“Of this time and place” Language becomes regional – so

English, French, German etc Dialects emerge

Troubadours Wandering Minstrels who travelled

around singing songs and helped to develop the vernacular language – their songs were the first form of vernacular language.

Fabliaux – short comic stories in rhymed verse.

Show foolishness of humans Animal stories popular – Reynard the

Fox Miracle Plays – short dramas with

religious theme. Enhanced Easter – held in market

place - Noye’s Fludde – (Noah’s Flood)

National, epic French poem Knight of Charlemagne—hero of

poem, dies fighting the Moors

Inferno (Hell)Purgatorio (Purgatory)Paradiso (Heaven)Roman poet Virgil guide thru Hell

and PurgatoryBeatrice, his ideal love, guides him

thru Heaven

MurderersTreachery against kinFortune tellersThievesCounterfeiters and AlchemistSuicidesTreachery against LordsHoarders FlatterersBlastphemers / perverts

1. Flatterers2. Hoarders3. Thieves4. Fortune Tellers5. Murderers

6. Suicide7. Counterfeiters8. Blasphemers/Perverts9. Treachery against Kin10. Treachery against Lords

Story of pilgrims on visit to shrine of Thomas Becket

All classes in society represented in telling story

Pokes fun and is satirical.

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Architecture style used vaults, arches, domes, & columns.

Few windows. Dark.

Began in 1100’s. Named after

barbarian Goths Reaching up to

heaven, a monument to God.

Walls high and thin with large windows.

Developed in 12th and 13th Centuries

“Universitas”—Latin for an association of people.

Became place for learning and teaching

Paris Oxford Bologna Salerno

Reconcile faith and reason.

Christianity with Aristotle’s philosophy.

St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica summarized religion at the time.

Each point used reason/faith.

Under feudalism, all people were loyal to their feudal lord. People did not pay much attention to which “country” they lived in.

As feudalism began to decline, Kings began to organize their kingdoms into organized nation. This fueled “Patriotism” the feeling of loyalty to a country as a whole.

Power of King Up

Feudal Lords Down

# of Serfs Down

# of Free Peasants Up

= Death of Feudalism

Named for a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453 between England and France

Causes: English King held 2

territories in France, that made him the vassal of the French King

His mother was Fr king’s sister

When the last Capetian died, Edward III (K of E) tried to claim the French throne

The Fr chose Philip 4- cousin –Salic Law

He brought an army to Flanders, and the conflict had begun

Despite many English victories, by 1453 the English had lost all French land except Calais

By 1553, they had lost Calais as well

Ultimately, this was a major defeat for the British

Longbow

Gunpowder

Cannon

Over time Parliament, especially the House Commons gained more power than the king

King needed their power to tax, which gave them ultimate power

Civil War between ruling families

Yorks (white roses) vs. Lancasters (red roses)

Delayed the growth of strong central govt. in England

Most fighting done by nobles and private armies

Henry Tudor (Lancaster) ended the wars by defeating Richard III (York) at Bosworth Field (1485)

Tudor seized the throne, married a daughter of the House of York and became Henry VII, the founder of the Tudors

Joan of ArcHundred

Years'War

TheEstatesGeneral

(Fr. Parliament)

Louis XIFrench

King1461-1483

TroubleIn

EarlyFrance

During the wars, a civil war broke out between the royal families ~ Orleans and Burgundy

Joan of Arc said she heard voices of saints telling her to defend Orléans

French held Orleans

Burgundian forces captured her and turned her over to the Church as a heretic

She was convicted and burned at the stake in 1431

But, she had helped to create a strong monarchy (Charles VII)

Created in 1302 by Philip IV (modeled after English Parliament)

Named for the groups that attended the meetings ~ 1st Estate (Clergy), 2nd Estate (Nobles), 3rd Estate (Commoners)

When monarchy was weak, E.G. began to control finances and pass laws, as Monarchy regained power, E.G. lost out, never gained authority to pass taxes

Ruled from 1461-1483, nicknamed “Universal Spider” because he was skilled at conspiracy and intrigue

Built an alliance against Duke of Burgundy (Chars. The Bold) and eventually led to his death, then Louis seized this territory

By 1400, 4 Christian kingdoms had developed in Spain ~ Portugal, Castile, Navarre and Aragon

1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon

Fought the Moors in 1492 and captured Grenada

In the late 1400s, early 1500s, Isabella and Ferdinand united Castile and Aragon to form a united Spain, then added Navarre

Strong monarchy, strong Catholics

Forced all Jews & Muslims to convert or leave ~ most left (bad idea)---Spanish Inquisition!!!!

H.R. Emperor lacked control to be a strong nation

Emperor chosen by 7 Electors ~ as a result had no real power (only prestige)

Elections usually included bribery and favor trading

1273 ~ Habsburgs gained power, used prestige to cement marriage alliances and gained much of Austria and nearby lands

Barrier ~ Papal States

By 1500, three strong nation states had developed in Europe: England, France and Spain

The Holy Roman Empire will exist in one form or another until the 1800s when Germany and Italy will unify

Decline of Feudalism directly gave way to the rise of Patriotism