11.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TENSIONS

Compare economic and cultural life in rural America to that in urban America

Discuss the changes in U.S. immigration policy in the 1920s

Analyze the goals and motives of the KKK in the 1920s

Discuss the successes and failures of the 18th amendment

OBJECTIVES

1920 census-more people lived in urban areas than in rural regions

Split between urban and rural AmericaEducation becomes more important

Ingredient for successModernism

Growing trend to emphasis science over secular values over traditional ideas about religion

Fundamentalism Emphasized Protestant teachings and the belief that every word in the Bible was literal truth

FIRST TIME FOR EVERYTHING

Fundamentalism and Modernism clash head-on

John Scopes-Tennessee teacher who wanted to teach evolution to his science class

Clarence Darrow-most celebrated defense attorney

Scopes found guilty of breaking the law-fact that was never in question

Fined $100Each side still believed in

the truth of its position

SCOPES TRIAL 1925

THE BATTLE OVER EVOLUTION

O P P O N E N T S O F D A R W I N ’ S T H E O R I E S S E T U P S H O P AT T H E O P E N I N G O F T H E FA M E D “ M O N K E Y T R I A L ” I N D AY T O N , T E N N E S S E E , I N 1 9 2 5 . T H E T R I A L WA S A N E A R LY B AT T L E I N A N A M E R I C A N “ C U LT U R E WA R ” T H AT I S S T I L L B E I N G WA G E D M O R E T H A N

S E V E N T Y- F I V E Y E A R S L AT E R .

Congress passed a law requiring immigrants to take a literacy test before WWI began

Immigrants who could not read or write their own language were prohibited

Emergency Quota Act 1921Put quota on immigration from specific countries

National Origins Act# of immigrants of a given nationality could not exceed 2% of the # living in the U.S. in 1890

Excluded most Asian immigrants

RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION

THE ONLY WAY TO HANDLE IT I S O L AT I O N I S T S A N D N AT I V I S T S S U C C E E D E D I N D A M M I N G U P T H E F L O W

O F I M M I G R A N T S TO T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S I N T H E E A R LY 1 9 2 0 S . T H E I M M I G R AT I O N A C T O F 1 9 2 4 P L A C E D S T R I C T Q U O TA S O N E U R O P E A N

I M M I G R A N T S A N D C O M P L E T E LY S H U T O U T T H E J A PA N E S E .

ANNUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE QUOTA LAWS

Quota system did not apply to Mexico

Settled in sparsely populated regions of the Southwest and contributed to economies

Found work harvesting crops ion TX and CA

Smaller number worked factories and farms in North and Midwest

MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS

Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Immigrants, Jews, and suspected radicals

Revived in 1915 from original KKK after Civil War to terrorize African Americans who sought to vote

Burned crosses, boycotted businesses, and terrorized citizens in the darkness of night

Wore masks, waved flags, preached hate and followed leaders-Grand Dragon and Imperial Wizard

KKK-KU KLUX KLAN

KLANSWOMEN ON PARADE, 1928

FOUNDED IN THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA, THE KU KLUX KLAN

ENJOYED A REMARKABLE RESURGENCE IN THE 1920S. HERE WOMEN MEMBERS, UNMASKED AND UNAPOLOGETIC, MARCH DOWN

PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE UNDER THE SHADOW OF THE CAPITOL DOME.

NAACP and the Jewish Anti-Defamation League

Embraced idea of racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity

Focused on positive aspect of “melting pot”

Eventually, KKL never disappeared, but lost importance

ANTI-KKK

18th amendment– prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages on the U.S.

Volstead Act-offi cially enforced the amendment

Supporters “drys” argued that alcohol was the root of many problems

Speakeasies-clubs or bars where liquor was sold illegally

bootlegging-illegal sale or distribution of alcohol

PROHIBITION

NO MORE MOONSHINEF E D E R A L A G E N T S G L O AT O V E R A C A P T U R E D S T I L L I N D AY TO N , O H I O , I N

1 9 3 0 . “ M O O N S H I N E R S , ” O R M A K E R S O F I L L E G A L L I Q U O R , E N J O Y E D A B O O M D U R I N G P R O H I B I T I O N , T H O U G H Z E A L O U S G - M E N ( G O V E R N M E N T

A G E N T S ) P U T T H E O W N E R O F T H I S M A K E S H I F T D I S T I L L E RY O U T O F B U S I N E S S — AT L E A S T T E M P O R A R I LY.

GANGSTER AL CAPONE F ISHING IN FLORIDA C A P O N E M AY H AV E L O O K E D L I K E A N Y C H I C A G O B U S I N E S S M A N O N VA C AT I O N , B U T H I S

B U S I N E S S W A S B I G G E R A N D N A S T I E R T H A N M O S T, A S H E O F T E N E L I M I N AT E D H I S C O M P E T I T I O N B Y M U R D E R . H E W A S R E P O R T E D A S S AY I N G , “ E V E R Y B O D Y C A L L S M E A

R A C K E T E E R . I C A L L M Y S E L F A B U S I N E S S M A N . W H E N I S E L L L I Q U O R , I T ’ S B O O T L E G G I N G . W H E N M Y PAT R O N S S E R V E I T O N A S I LV E R T R AY O N L A K E S H O R E D R I V E , I T ’ S H O S P I TA L I T Y. ”

H E W A S F I N A L LY J A I L E D I N 1 9 3 2 F O R FA L S I F Y I N G H I S I N C O M E TA X R E T U R N S .

Al Capone- Gangster who controlled Chicago with his small army of mobstersSold alcoholCarried out violence against rival gangs

Elliot Ness- Led group called the UntouchablesCarried out raids against bootleggingResponsible for the conviction and arrest of Al Capone

CRIME

Repealed the 18th amendmentSelling, manufacturing, and consuming

of alcohol legal again

21ST AMENDMENT