems

Turks cannot speak German

Turks isolate themselves

Turks do not follow laws and rules

Turks are criminals

Turks are showing-off

Turks are aggressive

Turks oppress their women

Turks are not educated

Descriptors of the Turks living in Turkey

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Turks are friendly

Turks are hospitable

Turks are open-minded

Turks are more modern

Turks are less conservative

Turks have perspectives for the future

Turks are becoming more European

Turks don’t oppress their women that

much as in Germany

Turks do not represent the ‘problem

Turks have in Germany

Image that the Dutch have of the Moroccan community living in the Netherlands

Create problemsAre criminalsAre associated with crimeCreate unsafe atmosphereDo not respect Dutch lawAre fundamentalistsAre discriminatedAre negatively portrayed by mediaThey are too many in Holland

75%55%85%70%67%67%82%84%70%

Image that the Dutch have of the country Morocco

Are associated with violenceVery attached to their traditionsVery attached to their religionAre fundamentalistsAre negatively portrayed in mediaAre economically poor

67%91%80%69%72%87%

Women are oppressed by menWomen are oppressed by religionWomen must wear the hijab

85%82%76%

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“I heard the bad Turks are here and the good ones are over there”

I think the bad Moroccans are here and the worst ones are

over there!!

Familiarity with ethics in tourism

no yes

Familiar with ethical tourism

Swiss respondents

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage

Yes No

South Africa

Germ

an

ySwitzerlandN

eth

erla

nd

s

Journal of Tourism and Peace Research

The main aim is to provide a peer-reviewed forum for the study and discussion of tourism and peace issues in tourism and tourism-related areas of leisure, recreation and hospitality studies

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BooK: Tourism, Progress and Peace

› Tourism has the potential to contribute to world peace. This is the most complex and yet basic idea that we are trying to promote and empirically verify

› Submissions should demonstrate how tourism can make a positive contribution to the objective of harmonious interpersonal and intercultural relationships

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Themes covered Country

Tourism and perception change: US and Mexico

Mexico

Tourism that erases borders Bosnia

Tourism and human rights Australia

Palestine and responsible tourism Palestinian Territories

Settlement of the Cyprus conflict Cyprus

Peace and tourism contexts Ireland

Intercultural understanding Croatia

South Korea and North Korea South Korea

Heritage, cooperation, and reconciliation Australia, Uganda

Encounter between Egyptian and Israeli in Sinai

Israel

Borders as tourism attractions Israel

Role of progress for peaceful coexistance India

Culture and impacts on developing countries

Netherlands

Ethics in Tourism Netherlands

Sport tourism as a peace-building tool US

Peace eco-tours and peace trails US

Weaving a culture of peace US

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40 |

IIPT Credo of the Peaceful Traveller

› Grateful for the opportunity to travel and experience the world and because peace begins with the individual, I affirm my personal responsibility and commitment to: · Journey with an open mind and gentle heart · Accept with grace and gratitude the diversity I encounter · Revere and protect the natural environment which sustains all life · Appreciate all cultures I discover · Respect and thank my host for their welcome · Offer my hand in friendship to everyone I meet · Support travel services that share these views and act upon them and · By my spirit, words and actions, encourage others to travel the world in

peace. › http://www.iipt.org/chapters/australia/passporttopeace/

passporttopeace.html

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Our peacelessness is multifaceted

It is rather socio-cultural It is rather socio-cultural

We are fighting against povertyWe are fighting against poverty

We are fighting against terror We are fighting against terror

We are fighting against environmental disastersWe are fighting against environmental disasters

We are fighting against racism We are fighting against racism

We are fighting against We are fighting against orthodoxy/fundamentalism orthodoxy/fundamentalism

We are fighting against alienation We are fighting against alienation

We are fighting against discrimination We are fighting against discrimination

We are fighting against prejudice We are fighting against prejudice

We are fighting against ignorance We are fighting against ignorance

We are fighting against bigotry and hatred We are fighting against bigotry and hatred

There is no such thing as peace through tourism per se. Undoubtedly, tourism can be a vehicle for peace, but education for peace starts at home. Our peacelessness is the result of inequality in the world. This inequality is a result of ignorance, greed and failed policies. Thinking about peacelessness is what takes us further away from the animal kingdom. Accepting this peacelessness is what brings us closer to animals. Surely, there is the animal in the human, but which of these is closer to humanity remains to be explained.

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Peace through Tourism

Peace through Tourism

Poverty

Inte

grati

on

?

Global

warming

Prejudice

Democracy

Conflict

Inequality

Political tourism

Boycott

BuycottPro-p

oor TVolunte

er T

Philanth

ropic

C-B T

Soci

al T

Dom

estic

T

Her

itage

T

Cultu

ral T

Tourism

EducationEducation

for peace

Sustainable T

T tourism

ethics

Cross-cultural

understanding

Quality

encountersReconciliation T

Peace parks

Places of Peace

Circle of peacelessness and peace through tourism

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Today, the question is not whether tourism is good or

bad; whether it is a generator of peace or

simply the beneficiary of

peace

Today, the question is: How can we use tourism to

benefit the multifaceted nature of peace?

Thank You

May tourism and education for peace be with you.

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