11503-van chuyen hang hoa 2

8/14/2019 11503-Van Chuyen Hang Hoa 2

1/97

BGIAO THNG VN TITRNG I HC HNG HIKHOA IU KHIN TU BINBMN XP DHNG HO

BI GING CHI TIT

TN HC PHN : VN CHUYN HNG HO 2M HC PHN : 11503

TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUYDNG CHO SV NGNH : IU KHIN TU BIN

HI PHNG - 2009

Mu 1


2/97

MC LC

BI GING CHI TIT MN HC............................................................................................................ 5VN CHUYN HNG HA 2.................................................................................................................. 5CHNG 1: HNG HA TRONG VN TI BIN................................................................................. 91. Khi nim v phn loi hng ha .................................................................................................. 9

1.1 Khi nim ............................................................................................................................... 91.2 Phn loi ................................................................................................................................ 9

1.2.1 Phn loi theo tnh cht l ha ca hng .......................................................................... 91.2.2 Phn loi theo phng php vn ti ................................................................................. 9

2. Tnh cht chung v hng ha....................................................................................................... 93. Bao b v k m hiu hng ha.................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Bao b................................................................................................................................... 103.1.1 Bao b bn trong (bao gi)............................................................................................... 103.1.2 Bao b bn ngoi.............................................................................................................. 10

3.2 Nhn hiu............................................................................................................................. 103.2.3 Nhn hiu thng phm.................................................................................................. 113.2.4 Nhn hiu gi hng......................................................................................................... 113.2.5 Nhn hiu hng xut nhp khu...................................................................................... 113.2.6 K hiu (du hiu) hng .................................................................................................. 11

4. Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng, thiu ht hng ha, bin php phng nga....................... 124.1 Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng thiu ht hng ha ..................................................... 12

4.1.1 Hhng hng ho........................................................................................................... 124.1.2 Thiu ht hng ha.......................................................................................................... 13

4.2 Phng nga, hn chhhng thiu ht hng ha............................................................. 131.4.2.1. Chun btu ................................................................................................................... 131.4.2.2. Vt liu m lt, cch ly.................................................................................................. 131.4.2.3. Mt sim lu khi lm hng...................................................................................... 131.4.2.4. Phn bhng xung cc hm hp l............................................................................. 14

1.4.2.5. Phng php cht xp ca mt sloi hng ................................................................ 141.4.3. Bo qun hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn........................................................................... 201.5.nh hng kh hu v hm hng i vi hng ha....................................................................... 21

1.5.1. Cc i lng c trng ca khng kh ................................................................................ 211.5.1.1. m tng i (Relative Hummidity-R)...................................................................... 211.5.1.2.m tuyt i (Absolated Hummidity-A) ...................................................................... 211.5.1.3. im sng (Dew point-Dp) .......................................................................................... 221.5.1.4. Nhit kkh t ............................................................................................................. 22

1.5.2. Mhi thn tu v mhi hng ha ...................................................................................... 251.5.2.1. Mhi thn tu (ship's sweat)......................................................................................... 251.5.2.2. Mhi hng ha (Cargo sweat) ..................................................................................... 25

1.6. Thng gi, nguyn tc thng gi hm hng................................................................................... 251.6.1. Nguyn tc thng gi............................................................................................................. 25

1.6.2. Mc ch v phng php thng gi..................................................................................... 271.6.2.1. Mc ch thng gi hm hng........................................................................................ 271.6.2.2. Phng php thng gi.................................................................................................. 27

Cu hi n tp chng 1 ...................................................................................................................... 29CHNG 2: PHNG THC VN CHUYN MT SLOI HNG TRONG VN TI BIN ......... 302.1. Vn chuyn ngcc....................................................................................................................... 30

2.1.1. c im v tnh cht ca hng ngcc............................................................................... 302.1.1.1. Thuc tnh sinh hc ca hng ngcc............................................................................ 302.1.1.2. Tnh cht l hc ............................................................................................................... 30

2.1.2. Vn chuyn ............................................................................................................................. 312.2. Vn chuyn than ............................................................................................................................ 31

2.2.1. Phn loi ................................................................................................................................. 312.2.2. Tnh cht ................................................................................................................................. 32

2.2.3. Vn chuyn ............................................................................................................................. 332.2.3.1. Mt slu chung.......................................................................................................... 33


3/97

2.2.3.2. Cc yu cu chung trong vn chuyn than..................................................................... 332.3. Vn chuyn Qung........................................................................................................................ 34

2.3.1. Khi nim ................................................................................................................................ 342.3.2. Phn loi ................................................................................................................................. 344.3 2.3.3. Tnh cht .................................................................................................................... 34

2.3.4. Vn chuyn ............................................................................................................................. 352.4. Vn chuyn G............................................................................................................................... 382.4.1. Phn loi ................................................................................................................................. 382.4.2. Tnh cht ca g ..................................................................................................................... 382.4.3. Vn chuyn g ........................................................................................................................ 38

2.4.3.1. Vn chuyn bng tu chuyn dng (Log Carrier Vessel) .............................................. 382.4.3.2. Vn chuyn bng tu hng kh (Dry Cargo Vessel)...................................................... 392.4.3.3. Nhng ch khi vn chuyn g ..................................................................................... 39

2.5. Vn chuyn hng Container, hng ghp kin................................................................................ 412.5.1. Vn chuyn hng Container ................................................................................................... 41

2.5.1.1. Gii thiu vphng php vn chuyn Container ........................................................ 412.5.1.2. Vn chuyn hng Container........................................................................................... 422.5.1.3. Sxp hng tu Container ....................................................................................... 43

2.5.2. Vn chuyn hng ghp kin, trong cao bn ........................................................................... 452.6. Vn chuyn hng mau hng v ng vt ti sng ...................................................................... 452.6.1. Vn chuyn hng mau hng................................................................................................... 45

2.6.1.1. Vn chuyn tht ................................................................................................................ 452.6.1.2. Vn chuyn c................................................................................................................ 462.6.1.3. Vn chuyn trng ........................................................................................................... 462.6.1.4. Vn chuyn rau xanh v hoa qu................................................................................... 46

2.6.2. Vn chuyn ng vt sng v sn phm ca n.................................................................... 462.6.2.1. Vn chuyn ng vt sng............................................................................................. 462.6.2.2. Vn chuyn sn phm ng vt ..................................................................................... 47

Cu hi n tp chng 2 ...................................................................................................................... 48CHNG 3 : VN CHUYN HNG RI............................................................................................. 493.1. Vn chuyn du mv sn phm du m..................................................................................... 49

3.1.1. Nhng khi nim cbn vdu mv tu chdu ............................................................. 493.1.1.1. Phn loi du v tnh cht ca du ................................................................................ 493.1.1.2. Nhng khi nim cbn vtu du (Oil Tanker).......................................................... 51

3.1.2. Cc phng php vsinh hm hng tu du ....................................................................... 593.1.2.1. Phng php vsinh thcng ...................................................................................... 593.1.2.2. Phng php vsinh ckh .......................................................................................... 593.1.2.3. Phng php ra kt dng nc kt hp vi cht ty ................................................. 613.1.2.4. Phng php ra bng du th (Crude Oil Washing-COW)......................................... 61

3.1.3. Cng tc hng ha trn tu du ............................................................................................. 633.1.3.1. Xp hng ........................................................................................................................ 633.1.3.2. Dhng.......................................................................................................................... 66

3.1.4. Tnh ton hng ha trn tu du............................................................................................. 683.1.4.1. Gii thiu bnghiu chnh v o tnh xng du theo tiu chun TCVN 6065-1995/ASTM-

D.1250/API.2540/IP.200............................................................................................................... 683.1.4.2. Tnh ton chiu cao khong trng (Ullage) .................................................................... 70

3.2. Vn chuyn hng ht ri (Carriage of Grain in bulk) ..................................................................... 723.2.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................................... 72

3.2.1.1. Cc thut ng ................................................................................................................. 723.2.1.2. Giy php (Document of authorization).......................................................................... 723.2.1.3. Thng tin lin quan n n nh v cht xp hng ht ................................................... 72

3.2.2. Cc yu cu vn nh i vi tu chhng ht ri ............................................................ 733.2.2.1. Cc yu cu vn nh i vi tu chhng ht ri c giy php............................... 733.2.2.2. Cc yu cu n nh la chn i vi cc tu khng c giy php vn chuyn mt phnhng ht ri .................................................................................................................................. 75

3.2.3. Cc bin php cnh bmt hng ht ri............................................................................ 773.2.4. Cng tc chun bchhng ht ri ................................................................................. 79

3.2.4.1. Cng tc chun bxp hng ht ri .......................................................................... 79


4/97


5/97

BI GING CHI TIT MN HCVN CHUYN HNG HA 2

Tn hc phn: Vn chuyn hng ho 2 Loi hc phn: II

Bmn phtrch ging dy: Xp dhng ho Khoa phtrch:KTB

M hc phn: 11503 Tng sTC: 3

TS tit L thuyt Thc hnh Thc Bi tp ln n mn hc

60 45 15 0 0 0

iu kin tin quyt:

- Sinh vin phi hc qua cc mn hc:+ n nh tu

+ An ton lao ng hng hi,

+ Kt cu tu.

Mc tiu ca hc phn:

Sinh vin nm c cc knng tnh ton v lp scht xp hng. cng nh cht xphng ho thomn i vi cc yu cu chuyn i.

Ni dung chyu:

- Tnh ton n nh trn cc tu bin

- Tnh ton sc bn thn tu.

- Tnh ton mn nc tu trong cc thi im chuyn i.

- Cch thc cht xp, bo qun hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho.

Ni dung chi tit ca hc phn:

Phn phi stitNi dung

TS LT TH BT KT

CHNG 1: HNG HO TRONG VN TI BIN 10 6 3 1

1.1. Khi nim v phn loi hng ho 0.5

1.1.1 Khi nim

1.1.2 Phn loi

1.2 Tnh cht chung v hng ho 0.5

1.3 Bao b v k m hiu hng ho 0.5

1.3.1 Bao b


6/97

1.3.2 Nhn hiu

1.4 Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng, thiu ht hng ho, binphp phng nga

2.0

1.4.1 Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng thiu ht hng ho

1.4.2 Phng nga hn chhhng thiu ht hng ho

1.4.3 Bo qun hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn

1.5nh hng kh hu v hm hng i vi hng ho 1.0

1.5.1 Cc i lng c trng ca khng kh

1.5.2 Mhi thn tu v mhi hng ho

1.6 Thng gi, nguyn tc thng gi hm hng 1.5

1.6.1 Nguyn tc thng gi

1.6.2 Mc ch v phng php thng gi

CHNG 2: PHNG THC VN CHUYN MT S LOIHNG TRONG VN TI BIN.

17 14 2 1

2.1 Vn chuyn ngcc 1.0

2.1.1c im v tnh cht ca hng ngcc

2.1.2 Vn chuyn

2.2 Vn chuyn than 3.0

2.2.1 Phn loi

2.2.2 Tnh cht

2.2.3 Vn chuyn

2.3 Vn chuyn qung 3.0

2.3.1 Khi nim

2.3.2 Phn loi

2.3.3 Tnh cht

2.3.4 Vn chuyn

2.4 Vn chuyn g 3.0

2.4.1 Phn loi

2.4.2 Tnh cht ca g


7/97

2.4.3 Vn chuyn g

2.5 Vn chuyn hng Container, hng ghp kin 3.0

2.5.1 Vn chuyn hng Container

2.5.2 Vn chuyn hng ghp kin, trong ca bn

2.6 Vn chuyn hng mau hng v ng vt ti sng 1.0

2.6.1 Vn chuyn hng mau hng

2.6.2 Vn chuyn ng vt sng v sn phm ca n

CHNG 3 : VN CHUYN HNG RI 27 19 7 1

3.1 Vn chuyn du mv sn phm du m 8.0

3.1.1 Nhng khi nim cbn vdu mv tu chdu

3.1.2 Cc phng php vsinh hm hng tu du

3.1.3 Cng tc hng ho trn tu du

3.1.4 Tnh ton hng ho trn tu du

3.2 Vn chuyn hng ht ri 8.0

3.2.1 Khi nim

3.2.2 Cc yu cu vn nh i vi tu chhng ht ri

3.2.3 Cc bin php cnh bmt hng ht ri

3.2.4 Cng tc chun bchhng ht ri

3.3 Xc nh khi lng hng bng phng php gim nh mnnc

3.0

3.3.1Gim nh ln u (Initial survey)

3.3.2Gim nh ln cui (Final Survey)

3.3.3 Xc nh khi lng hng bc, xp

3.3.4 Bo co gim nh mn nc

CHNG 4: VN CHUYN HNG NGUY HIM 6 3 3

4.1 Phn loi hng nguy him 0.5

4.2 Yu cu vn chuyn hng nguy him 0.5

4.3 Gii thiu IMDG Code -2002 2.0


8/97

4.3.1 Cu trc cbn ca IMDG Code-2002

4.3.2 Cc iu khon lin quan n vn chuyn hng nguy himtheo IMDG Code

Nhim vca sinh vin:

- Ln lp y v chp hnh mi quy nh ca Nh trng.

- Tham gia y v nghim tc giln lp, githc hnh cng nhcc gikim tra.

Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: Thi vn p thi gian chun bl 45 pht hoc thivit thi gian 90 pht

Thang im: Thang im chA, B, C, D, E.

im nh gi hc phn: Z = 0.3X + 0.7Y


9/97

CHNG 1: HNG HA TRONG VN TI BIN

1. Khi nim v phn loi hng ha

1.1 Khi nimHng ho vn chuyn trong vn ti bin l tt c cc vt phm, thng phm, c cc

phng tin vn ti bin tip nhn vn chuyn di dng c hoc khng c bao b theo tp qunhng hi quc t.

Hng ho vn chuyn trong vn ti bin c c trng bi cc iu kin vn chuyn nhchbo qun , phng php ng gi, phng php chuyn ti, phng php xp d, tnh cht lho ca hng,..

1.2 Phn loi

Cng vi spht trin khng ngng ca khoa hc kthut th hng ha ngy cng nhiu va dng. C rt nhiu cch phn loi hng ha tutheo mi mt phng din. Trong vn ti bin vicphn loi hng ha l nhm tm ra cc nhm hng c nhng c im gn vi nhau c cc bin

php phn b, sp xp v bo qun hp l trong qu trnh vn chuyn.1.2.1 Phn loi theo tnh cht l ha ca hng

Theo tnh cht l ha ca hng, ta c thlit k ra y rt nhiu loi hng nhng gp li cthphn thnh ba nhm hng sau:

- Nhm hng thnht: L nhm hng c tnh xm thc (cc hng ho trong nhm ny c khnng lm nh hng ti cc hng ha khc xp gn chng). Cc loi hng c tnh ht v ta m, mtsloi hng nguy him, cc loi hng ta mi (da th p mui...) cc loi hng bay bi...thuc nhmhng c tnh xm thc.

- Nhm hng thhai: L nhm hng c tnh bxm thc. Chng gm cc loi hng chu stc ng ca cc loi hng xp trong nhm thnht khi xp chung vi chng mc nht nh.Cc loi hng dhp thmi v nhch, thuc l, gia v....thuc nhm hng bxm thc.

- Nhm hng thba: L nhm hng trung tnh. Nhm hng ny bao gm nhng loi hngkhng chu snh hng v khng tc ng xu n cc hng xp gn n. Cc loi hng nhstthp, thp cun, thit bmy mc.....thuc nhm hng trung tnh.

Sphn loi hng theo tnh cht l ha ca chng gip ta phn bhng xung hm tu hpl ngn nga c shhng hng do stc ng qua li gia chng vi nhau.

1.2.2 Phn loi theo phng php vn ti

Phn loi hng theo phng php vn ti nhm t chc ng cc quy trnh vn ti vchuyn ti hng. y l phng php phn loi phbin trong vn ti bin hin nay. Theo phngphp ny hng c chia lm 3 nhm:

- Nhm hng bch ha (general cargoes): Nhm hng ny gm cc n vhng vn chuyn

ring rc bao b hoc khng c bao b (kin, bao, thng, hm, chic, ci...). Hng bch ha c thc chtrn tu vi mt loi hng hoc nhiu loi hng vi cc hnh dng bao b khc nhau. Hinnay hng bch ha c xu hng ng trong cc Container v vn chuyn trn cc tu Container.

- Nhm hng chx (bulk cargoes): L nhm hng c chtheo khi lng ln, ng nht,trn b. V d: qung, ngcc, than ch ri... . Nhng loi hng ny khi lng hng thng xcnh theo phng php o mn nc (gim nh mn nc) v thng c ch trn cc tuchuyn dng. Nhm hng chx c chia thnh hai nhm l nhm hng lng chx v nhm hngcht rn chx.

- Nhm hng vn chuyn i hi c chbo qun ring: y l nhng loi hng do tnhcht ring ca chng i hi phi c bo qun theo nhng chc bit quy nh trong vn ti.Nu khng tun theo nhng quy nh ny th hng sbhhng hoc gy nguy him cho tu (Xembng 1.1)

2. Tnh cht chung v hng ha


10/97

Nm c tnh cht ca tng loi hng gip ta phn bhng hp l xung tu, tchc xpdvi cc phng tin v thi gian thch hp v lm tt cng tc bo qun hng trong qu trnh vnchuyn. Ta cn c bit ch ti cc tnh cht sau y ca hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

- Tnh cht vt l ca hng nhtnh di ng, m, nhit bc hi v ng kt, tnh ht vta mi, nhit bt la, ttrng, thtch ring...

- Tnh cht vha hc ca hng nhsxy ha, tnh c, tnh n, thnh phn ha hc cahng....

- Tnh cht do thuc tnh sinh hc ca hng ho nhsln men, i thi, mc nt, ny mm...

- Tnh cht chc ca hng nhsc chu nn, ko, bn, co gin...

Nhm hng bch ho Nhm hng chxNhm vn chuyn theo

chring1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Baomm

Hng

ng

kin

Hng

ng

hm

Hng

thng

ln

Hngtnhchic

Kimloi v

snphmkimloi

Hng

thngytrn

Hngcngknh

Hngrtlng

Hngcc ri

G Hnght ri

Hngnguyhim

Hngmauhng

Giacm,gia

sc,sn

phmca

chng

Bng 1.1 Bng phn loi hng ha

3.Bao b v k m hiu hng ha3.1 Bao b

Bao b l nhng kt cu lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau dng bo qun hng ha trongqu trnh vn chuyn, lu kho, chi sdng.

Yu cu chung i vi bao b l phi bn chc, thch hp vi hng bn trong, dbc xp vnchuyn, cn c tiu chun ha...

Bao b trong ngnh vn ti bin cn phi chu ng c sx lc ca tu, sthay i nhit, m v cc iu kin khc na xut hin trong cc chuyn i di ngy trn bin.

Cn cvo mc ch sdng ngi ta phn bao b lm hai loi:

3.1.1 Bao b bn trong (bao gi)

Bao b trn trong (bao gi) l mt bphn khng tch ri khi hng, chng trc tip tip xcvi hng ha, cng hng ha n tay ngi tiu dng (chai, l, hp, ti, nylon, giy chng m...). Baogi c th1 lp, 2 lp, 3 lp tutheo tiu chun mi loi hng.

- Chc nng chnh ca bao b bn trong l lm gia tng khnng bo qun hng, c tc dngqung co v trang sc cho hng p thm.

- Yu cu vi bao gi bn trong l phi m bo vsinh, kn.

3.1.2 Bao b bn ngoi

Bao b bn ngoi c tc dng chng c cc tc dng chc tbn ngoi, hn ch tcdng ca ma, nng, nh sng, bi... Bao b bn ngoi thng lm bng g, giy cng, giy mm,tn kim loi, thy tinh, snh s, cht do...

3.2 Nhn hiu

Yu cu i vi nhn hiu: Phi ghi r rng bng mc hay sn khng phai, khng nhe, nidung n gin, dnhn thy v ph hp vi hng ho bn trong.

C rt nhiu loi nhn hiu khc nhau, mi nc u c cc quy nh ring vnhn hiu camnh nhng cng c nhng nhn hiu quy nh chung ca quc t.

Xut pht tmc ch sdng ngi ta phn nhn hiu ra cc loi sau.


11/97

3.2.3 Nhn hiu thng phm

Nhn hiu thng phm do ni sn xut ghi, n gn lin vi sn phm ca ni sn xut.

- Ni dung ghi thng l tn hng, ni sn xut, trng lng cb, trng lng tnh, thnhphn cu to, c im kthut, cch sdng.

3.2.4 Nhn hiu gi hng

Nhn hiu gi hng do ngi gi hng ghi ti cng gi. Ni dung thng l tn ngi gi,ni gi, tn ngi nhn, ni nhn v mt vi cc k hiu ring theo quy nh hoc quy c... Loinhn hiu ny rt a dng vhnh thc

V dvvic vn chuyn cao su:

3.2.5 Nhn hiu hng xut nhp khu

Nhn hiu hng xut nhp khu thng ghi nhng ni dung nh: Tn hng, tn nc xutkhu, s th t kin, tng s kin, trng lng cb, trng lng tnh, ni n hoc ngi nhn,nhng du hiu gi hng (i vi nhng loi hng cn sbo qun c bit)...

Vi hng nhp khu, nhn hiu thng c ghi bng ting ca nc nhp khu.

3.2.6 K hiu (du hiu) hng

Nu hng ha vn chuyn i hi phi c sch chm sc c bit th ngi gi hng phivhoc dn ln trn cc bao, kin hng nhng du hiu biu thtnh cht ca hng ha ngi lmcng tc bc xp, vn chuyn bit v ch ti nh: hng dv, khng lt ngc hng, hng sm,snh nng... Bn cnh cc k hiu ny thng km theo nhng dng chvit bng ting Anh nh:

- Handle with care : Nhtay, cn thn

- Use no hooks : Khng c dng mc

- Top : Pha trn

- Bottom : Pha di.

G : Chloi cao su

46 : Chcht lng cao su

343: Svn chuyn

46

G

343

Ni gi : Thnh phHCh Minh

Ni n : H ni

MD : K hiu ni sn xut ra sn phm

A : K hiu vhng (tra trong danh mc hng)

5/52 : Sthtkin / tng skin ca l hng

M D

A5/52TP HCM

Du hiu nhn dng ca ngi gi hng i vi l hng

YOKOHAMA Tn cng dhng

201/300 Sthtkin/tng skin


12/97

Hnh 1.1: K hiu

4. Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng, thiu ht hng ha, bin php phng nga.

4.1 Cc dng v nguyn nhn hhng thiu ht hng ha

4.1.1 Hhng hng ho

Trong vn ti bin, hhng hng ha rt hay xy ra v xy ra di nhiu dng khc nhau.Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l do svi phm quy trnh kthut ca ngi lm cng tcvn ti v xp dtrong cc vn nh: Chun bhm hng, sdng thit bcu, mc hng khngthch hp vi hng, xp hng cha ng cch, khng theo s, kthut xp dcha tt, vn m lt cha m bo, bao b hng khng tt, kim tra bo qun trong qu trnh hnh trnh cha tt.

Trong thc thng hi, hng ha thng hhng di cc dng sau:

a. Hhng do b, v, dp, nt

Thng xy ra i vi cc loi hng cha trong cc hm, kin, bao, thng...

Nguyn nhn: do bao b khng m bo, do thao tc cu khng cn thn, do mc hng saiquy cch, do thiu cn thn trong xp d, do chn lt khng tt, do sng lc v srung ng ca tutrn sng, do phn bhng khng ng kthut...

b. Hhng do bm t

Nguyn nhn chyu lm hng vn chuyn bm t thng l do ming hm hng khngkn nc nc bin, nc ma lt xung, do sr rca cc ng ng dn du, nc chy quahm, do bngm nc tdi lla canh, ballast ln, do s r rca cc loi hng lng xp cng

hm...

c. Hhng do nhit qu cao

Thng xy ra i vi mt sloi hng nh: Rau quti, tht, m, c...

Nguyn nhn chyu l thiu hoc khng tun thng chnhit v m trong cngtc bo qun, hthng thng gi hoc iu ha khng kh khng tt, do xp gn bung my...

d. Hhng v lnh

Mt sloi hng nu nhit xung qu thp sbng kt gy kh khn cho vic dhng(nhdu nhn, than, qung..).

e. Hhng do ng vt, cn trng c hi gy nn

Thng xy ra i vi cc loi hng ngcc, thc phm...


13/97

Cc ng vt c hi nhchut, mi mt v cc cn trng khc slm hhng hng ho.

f. Hhng do hi thi, bi bn

Nguyn nhn do vsinh hm hng khng tt, bi bn v hng ho cvn cn st li.

V d: Nu chuyn trc ch xi mng, qung... m chuyn sau ch hng ng cc, chthuc... nu vsinh hm khng ksdn n lm hhng mt phn hng do bi bn.

g. Hhng do bchy n

Thng xy ra i vi mt sloi hng nhthan, qung, lu hunh, pht pho v mt sloihng nguy him khc.

Nguyn nhn: Do bn thn hng c khnng pht nhit, tch tkh v chng ta cha tun thng k thut bo qun theo cc nguyn tc ring ph hp vi hng, h thng thng gi cha tt,cng tc kim tra hng cha tt, khng pht hin kp thi cc hin tng pht sinh ca chng.

h. Hhng do cch ly, m lt khng tt

Nguyn nhn do mt sloi hng c tnh cht knhau m xp gn nhau, hng nng xp trn,hng nhxp di, xp chiu cao chng hng qu quy nh, hng ha xp st sn v thnh vch tu

khng c m lt...

4.1.2 Thiu ht hng ha

C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra thiu ht hng ha nh: Shhng hng cng c thdnn thiu ht, do nhn thiu tcng nhn do ri vi khi bc xp, do r r, do bsng cun mt, do bchi, do thiu ht tnhin ca hng.

Thiu ht tnhin ca hng: L hin tng gim st khi lng hng do tc ng ca nhngnguyn nhn tnhin trong iu kin kthut bo qun bnh thng.

Hin tng thiu ht tnhin ca hng chxy ra i vi mt sloi hng. Cc nh mc haoht tnhin thng c quy nh theo gii hn phn trm i vi trng lng hng, phthuc votrng thi ca hng lc a xung tu v khong cch vn chuyn.

4.2 Phng nga, hn chhhng thiu ht hng ha1.4.2.1. Chun btu

Phi chun btu chu o trc khi nhn hng vn chuyn.

- Cc hm, khoang cha hng phi c vsinh sch st yu cu i vi tng loi hng.

- Kim tra v a vo hot ng bnh thng cc thit bnng, cu hng.

- Kim tra skn nc ca hm hng, kim tra cc ng ng dn du, nc chy qua hm,cc ng thot nc, ng o nc la canh, ballast, cc lla canh, cc tm np ming hm hng, hthng thng gi hm hng...tt cphi trong tnh trng tt.

- Cng tc chun btu, hm hng phi c ghi vo nht k tu.

1.4.2.2. Vt liu m lt, cch lyy cng l mt yu tkh quan trng c thphng nga c hhng, thiu ht hng

ha. Vt liu m lt phi chun by , thch hp i vi tng loi hng v tuyn ng hnhtrnh ca tu. Cc vt liu m lt phi m bo cch ly c hng vi thnh, sn tu v vi cc lhng vi nhau v m bo khng hng b x dch, trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Trong mt strng hp nu iu kin cho php c th dng chnh bn thn hng ha (cc loi hng chu vachm, nn, khng v...) lm vt liu chn gia cc l hng khc vi nhau nhng phi m bokhng lm hng l hng chn .

Cc vt liu m lt thng l cc loi bt, chiu ci, ct, giy nylon, gvn, gthanh...

1.4.2.3. Mt sim lu khi lm hng

y l mt nhim vquan trng i vi tu c bit l cc squan boong v thy thtrc ca,

nht l squan phtrch hng ha.iu ny c thlm cho tu trnh c nhng khiu ni hoc bi


14/97

thng hng ha sau ny. Pha tu phi cngi cng gim st hng ha vi nhn vin kim kinca tu, nu tu khng thu kim kin th tu phi ng ra lm nhim vny.

Hng ha a xung tu phi m bo cht lng, quy cch v s lng nh trong ccphiu gi hng. Nu pht hin hng, l hng no khng m bo th kin quyt khng nhn hoc phic nhng ghi ch thch hp vtnh trng ca hng vo chng tca l hng .

Trong qu trnh lm hng nu c shhng hng (, v, dp nt...) th tu phi lp binbn bi min trch nhim cho tu v khng nhn chnhng hng ny. Bin bn phi c chk tnht ca nhng thnh phn nh: i din tu, kim kin, kho hng, i din cng nhn v gim nhvin (nu c).

Tu phi theo di cng vic ca cng nhn bc xp, phi lu xp hng theo ng s, cthtchi nhm cng nhn no khng xp hng ng theo yu cu ca tu v ngh thay nhmcng nhn khc.

1.4.2.4. Phn bhng xung cc hm hp l

C thdin gii ra y nhiu vn nhng tm li l ngoi vic m bo an ton cho tu,thuyn vin, m bo tn dng c sc cha v trng ti tu, tin lm hng... th phi m bo

sao cho mi loi hng vi tnh cht c, l, ha, sinh ca chng c xp vo nhng chthch hp vn chuyn v khng lm nh hng xu n cc hng ha xp quanh n.

Di y l mt vi v d:

- Cc loi hng ta mi mnh (c, da mui...) khng nn xp gn cc loi hng c tnh htmi mnh (nhch, thuc, go, ng...)

- Cc loi hng ta m (lng thc, hng lng...) phi c xp cch ly vi cc hng ht m(bng, vi, ng...)

- Cc loi hng ta bi mnh (nh xi mng, phn ch ri, lu hunh, tinh qung...) khngc xp cng thi gian vi cc loi hng m c thbhng bi bi (bng, vi, si...)

- Cc loi hng dchy ncn xp xa cc ngun nhit nhbung my, ng khi...

- Cc loi hng lng cha trong thng nn xp vo cc hm ring nu xp chung vi cchng khc th nn xp di cng v st vvch sau ca hm.

1.4.2.5. Phng php cht xp ca mt sloi hng

a. Hng hm kin

Cc hng ny thng c dng khi vung hoc chnht. Nn xp vo nhng hm vungvn tn dng dung tch v nng cao hiu sut xp d. Chiu cao chng hm nn xp thch hp ivi mi loi hm. Cc hm to, nng nn xp di v gia hm, cc hm nhxp bn cnh v lntrn. Gia cc hm vi nhau v vi thnh tu phi c k, chn thch hp trnh va p, x dch.Thng cc hm c xp chng bng hm hoc lch hm.


15/97

Cartons of bananas in stow

Hnh 1.2: Cht xp khi Granit trong hm

Hnh 1.3: Cht xp cc thng cc tng chui trn tu


16/97

b. Hng bao b

Thng l cc loi ngcc ng bao hay cc loi hng ng bao khc nhbt, ng...yl nhng loi hng bao mm khng bhn chbi kch thc, dxp, nhc im l a scc loihng ny u sm nn phi c m lt tt. Thng xp theo phng php chng bao, chng nabao hoc xp cp ba, cp nm bao tutheo mc cn thng gi nhiu hay t v chc chn cang hng. Thng cc bao c xp dc tu.

Hnh 1.4: Cht xp hng bao

Hnh 1.5: Cht xp hng bao trong hm hng

c. Hng b kin

Hng b kin thng l cc loi hng nhnhcc kin ay, bng, si, gai.... phng phpxp tng thng hm kin.

Fishmeal

Stowed haft bag Stowed bag and bag


17/97

STOWED BILGE AND CANTLINE-HALF CASK

Hnh 1.6: Cht xp cc kin giy

d. Hng thng

Hng thng thng l cc thng ng cht lng. C 2 loi thng:

Thng g: Loi c = const

Loi c gia > 2 u

Thng kim loi: Thng l thng c hnh tr.

- Vi thng g: Nu ca my th xp quay y ln trn, nu ca m gia th xpngang thng ca ln trn.

- Vi thng kim loi: Xp ng thng ca quay ln trn.

Hnh 1.7 Cht xp hng thng


18/97

Hnh 1.8: Cu to thng g

e. Hng ng v thanh kim loi

Thng l cc loi hng nhthanh ray, cc loi ng ng, cc thanh st, dm st...

Yu cu xp khng c hng bin dng. y thng l cc loi hng nng, nn xp di v xp vi cc loi hng nhkhc tn dng dung tch hm.

Phng php xp:- Thanh ray: + Xp dc tu

+ Xp vung

-ng ng c u loe: Xp so le u ui.

- Cc dm, thanh st: Nn xp dc tu.

Bung Quarter HoopChime

Head

Chime HoopQuarter Bilge

Bilge Hoop

Staves


19/97

Hnh 1.9: Cht xp ng thp v cc thanh kim loi

Steel and pipeslashed in stow


20/97

Hnh 1.10: Cht xp ng thp trn tu

f. Hm cha cc bnh cht lng

Cc hm cha cc bnh ng cht lng thng l cc ha cht thlng hoc cc loi axtc ng trong cc bnh thy tinh c t vo cc hm gc m cc vt liu mm trnh v.Khi xp cc hm ny phi ht sc nhtay, ht mi mt lp hm nn k mt lt gvn mng, cchm bn trn nn t vo khong gia hai hm di.

1.4.3. Bo qun hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn

Nhim vbo qun hng trong hnh trnh chyu tp trung vo nhng vic sau:


21/97

- Gign sao cho nc (tbt kngun no) khng r r, chy vo hm lm t hng.

- Kim tra, duy tr c chnhit v m thch hp i vi hng vn chuyn.

- Kim tra v dng cc bin php cn thit khng cho hng bdch chuyn, nht l i vicc hng trn boong, c bit trong thi gian thi tit xu.

1.5. nh hng kh hu v hm hng i vi hng ha

1.5.1. Cc i lng c trng ca khng kh

1.5.1.1. m tng i (Relative Hummidity-R)

m tng i l tsgia sc trng hi nc v sc trng hi nc bo ho nhit cho tnh bng phn trm (hay l tstnh bng phn trm gia lng hi nc thc t trongkhng kh vi lng hi nc trong khng kh bo ha cng mt n vthtch, cng nhit ).

R = Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.(1.1)

e : Sc trng hi nc thc t- Vapor pressure . (n vca e, es: mb hoc mmHg)

es: Sc trng hi nc bo ha - Saturated vapor pressure.A: Lng hi nc cha trong mt n vthtch khng kh (m tuyt i).

As:Lng hi nc cha trong mt n vthtch khng kh trng thi bo ho (mtuyt i trng thi bo ho).

(n vca A, Asl g/m3khng kh hoc grain/ft3)

m tng i cho ta bit sm t ca khng kh.

nc ta m tng i trung bnh vo cc ma nhsau:

+ Ma ng R= 80%

+ Ma h R= 85% - 90%

+ Trong sng m R= 95% - 100%Khi nhit tng th khnng bo ha m tng. Gistrng thi ban u khng kh

bo ha m. Khi nhit tng th trng thi bo ha bph v, m khng kh (R) gim, tcl trong iu kin mi (trng thi mi) khng kh vn chp nhn thm c mt lng hi nc na.Khi nhit gim th p ng vi trng thi khng kh mi, khng kh csthi bt mt lng hinc nht nh di dng nc ngng t.

Khng kh bo ha (Saturated Air): L hin tng m ti mt nhit no , khng kh chang c ti a lng hi nc trong n. Khi lng hi nc ln cao m nhit cnh th hinc sbngng t.

1.5.1.2. m tuyt i (Absolated Hummidity-A)

m tuyt i l trng lng ca hi nc trong n vthtch khng kh. Trong kthut,

m truyt i l s pound (1pound=0.454kg) ca hi nc trn 1ft3 khng kh kh hay l sgrain(1grain=0.065gram) ca hi nc trn 1ft3khng kh kh.

Cng thc tnh gi trm tuyt i A: (grain/ft3hoc g/m3)

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. (1.2)

Trong : W l m ring (trng lng ca hi nc) c tnh theo cng thc:

W=p

eK (1.3)

K l hng s(gi trca K phthuc n vtnh m ring).

v l thtch ca mt n vtrng lng khng kh kh.


22/97

p l p sut khng kh tiu chun.

1.5.1.3. im sng (Dew point-Dp)

Nhit im sng l nhit ca khng kh m ti nhit ny hi nc cha trongkhng kh t ti trng thi bo ho.

Nhit im sng c xc nh nhl nhit thp nht m khng kh khng thgic hi m hin ti n c v phi thi bt lng hi m tha di dng ngng tthnh nc.Nhit im sng ca bt kmu thkhng kh no cng hon ton phthuc vo m tuyti.

1.5.1.4. Nhit kkh t

y l thit bo nhit gm hai nhit kt song song trong mt hp gc c nhiu lnh. Cc lnhny c tc dng gip cho khng kh c thlu thng gia bn trong v bn ngoi.Hp gng nhit kphi c t ti ni khng bnh hng bi sc nng ca bt kvt thnocng nhc dng kh thi nh. Mt trong hai nhit kc bc gic khnng thm nc tt tibu nhit k.u kia ca ginhng ngp trong nc trong hp nha nhpha bn di

Khi bu nhit kc gitm t th nc ca gisbha hi. Khi qu trnh ha hi xy ra

n cn thu nhit ca vt gn n l bu nhit klm cho bu nhit kblnh i v lm cho gi trca bu nhit kt lun nhhn so vi nhit kcn li (gi l nhit kbu kh). Nhvy, khnngha hi sphthuc trc tip vo m tng i. Khi m trong khng kh cao th khnng hahi schm hn v schnh lch gia bu kh, t snh. Khi m khng kh thp, r rng lkhnng ha hi sdin ra mnh lit hn v kt qul hiu nhit kkh t phi ln hn. Nhmitng quan ny, thiu snhit kkh t ta xy dng c bng tra m tng i ca khngkh.

Dry bulb TemperatureHumidity

32o 40o 50o 60o 70o 80o 90o

Wet bulb temp. 40

o

50

o

60

o

70

o

80

o

90

o

Dew point 32o 40o 50o 60o 70o 80o 90o100%

WT.of Moisture 0.303 0.41 0.58 0.829 1.15 1.58 2.17

Wer bulb temp 39o 48.5o 58o 68o 78o 88o

Dew point 30o 37.5o 47o 57o 67o 77o 87o90%

WT.of Moisture 0.274 0.37 0.52 0.74 1.03 1.43 1.95

Wer bulb temp 37.5o 47o 56.5o 66o 75o 85o

Dew point 28o 34o 44o 54o 64o 74p 84o80%

WT.of Moisture 0.243 0.33 0.45 0.65 0.92 1.27 1.74

Wer bulb temp 36o

45.5o

54.5o

63.5o

72.5o

82o

Dew point 24o 30o 41o 50o 60o 70p 79o70%

WT.of Moisture 0.215 0.28 0.41 0.58 0.825 1.1 1.52

Wer bulb temp 35o 44o 54o 61o 70o 79o

Dew point 21o 27o 35o 46o 55o 65o 74.5o60%

WT.of Moisture 0.182 0.245 0.35 0.49 0.69 0.96 1.3

Bng 1.2: Bng tra m tuyt i v nhit im sng

Nhit Hiu snhit kkh v t (t-t')oc.


23/97

kt 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-7 7 -10 -13 -17

-6 6 -8 -11 -15

-5 5 -7 -10 -13

-4 4 -6 -8 -11 -15

-3 3 -5 -7 -10 -13

-2 2 -4 -6 -8 -11

-1 1 -3 -5 -7 -9

0 0 -2 -3 -5 -8 -10

1 1 0 -2 -4 -6 -8

2 2 1 -1 -3 -4 -7

3 3 2 0 -1 -3 -5 -7

4 4 3 1 0 -3 -3 -5

5 5 4 3 1 0 -2 -3

6 6 5 4 3 1 0 -2 -4

7 7 6 5 4 3 1 0 -2

8 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 0

9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 0

10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

11 11 10 9 9 8 7 6 5 3 2

12 12 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4

13 13 12 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

14 14 13 12 12 11 10 10 9 8 7

15 15 14 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 8

16 16 15 14 14 13 13 12 11 11 10

17 17 17 16 15 15 14 13 13 12 11

18 18 18 17 16 16 16 15 14 13 13

19 19 19 18 18 17 16 16 15 15 14

20 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 15

21 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17

22 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18

23 23 23 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 19

24 24 24 23 23 23 22 22 21 21 2025 25 25 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 21

26 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 23 23 22

27 27 27 26 26 26 25 25 25 24 24

28 28 28 27 27 27 26 26 26 25 25

29 29 29 28 28 28 27 27 27 26 26

30 30 30 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 27

31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 28

32 32 32 31 31 31 31 31 30 30

33 33 33 33 32 32 32 32 31

34 34 34 34 33 33 33 33


24/97

Bng 1.3: Bng xc nh nhit im sng

Hiu nhit ca bu kh t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

30 100 89 78 67 57 47 36 26 17 7

35 100 91 82 73 65 54 45 37 28 19 12 3

40 100 92 84 76 68 60 53 45 38 30 22 16 8

45 100 92 85 78 71 64 58 51 44 38 32 25 19

50 100 93 87 80 74 67 61 55 50 44 38 33 27

55 100 94 88 82 76 70 65 59 54 49 43 39 34

60 100 94 89 84 78 73 68 63 58 53 48 44 39

65 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 61 56 52 48 44

70 100 95 90 86 81 77 72 68 64 60 55 52 48

75 100 95 91 87 82 78 74 70 66 62 58 55 51

80 100 96 92 87 83 79 75 72 68 64 61 57 54

85 100 96 92 88 84 80 77 73 70 66 63 60 56

90 100 96 92 88 85 81 78 75 74 68 65 62 59

95 100 96 93 89 86 82 79 76 72 69 66 63 60

S

cbu

kh

100 100 97 93 90 86 83 80 77 74 71 68 65 62

Hiu nhit ca bu kh t

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 23

30

35

40 4

45 13 7 1

50 22 16 11 6 1

55 29 24 19 16 10 6 1

60 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 2

65 39 35 31 28 24 20 17 13 10 6 3

70 44 40 36 33 29 26 23 19 16 13 10 7

75 47 44 40 37 34 31 27 24 21 19 16 13

80 51 47 44 41 38 35 32 29 26 23 20 18

85 53 50 47 44 41 38 36 33 30 28 25 22

90 56 53 50 47 44 41 39 36 34 32 29 26

95 58 55 52 49 47 44 42 39 37 35 32 30

S

cbu

kh

100 59 57 54 51 49 47 44 42 39 37 35 33

Bng1.4: Bng xc nh m tng i


25/97

1.5.2. Mhi thn tu v mhi hng ha

Hu ht cc khiu ni vhng ha l do hng ha bhhng trong qu trnh vn chuyn,trong rt nhiu trng hp hhng l do mhi gy ra.

Mhi c to thnh do hi nc trong khng kh b lnh di im sng ngng ngthnh cc ht nc. Cc ht nc c thng li trn kt cu tu gi l mhi thn

tuhoc trn hng ha gi l mhi hng ha. Trng hp mhi thn tu, mhi c thchy thot i hoc chy vo hng ha. Cn trng hp mhi hng ha thng xy ra khi hng halnh m khng kh vo li m.

1.5.2.1. Mhi thn tu (ship's sweat)

L hin tng c nhng ht nc bm vo cc thnh, vch, trn hm hng, cc khoangcha hng.

- Hin tng mhi thn tu xy ra khi im sng ca khng kh trong hm hng vt qunhit ca cc phn cu trc ca tu.

- Hin tng mhi thn tu thng xy ra khi tu hnh trnh tvng nng ti cc vng lnhhn.

Nguyn nhn: Khi tu chy tmt cng vng nng n vng c nhit lnh hn, th nhit bn ngoi tu dn dn gim xung lm cho nhit ca thnh, vch hm hng cng gim dncho n khi thp hn nhit im sng ca khng kh trong hm hng th slm pht sinh cc gitnc bm trn thnh, vch hm hng gi l mhi thn tu hay mhi hm hng.

Nu nhit bn ngoi gim xung t ngt trong khi nhit khng kh bn trong hm vncn gimt mc kh cao th sto mt lng mhi rt ln lm m t, nh hng cht lnghng ha.

1.5.2.2. Mhi hng ha (Cargo sweat)L hin tng c nhng ht nc bm trn bmt hng ha.

Hin tng mhi hng ha c thxy ra khi tu hnh trnh tvng lnh sang nhng vngc kh hu nng hn.

Nguyn nhn: Khi tu chy t mt cng vng lnh n vng c nhit cao hn, mkhng kh ln hn th nhit v m khng kh trong hm hng cng stng ln tng ng. Tuynhin v nhit ca bn thn hng ha tng chm hn so vi nhit khng kh trong hm hngnn sxut hin tnh hung nhit im sng khng kh trong hm cao hn nhit ca bn thnhng ha dn n kt qulm pht sinh mhi trn bmt hng ha (gi l mhi hng ha).

S lu thng khng kh v nhit trong hm: Hm tu c cu trc kn, ton bng st thp,n lun btc ng bi iu kin mi trng bn ngoi.

+ Khi hnh trnh tvng lnh sang vng nng th vtu dn dn bnung nng ln di tcng ca mi trng v trong hm sxut hin lung khng kh nng c xu hng di chuyn tvtu vo trong hm tc khng kh nng hn sa m vo trong hm.

+ Khi tvng nng sang vng lnh hn th hin tng xy ra ngc vi trng hp trn(trng hp ny hay xy ra hin tng mi hi thn tu).

1.6. Thng gi, nguyn tc thng gi hm hng

1.6.1. Nguyn tc thng gi

Hng ha xp trong hm c thbhhng bi cc hin tng mhi thn tu v mhihng ha v cc tc ng xu khc ca nhit v m khng kh trong hm trong qu trnh hnhtrnh ca tu qua cc vng c cc c trng kh hu khc nhau. Trong iu kin cho php vic thnggi hm hng ng lc, kp thi v ph hp i vi tnh cht mi loi hng gip ra c thngn nga


26/97

hoc hn chc hhng hng xy ra. tin hnh thng gi hay khng thng gi cn da trnhai nguyn tc cbn sau:

- C thtin hnh thng gi hm hng bng khng kh bn ngoi nu im sng khng khtrong hm bng hoc ln hn im sng khng kh bn ngoi.

(Dpkhng kh trong hm Dpkhng kh bn ngoi)- Khng c thng gi hm hng bng khng kh ngoi tri nu im sng khng kh trong

hm nhhn im sng khng kh bn ngoi.

(Dpkhng kh trong hm < Dpkhng kh bn ngoi)

Ngoi hai nguyn tc cbn trn cng vi stheo di khng kh trong v ngoi hm ta cnphi xt n tnh cht ca loi hng ha trong hm m ra bin php thng gi hu hiu. Xt vmt nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh th hng ha c chia lm hai loi chnh nhsau:

- Hng c tnh ht m (Hygroscopic Cargo): y chyu l cc loi hng gc thc vt nhcc loi ngcc, cc loi bt ngcc, bng, g, thuc si...Loi hng ny dbstc ng ca m, chng c thht m, gim v ta hi m. Hng ht m lm tng hin tng mhi thn tu khinhit thay i, nht l khi chhng tvng nng sang vng lnh. c bit, hin tng ny xy ra

mnh khi nhit bn ngoi gim t ngt.- Hng khng ht m (Non - hygroscopic cargo): L cc loi hng gc tcc vt liu cng

nhcc sn phm st thp, my mc, cc bng t nung, cc hng ha ng thng, ng hp... .Cc loi hng ny dbtc ng bi hin tng mhi hng ha gy han g, bn, lm bin mu...dnn hhng c bit khi chhng tvng lnh sang vng nng hn.

Thai nguyn tc thng gi v hai loi nhm hng cbn trn c cc trng hp c trngsau cn lu khi tin hnh thng gi hm hng.

a. i vi hng ht m

- Hnh trnh tvng lnh sang vng nng (Cold to warm voyage): Lc u im sng khngkh trong hm thp hn im sng khng kh ngoi hm. Trong qu trnh chuyn dn vvng nngim sng khng kh trong hm cao dn ln nhng cha t n hoc ln hn im sng khngkh ngoi hm th khng cn thit thng gi. Ti thi im mhm hng ti cng d sngng tcthxut hin trn bmt hng (mhi hng ha) nhng smt i khi hng ha c dkhi hmhng.

- Hnh trnh tvng nng sang vng lnh (Warm to cold voyage):Theo mc chuyn dnti vng lnh, nhit v im sng khng kh bn ngoi thp dn v lm lnh cc mn v boongtu dn n sngng ng hi nc ti cc mt trong thn tu. Hng ht m trong iu kin ny sta m mnh. Trng hp ny cn thng gi hm hng lin tc vi cng cng mnh cng ttngay tkhi chm vo vng lnh. y l trng hp kh khn to c s thng gi thomnnht l khi im sng bn ngoi qu thp.

- Chhng ht m trong mt vng kh hu ma h th nhit ca phn khoang hng phatrn mn kh cao hn phn pha di, do c mt dng nhit m hng ttrn xung di lmcho phn hng pha di dbm. Ta cn tin hnh thng gi phn khoang hng pha trn.

- Chhng ht m trong mt vng kh hu ma ng, nhit khoang hng pha trn mnkh sthp hn di. Khi sxut hin cc dng nhit m tdi ln trn lm cc m kh gmboong sno hi m v thai mn hng vo trong ng hng lm cho bn trong ng hng bm.Ta cn y khng kh m khoang pha trn ra ngoi v qut khng kh lnh vo thng thong phnhm hng pha di.

b. i vi hng khng ht m

- Hnh trnh tvng lnh sang vng nng: Trng hp ny nhit ca hng thp hn imsng khng kh bn ngoi nhiu nn khng c thng gi. Nu thng gi khng kh nng m tbn ngoi vo sgy ngng thi nc lm hhng hng.

- Hnh trnh tvng nng sang vng lnh: Trng hp ny mhi thn tu chc chn xy ra

nhng v hng ha l loi khng ht m nn khnng bnh hng khng ln trkhi sngng ng


27/97

cc thnh vch, trn nhgit vo hng ho nhiu. Ta cng cn phi tin hnh thng gi trnhm t trong hm hng.

1.6.2. Mc ch v phng php thng gi

1.6.2.1. Mc ch thng gi hm hng

- Lm gim nhit hm hng, gicho hng ha khng bhng v nng.

- Lm nhit im sng khng kh trong hm hng thp hn nhit thnh, vch hm vnhit trn bmt ca hng ha trnh mhi hm hng gy m t hng ha.

- Lm lu thng khng kh gim hhng i vi nhng loi hng dbbin cht hoc thira do thiu khng kh.

-phng hng tchy.

- Thi kh c, mi hi, nhim trong hm hng ra ngoi.

1.6.2.2. Phng php thng gi

a. Thng gi tnhin:

- Mun cho khng kh trong hm thot ra m (hn ch) khng cho khng kh bn ngoi vohm ta quay cc ming ng thng gi xui theo chiu gi khng kh trong hm thot ra.

Hnh 1.11:y khng kh trong hm ra ngoi

- Mun cho khng kh trong v ngoi hm lu thng tun hon, ta quay mt ming ng ngcchiu gi cn ming ng kia xui theo chiu gi.


28/97

Hnh 1.12: Thng gi tun hon

Lu rng thng gi khng ng cn hi hn l khng thng gi. Cng phi thy rng thayi hng thng gi so vi hng gi s lm thay i rt nhiu lng gi vo trong hm. Hngchy ca tu so vi hng gi cng nh hng n dng khng kh.

b. Thng gi nhn to:

- Trn mt s tu ti cc ng thng gi c lp cc qut gi 2 chiu, ta c thtin hnh choy khng kh ra hoc ht khng kh tngoi vo theo mun v cng hay lu lng gi vo, racng c ththc hin c i cc chtc ca qut.

- Thng gi nhn to c thchng trong mi tnh hung khng phthuc nhiu vo iu

kin thi tit bn ngoi v c hiu qucao hn so vi cc phng php khc. H thng thng ginhn to c thcho php to c nhit v m khng kh a vo hm theo mun (sy hoclm kh khng kh trc khi qut vo hm hng). Hthng ny thng c lp t cnh trn cctu chuyn chcc loi hng ho i hi chbo qun nhit, m c bit.

Hnh 1.12: Ming thng gi hnh nm


29/97

Cu hi n tp chng 1

Cu 1: Hy trnh by cc tnh cht v cch phn loi hng ho trong vn ti bin ?Cu 2: Cc phng php thng gi hm hng v cc trng hp p dng ?Cu 3: Hy trnh by phng php cht xp mt s loi hng bch ho thng gp trong vn tibin?Cu 4: Trnh by hin tng mhi hng ho v mhi thn tu ?Cu 5: Hy trnh by cu to v cch sdng nhit kkh-t xc nh im sng v mkhng kh ?Cu 6: Nu nguyn nhn gy hhng v thiu ht hng ho trong vn ti bin ?Cu 7: Nu cc bin php phng nga hn chhhng v thiu ht hng trong vn ti bin ?Cu 8: Trnh by khi nim vcc i lng c trng ca khng kh ?Cu 9: Hy tnh by cc nguyn tc thng gi hm hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn ?Cu 10: Nu cch xc nh im sng ca khng kh, ngha ca n ?


30/97

CHNG 2: PHNG THC VN CHUYN MT SLOI HNG TRONG VNTI BIN

2.1. Vn chuyn ngcc2.1.1. c im v tnh cht ca hng ngcc

Hng ng cc c vn chuyn trn tu bin c th kn l la nc, la m, ng, tng

2.1.1.1. Thuc tnh sinh hc ca hng ngcc

- Hin tng h hp: Ng cc ht O2, nhkh CO2 v hi nc. Qu trnh h hp xy ranhanh hay chm tuthuc vo nhit v m ca hng.

- Hin tng chn sau: L qu trnh hot ng sinh l tip theo sau khi thu hoch ca ngcc.Hin tng ny nh hng ti sny mm ca ngcc.

- Hin tng ny mm: L qu trnh tip theo ca hin tng chn sau nu c iu kin thun

li vnhit v m. Hin tng ny lm gim cht lng ca ngcc, lm tng hot tnh mt sloi men hoc nm mc c hi trong ngcc.

- Hin tng nm mc: L hin tng ngcc bnm mc, do tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt chi trong nhng iu kin thun li.

- Hin tng tonhit v tnng: y l hin tng m nhit ngcc vt qu gii hnca nhit mi trng v tng ln lin tc. Hin tng ny chia lm ba giai on nhsau:

+ Nhit ngcc nhhn 280C v nhit mi trng nhhn hoc bng 280C thcht lng ngcc khng bng hng.

+ Nhit ngcc t280C n 360C, tc tng nhit kh nhanh, tnh tn ri cangcc gim, bmt ngcc c mhi, svo ng ngcc thy nng v m, cht lng ngccgim, mu sc thay i.

+ Nhit ngcc t360C n 510C, tc tng nhit rt nhanh (20C-30C mtngy). Khi nhit t n 510C th khng tng na, sau gim dn, ngcc mt hon ton chtlng.

2.1.1.2. Tnh cht l hc

Hng ngcc c gc nghtdo nhhn 350khi chuyn chdi dng ri phi c cc binphp cnh bmt hng, chn hng c bit chng x dt hng.

- Tnh ln: Hng ngcc c tnh ln rt mnh, lm tng khong trng hm hng.

Tnh ln c c trng bi hsxp C = %1001

V

VV (2.1)

Trong V l thtch ng hng trc khi ln v V1l thtch ng hng sau khi ln.

- Tnh ht m v tom: Tnh cht ny lm thay i m ca ngcc, nh hng n trng

lng v cht lng ca hng ngcc.

H nh 2.1: Gc nghtdo

Angle of Repose- Tnh tn ri (tnh lan chy): c trng cho

kh nng t dch chuyn, lan chy ca ng cc. Nc biu thbng gc nghtdo (Angle of Repose).

Gc nghtdo ca thc t370

n 450

; ng t260n 270; la m t230n 240.


31/97

Tnh cht ny c trng bi hstng gim trng lng F = %100100

Vc

VdVc (2.2)

- Tnh hp thmi v: L khnng nhim mi, vca ngcc khi xp ngcc gn cc loihng khc.

2.1.2. Vn chuyn

Hng ngcc c thc vn chuyn di dng ng bao hoc chri trn cc tu hngkh hoc tu chhng ri chuyn dng.

Do c im v tnh cht ca ng cc nh ni trn, trong qu trnh giao nhn vnchuyn phi ch thc hin nhng bin php sau:

- Chun bv lm vsinh hm hng sch s, kh ro. Khng c g, bi bn hoc hng hocst li. Cc hla canh phi c dn sch, lm kh v y bng bao ti kn ht nhng vn chonc thm qua.

- Trong thi gian giao nhn hng cn kim tra km ca hng ha nhn xung tu. Khngnhn vn chuyn nhng bao hng c m ln.

- Khng nhn vn chuyn hng ang trong trng thi t nng, thiu giy chng nhn chtlng ca cquan kim dch, hoc tkhai hng ho ca ngi gi hng.

- Bao b hng ha phi sch s, khng brch v, k m hiu r rng.

- Trong thi gian thao tc lm hng trnh khng dng mc st mc vo bao, nn sdngli mm bc, xp hng.

- Dng li hoc bt phkhu vc lm hng gia tu v btrnh hng ri vi xung nc.

- Khng nn cng nhn, trhng ngcc vi cc loi hng bay bi nhiu.

- Cng tc giao nhn hng ngcc khng thc hin trong iu kin tri ma v thi tit xu.

- Sdng cc vt liu chn lt cch ly hng vi cc vch hm c bit i vi sn hm

hng.- Tu theo yu cu ca s xp hng, kch thc ca cc bao hng m c cc phng

thc xp chng thch hp cho vic thng gi hng ha.

- Hng ngcc nu c vn chuyn di dng ng bao th hng bao sxp theo chiudc tu, phn st vch quay u bao vo pha vch hm.ng hng bao phi c xp chc chn.

- Hng ngcc chri phi tun thnghim ngt cc yu cu vcht xp, bo qun v duytr n nh tu chhng ht theo Blut quc tvvn chuyn hng ht ri (Grain Code).

- Trong qu trnh vn chuyn nu c nghi nghin tng hhng hng ha xy ra th phip dng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhthng gi, thng thong bng khng kh kh. Cc binphp ny phi nht thit ghi vo nht k hng hi. Nu cc bin php p dng khng thu c hiuquth thuyn trng cn thng bo cho ngi gi hng hay i din ca h.

2.2. Vn chuyn than

Thnh phn nguyn tchnh ca than l cacbon, ngoi ra cn c cc nguyn thp chtd bay hi: H, CO, CO2, CH4, SO2,... v cc thnh phn khong cht khng chy nh cc muisunpht, pht pht, cacbonat, nc cng nhcc khong cht v ckhc.

2.2.1. Phn loi

C nhiu cch phn loi than. Theo hm lng cacbon, ta phn than thnh cc loi sau:

- Than bn: Loi than ny do cy c, cc loi tho mc, thc vy nhbchn vi di mly lu nm hnh thnh. Than bn c hm lng nc ln, t cacbon hm lng cht khng chy khcao.


32/97

- Than nu: Loi than ny do cy gbchn vi di t lu nm hnh thnh. Than nu dchy v nhiu khi, hm lng cc bon nh hn 70%, nhit chy khong 3200C, nhit nngkhong 5000 n 6000 kcal/ kg.

- Than : Loi than ny c hm lng cacbon nhiu hn than bn, than nu. Khi t nhiukhi, ngn la mnh v ta nhit nhiu.

- Than antraxit: y l loi than c hm lng cacbon nhiu hn cc loi than ktrn. Loithan ny bt la chm nhng khi chy th c ngn la mnh, nhit lng ta ra ln t khi hockhng c khi. Than ny trng bngoi en bng, ng nh nhkim loi.

Loi than %CTp cht

(%)to chy

(toc)Nhit nng(kcal/1kg)

Cng dng

Bn 25 31 70 75 295


33/97

- Tnh ngc: Cc cht kh thot ra tthan do cc qu trnh hot ng ha hc, sinh hc,vt l trong than to ra c thgy ngc cho ngi khi lm vic, tip xc lu vi than. Mt trong cccht kh c l CO, CO2, CH4...

- Tnh n mn: Mt sloi than c thtc ng vi nc v sn sinh ra cc loi acid m nsc tc ng n mn cc kt cu thp hm hng. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ny cng c thsinh ra khHydrogen. y l loi kh khng mi v nhhn khng kh v c gii hn bn la khi dng hn hpkhng kh chim t4% n 75% thtch.

2.2.3. Vn chuyn

Than c vn chuyn trn cc tu chuyn dng hoc trn cc tu hng kh bnh thng.Trn tu chthan chuyn dng thng c cc ng o nhit xuyn sut hm than dn ln boong,c my phn tch kh (Gas detector) v cc lkim tra kh trong hm.

2.2.3.1. Mt slu chung

- Trc khi xp hng cc hm hng phi c vsinh sch s, cc lla canh phi c dnsch v dng bao ti hoc cc loi vt liu khc c ththm nc che kn ming lla canh, c bitl khi chcc loi than vn, cm. Cc thanh glt mn (spar ceiling) tu cn c tho dct i.

- Khng nn than cao qu ln trnh cc cc than ln c thlm hng cc kt cutrong hm v than dbvvn.

- Khng nhn cc loi than c nhit ln hn 35oC v c m qu ln.

- Chtin hnh cc cng vic di hm sau khi thng thong k, c bit cn c my phntch kh o, kim tra nng kh m tan trong hm. Nu nng kh mtan ln hn 1% th khngc php xung hm.

- Trong mi hm chchthan cng loi. Tuyt i khng c ch cc loi hng dchy vnchung vi than. Nu chthan v cc loi hng khc na th cc loi hng ny phi c xp vocc khoang ring.

- Than xp trong cc hm phi c san bng v sao cho tin li cho vic thng gi.

- Tuyt i khng c mang cc ngn la trn n gn cc ng thng gi hoc xung hmthan ni c thtp trung kh n. Khng c tutin sdng bt kngun chiu sng no ngoi ccn c bo hchng nc bit soi sng trong hm than.

- Khi chthan i xa v cc loi than c gc nghtnhin nhhn 35o(cc loi than cc nh:as feas and beans; cc loi than antraxit...) cn lp thm cc vch dc gi, cc vch dc ny t theomt phng trc dc tu hoc cch mt phng trc dc khng qu 5% chiu rng tu. Cc vch dcny c thgin on theo chiu thng ng nhng khong cch gia cc tm khng qu 20 cm.

- Yu cu khng gian cha than phi c khnng ngn chn c sr rca nc cngnhsthm nhp ca cc ngun nhit khc nhau trn tu

- Than phi c xp cch ly vi cc loi hng nhm 1,2,3,4,5 trong IMDG code.

2.2.3.2. Cc yu cu chung trong vn chuyn than

- Trc khi xp hng ngi gi hng sphi cung cp cho thuyn trng bng thng bo vc tnh ca than (Coal cargo declaration) v cc khuyn co v qui trnh xp hng cng nhboqun hng trong khi hnh trnh. Hcng phi thng bo vm, hm lng lu hunh v c bitl khnng hng c thpht sinh kh m tan hoc tnng.

- Thuyn trng phi nhn c y cc thng tin nh trn trc khi chp thun chohng xp xung tu. Nu c thng bo vkhnng pht sinh kh m tan hay khnng tnng cahng th nht thit phi tham kho cc ch c bit trong hng dn.

- Trc v trong khi xp hng, Thuyn trng phi quan st v kim tra nhng yu tsau:

+ Tt ckhoang cha hng v hla canh phi c lm sch v kh. Tt ccc loi hngha ca chuyn trc phi c vt sch.

+ Tt ccc ng dy in v cc thit bin phi m bo an ton trong khi sdng .


34/97

+Tu phi c trang by cc dng co lng nng ca kh m tan, oxygen,carbon monoxide, PH ca nc trong cc hla canh.

+ Khng c ht thuc l cng nhcng nhcc cng tc khc c thpht sinh ngn latrn trong khu vc hng ha cng nhkhu vc ln cn. Cc cng tc g g, hn. hay cc ngunpht tia la phi bcm, trphi khu vc c thng thong thch hp v phi khng nh honton khng xut hin kh m tan.

+ Khng xp hng vo cc vch c ngun pht nhit.

+Trc khi khi hnh thuyn trng phi m bo rng bmt ca hng ha phi cnh ty to bmt tng i bng phng trnh cc ti kh v ngn chn khng kh lt vo bntrong khi than. Np hm hng phi c ng cht trnh sthm nhp ca khng kh v nc bnngoi.

+Thnh phn khng kh trong hm pha trn b mt hng ha phi c kim tra hngngy v kt quphi c ghi li.

+Trphi c cc chdn trc tip khc, tt ccc hm hng chthan phi c thng gibmt trong vng 24 giu tin tnh tsau khi khi hnh.

+ Sau 24 giu tin sau khi khi hnh nu nng kh m tan gim xung mc thp thphi ng cc ca thng gi. Nu nng kh m tan cn cao th phi tip tc thng gi cho ti khi cthng thng gi c.

+ Cc khu vc lm vic kn trn tu thng xuyn phi c kim tra pht hin cc khc c thlt vo tkhu vc hm hng.

+ Thng xuyn kim tra PH trong cc hla canh pht hin nguy cn mn. Nupht hin c nhiu nc la canh th nht thit phi bm nc ra v gicho la canh trng thi khro.

2.3. Vn chuyn Qung

2.3.1. Khi nim

Qung l nhng loi t, trong cha mt hm lng kim loi hoc kim no .2.3.2. Phn loi

- Qung kim loi: Chnhng loi qung c hm lng kim loi cthhoc xt cao nht can l ln nht so vi cc nguyn tkhc.

V d: Qung st, qung ng...

- Qung kim: Nhm qung ny rt phong ph. Tnh cht nhng loi qung ny c quytnh chyu bi nguyn t kim hoc nhm ci nguyn t kim chim hm lng cao nht so vicc nguyn tkhc.

V d: Cc khong ln (P2O5), khong silict (SiO2)

4.3 2.3.3. Tnh cht

- C ttrng ln v thtch ring nh.


35/97

Loi qungtnh qung

Ttrng(T/m3)

Thtch ring u(m3/T)

Loi tinh qung Ttrng(T/m3)

Thtch ring

u (m3/T)

Qung st 1,2 1,4 0,71 0,38 Tinh qung st 2.42,7 0,370,42

Qung niken 1,3 1,4 0,71 0,77 Tinh qung titan 2,8 0,354,0Qung ng 1,27 2,0 0,5 0,79 Tinh qung km 1,82,4 0,350,55

Qung km 2,6 2,7 0,37 0,38 Tinh qung ch 2,24,0 0,250,31

Qung apatit 3,0 3,2 0,33 Tinh qung ng 2,02,7 0,350,50

Qung bxt 1,2 1,4 0,71 0,83

Bng 2.2: Ttrng v thtch ring ca mt sloi qung

- Tnh di ng: Nu loi qung hoc tinh qung c gc ngh tnhin (Angle of repose) nhhn 35oth coi l hng nguy him v hng ha c khnng chuyn ri khi vtr ban u di tcng ca sng. Do vy nht thit phi p dng cc bin php phng thch ng theo lut chhngri.

- Tnh nho chy: Do bn thn qung c m ln, di tc ng rung ca tu lm nc niln pha trn qung bnho v khi tu blc hng ha sd ch chuyn vmt bn mn lm nghingtu, nh hng nghim trng ti tnh n nh tu.

- Tnh ng kt: Vi nhng loi qung c m ln (so vi m tiu chun hoc m giihn ca bn thn qung) gp nhit thp (nhhn 0oC) th bng kt thnh tng tng gy khkhn cho vic xp dv vn chuyn.

- Tnh sinh gv hao mn: Do qung bxi ha, sinh gdn n hao mn.

- Tnh bay bi: Qung c tnh bay bi, nht l vi tinh qung.

- Tnh ln: Tnh ln thng xy ra vi tinh qung. Trn bin trong iu kin thi tit xu, nghng qung c thln ti 20%.

- Tnh ta hi c, ta nhit: Mt sloi qung c tnh cht bc hi c v c tnh cht tnng.

2.3.4. Vn chuyn

Qung c thc chuyn chtrn cc tu hng kh hay trn tu chuyn dng.

Tu chqung chuyn dng thng l tu mt boong c kt cu y i cao, sc chu snhm ln, hm hng v ming hm hng kho, c kt cha nc ballast bn mn (side tank) v kttreo (top side tank).

Di y l mt vi dng cbn ca tu chqung.


36/97

Hnh 2.2: Tu chqung

Hnh 2.3: Tu chthan/qung


37/97

Vn an ton ca tu chqung phthuc rt nhiu vo vic duy tr m ca chng tronggii hn an ton. Thng thng, m hng ha c thng bo qua vn bn gi ti cho Thuyntrng. m thc tca hng ha cng c thc xc nh bng cc thit bphn tch mtrang btrn tu.

Cn lu nhng vn sau khi nhn v vn chuyn qung:

- Khng nhn hng trong nhng ngy ma, ngy c m t cao.

- Khi nhn qung hoc tinh qung phi kim tra m ca hng, nu m thc tln hnm cho php ca qung phi c bin php phng m bo an ton th mi nhn vn chuyn.Nhn chung khng nn nhn hng khi khng c hsm km theo.

-Khi nhn vn chuyn nhng loi hng qung c ttrng ln (hscht xp khong 0.56m3/Thay nhhn) phi c bit ch trng ti vic phn bhng sao cho trnh c cc ng sut qu lntc ng ln vtu. Cc tu hng kh thng c thit kchcc loi hng c hscht xpkhong t1.39 n 1.67m3/T. Do vy khi chloi hng qung c hscht xp nhth vic phn bhng khng hp l c thgy ra ng sut cc b ln cng nhi vi ton bthn tu. Do thc tinnhvy kh c mt quy tc chung cho vic phn bhng trn tt cc cc tu. Thng thng vicphn bhng phi c thng bo trong stay xp hng (Loading and stability information booklet)

- Khi nhng thng tin nhtrn m khng c thng bo y khi chhng c ttrng lnth:

+ Vic phn bhng pha trc v sau mt phng sn gia phi khng c skhc bit ln.

+ Khi lng hng ln nht c php xp trong bt khm no cng khng c vt qugi trc tnh theo cng thc: Pmax = dBL 9.0 (2.3)

Trong L l chiu di hm tnh bng mt, B l chiu rng trung bnh ca hm tnh bng mt,d l mn nc ma h tnh bng mt.

+ Khi m hng vn chuyn khng c nh ty hoc nh ty mt phn th chiu cao lnnht khi hng c tnh nhsau: hmax= SFd1.1 (2.4)

Trong SF l hscht xp c tnh bng m3

/T.+ Nu nhqung vn chuyn c nh ty bng phng th khi lng hng nhn c i

vi cc hm bn di c thtng thm 20% .

+ i vi cc hm pha trn trc chn vt hay pha sau khng gian bung my, cc hm bndi cng c thgia tng thm 10% khi lng.

- Trn cc tu mt boong, c thphn bqung xung hm nhhnh 2.4, ngha l i vicc hm gia tu th c thxp qung tng i bng phng, hm pha mi th xp ng qung ctrng tm dch vpha vch sau ca hm, hm pha sau th xp ng qung c trng tm dch vphavch trc ca hm.

Hnh 2.4: Xp qung trn tu mt boong

- Trn cc tu c tween deck, khng lm cho tu c chiu cao thvng qu ln lm chotu lc mnh, c thphn hng boong gia khong t1/4 n 1/3 trng lng hng, tuy nhin cnquan tm n sc chu ca sn boong gia phn bhng hp l, m bo an ton kt cu hm

hng.


38/97

C thphn bqung trn cc tu c tween deck nhstrong hnh 2.5

Hnh 2.5: Xp qung trn tu c tween deck

- i vi tu hng ri khng chuyn dng khi chqung c ttrng ln thng phn bhngtheo phng n phn bcch hm (Jumping load hoc Alternative load) nu nhtrong hstu chophp.

- Tnh n nh i vi tu chqung thng ln dn ti tu c chu klc nhanh gy tc ng

xu ti kt cu tu. Do vy thng thng qung c vn chuyn trn cc tu chuyn dng.2.4. Vn chuyn G

2.4.1. Phn loi

Xt vhnh thc vn ti, c thchia glm hai loi chnh sau y:

- G qua gia cng: y l loi g c gia cng phc vcho cc mc ch sdngkhc nhau.

- Gcha gia cng:y l loi gcn di dng th, nguyn cy.

2.4.2. Tnh cht ca g

Gc mt stnh cht sau y:

- Cng knh.- Dx, ln, c bit l i vi gcy xp trn boong.

- D cong vnh, nt n, c bit l i vi g sch, dbmc, mc nm nu khngc bo qun tt.

- C hm lng m rt ln, ng thi c khnng ht m v ta m mnh. Khi , trnglng gsbthay i ln, nh hng n sc chv n nh ca tu.

m ca gc thtnh bng cng thc sau:

Wnc= %1001

1

P

PP (2.5)

Trong : P l trng lng gt thi im ang xt.

P1 l trng lng gkh tuyt i.

m ca gl lng nc tnh bng % i vi trng lng ca gkh.

2.4.3. Vn chuyn g

Gc thc vn chuyn bng tu hng kh hoc tu chgchuyn dng .

Khi c vn chuyn g trn boong, cn tham kho "Quy tc thc hnh cho tu chg trnboong, 1991" ca IMO (Code of Safe Practice for Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 1991) nm vngquy tc cht xp, chng buc cng nhlm dy vn an ton cho thuyn vin i li.

2.4.3.1. Vn chuyn bng tu chuyn dng (Log Carrier Vessel)


39/97

Vn chuyn g trn tu chuyn dng sc th tn dng c ti a dung tch v trng tica tu.

Tu chgchuyn dng c nhng c im cbn sau:

- y thng l cc tu mt tng hm, c kt cu chc, khe, hm hng ln, ming hm

hng di v rng, np hm hng c kt cu khe, mn gicao, chc chn.- Kt y i ca tu thng l ln c thcha c mt lng ln nc dn (Ballast

Water).

- Trn boong c cc thit bphc vcho vic chng buc, cnh hng ( cc ct chng, lcm ct chng, thit bdng hng ro, hthng thit bdy chng buc chuyn dng...).

- Cn cu ca tu chgc sc nng ln, c gn du chuyn chghai bn mn.

- tn dng ht dung tch v trng ti ca tu, thng thng, tu chgphi c sc chtrn boong t nht 1/3 lng gtrn tu.

Hnh 2.6: Du chuyn chg(Lumber Load line mark)

2.4.3.2. Vn chuyn bng tu hng kh (Dry Cargo Vessel)

Vic vn chuyn gbng tu hng kh skhng tn dng ht c khnng chuyn chca tu v kt cu boong, hm hng, btr trang thit bchng buc... khng ph hp vi c imca loi hng ny.

Mun chgtrn boong, ngi ta phi lm thm cc ct chng ph.2.4.3.3. Nhng ch khi vn chuyn g

- Trc khi xp g, cn chun bhm hng, boong tu, thit bchng buc... tht chu o.

-m bo n nh, xp gto, nng xung di, gnhln trn.

- Nu chg trn boong, cn ly y cc lng d tr nh du, nc ngt cng nhnc dn (c tnh n khnng chhng ti a c thca tu). Vic ly nc dn vo kt no phitnh ton trc v ly y trnh nh hng ca m men mt thong cht lng lm gim n nhca tu.

- Trc khi xp hng trn boong, phi dn sch rc, thng cc lthot nc trn boong, mlt hp l nc bin nh ln boong c ththot ddng. y kn cc ming hm hng, c bin

php che chn, bo vtrnh hhng cho cc thit btrn boong do gva vo. Chun bchu o

Deck line

300mm

25mm SummerFreeboard

T

S

WWNA

240mm450mm

540mm 540mm

TFF

LF

LTF

LT

LS

LW

LWNA

V R


40/97

trang thit b chng buc g trn boong nh: ct chng, puli, dy cp chng, tng , xch chngbuc...

- Gxp trn boong cn xp sao cho bmt trn cng tng i bng phng, to li i thuntin, an ton cho thuyn vin, lm dy vn an ton cho thuyn vin.

- Chiu cao ng gxp trn boong phi gii hn quy nh m bo n nh cho tu trongsut chuyn i (c tnh n sgia tng trng lng ca gtrn boong do ngm nc, nh hng camt thong tdo ca cc kt cht lng) v khng lm nh hng n khnng quan st tbung licng nhcc hot ng khc

- Chiu cao ng hng trn boong c thtnh theo cng thc kinh nghim nhsau:

+ Tu mt tng hm: h = 0,75 x (B - H)

+ Tu hai tng boong: h = 0,75 x (B - H) - h2boong

Trong H: Chiu cao mn

B: Chiu rng

h2boong : Khong cch gia hai boong

Vo ma h, chiu cao ng g trn boong ly theo theo h s tu nhng v ma ng,

chiu cao gtrn boong khng c vt qu3

1Bmaxca tu.

- Trong sut qu trnh lm hng, tu phi lun ni, cn bng, khng tvo cu, x lan...

* Kim tra lng gxp trn boong cha:

Quay tt ccu tu vmt mn, nng vt nng t3 n 4 tn m tu nghing khong 3o n4oth ngng nhn hng trn boong.

Theo quy nh, chiu cao thvng sau khi hiu chnh m men mt thong cht lng philn hn hoc bng 0,10 m.

M men nghing c tnh nhsau: Mn= n . q . (l +2

B) (2.6)

GM =sinD

Mn phi ln hn hoc bng 0,10 m.

Trong : n l scn cu.

l l khong cch tmn tu n vt nng.

Trong khi chy bin, ta c thkim tra GM ca tu thng qua vic o chu klc, sau tnhGM thng qua bng "Rolling Period Table" vi i svo bng l chu klc ca tu tnh bng giy vlng dn nc hoc mn nc ca tu.

Cng c thtnh GM thng qua cng thc kinh nghim:2

=T

BKGM (2.7)

Trong : B l chiu rng tu (m).

T l chu klc (Giy).

K l hskinh nghim phthuc vo loi tu, ln, tnh trng ti ca tu.

(K= 0,64 0,86).

* Tiu chun n nh tu chg:


41/97

- Din tch di cnh tay n n nh tnh (GZ) n gc nghing 40ohoc n gc ngp nckhi gc ny nhhn 40okhng c nhhn 0,080 m-rad.

- Gi trcc i ca cnh tay n GZ t nht phi bng 0,25 m.

- Trong sut qu trnh chuyn i, chiu cao thvng sau khi hiu chnh snh hng ca

mt thong tdo cht lng trong kt cng nhsngm nc ca g trn boong (nu c) v sng bng trn bmt gphi lun lun dng. Ti thi im xut pht, chiu cao thvng khngc nhhn 0,10 m.

Ch : m bo n nh ca tu trong sut qu trnh chuyn i cho ti cng ch, GMthc tca tu phi c tnh ton vi iu kin c quan tm n cc yu tlm suy gim GM dotiu thnhin liu, nc ngt, nc nh ln boong, gxp trn boong bngm nc.

2.5. Vn chuyn hng Container, hng ghp kin

2.5.1. Vn chuyn hng Container

2.5.1.1. Gii thiu vphng php vn chuyn Container

a. Nhng u nhc im

* Vu im:

- Vn chuyn Container l mt hnh thc vn chuyn ng bin tin tin v hin nay rtpht trin.

- Nng sut xp dv vn chuyn rt cao do chuyn dng ha trang thit b, phng tin xpd, vn ti cng nhbn bi.

- Hng ha c bo vtt, trnh c cc hhng do thi tit, trnh c mt mt, haoht do mt cp, gim thi gian lm thtc.

- Thi gian hnh hi nhanh do tu c tc ln v thi gian nm bn ngn nn quay vngchuyn rt nhanh.

* Vnhc im:

- Yu cu phi c tu chuyn dng, hthng bn bi, trang thit bxp dchuyn dng (gi thnh rt t tin), phng php qun l ph hp th mi c hiu qukinh tcao.

- Gi thnh bao b t.

b. Yu cu, phn loi Container

* Yu cu i vi Container:

- Phi c kch thc tiu chun quc t.

- Phi c kt cu khe bo vtt hng ha.

- Phi kn nc (i vi Container thng thng).

- Trng lng vcng nhcng tt.

- H s v Container cng nhcng tt (H s v Container l t s gia trng lng vContainer trn trng lng hng cha trong Container).

* Phn loi Container:

- Container thng thng (Dry Container): Loi Container ny dng cho vic ch cc loihng bch ho thng thng.

- Container lnh (Reefer Container): Loi Container ny dng chhng ng lnh nhtht,c hoc rau qu...

- Container hng lng ( Liquid tank Container): Loi Container ny dng chhng lng vthng y l cc hng nguy him, ho cht.

- Container hmn, hnh... (Open side, open top Container...)


42/97

- Container thng gi (Ventilated Container): Loi Container ny thng dng chcc loihng ho cn c thng gi.

- Cc loi Container c bit khc.

* Kch thc Container:

Kch thc Container c tiu chun ha theo ISO nhsau:

Kch thc -Feet, (met)K hiu

L B H

Trng lngcb

(Tn)

1A 40' (12,192) 8' (2,438) 8' (2,438) 30,5

1B 30' (9,144) 8' (2,438) 8' (2,438) 25,4

1C 20' (6,096) 8' (2,438) 8' (2,438) 20,3

1D 10' (3,408) 8' (2,438) 8' (2,438) 10,2

Bng 2.3: Kch thc Container tiu chun

Hin nay, cc Container cao 8' gn nhkhng cn c sdng nhiu na m loi c sdng phbin l Container c chiu cao 8'6". m rng dung tch cha hng, ngi ta chpnhn cc Container c chiu cao 9', 9'6". Cc Container c chiu cao 9'6" c gi l High CubicContainer.

Container ca Mli c kch thc khc Container tiu chun vchiu di (v d: 45').

2.5.1.2. Vn chuyn hng Container

Ni chung ngi ta thng dng tu chuyn dng vn chuyn Container nhng cng cthchContainer bng tu chhng kh, tuy nhin vic xp hng, m lt, chng buc hng phiht sc thn trng, c bit l i vi Container xp trn boong do kt cu ca tu ch hng khkhng ph hp vi vic xp Container.

Cc tu chuyn dng chContainer thng c thit kph hp v c c im sau:- Hm hng vung vc, vch thng, khng c boong trung gian (tweendeck).

- Trong hm c cc khung dn hng (Shell guide) tin cho vic xp, dContainer.

- C trang thit bchng buc Container chuyn dng, tiu chun. (Twist lock, Bridge Fitting,Lashing Rod, Turn buckle, Single cone, Double cone...)

- Tu Container chuyn dng thng khng b tr cn cu (Gearless). Trng hp c cncu th sc nng ca cn cu rt ln (trn 40 tn) v thng dng cho cc tu chy qua cc cngkhng c thit bxp dbchuyn dng.

- C hthng my tnh v phn mm phc vcho vic xp dhng ha.

- C hsbo ln, kt cu khe, np hm hng rng v khe.

Sc chca tu Container chuyn dng thng c xc nh bi sTEUs hoc sFEUsm n chc.

1 TEU (Twenty feet Equivalent Units) tng ng vi 1 Container 20 feet.

1 FEU (Forty feet Equivalent Units) tng ng vi 1 Container 40 feet.

Khi ta ni sc chca tu Container l 5000 TEUs tc l n c thchc 5000 Container20 feet.

Cn khi ni tu Container c sc ch l 3000 FEUs tc l n c th ch c 3000Container 40 feet.

Cc tu Container loi nhchuyn gom hng ti cc cng lc gi l cc tu Feeder. Cctu ln (tu m) schuyn chContainer gia cc cng chnh v cc tuyn Container chnh trn thgii.


43/97

Hin nay, mt s tu Container hin i ca mt s hng tu c thit k cc khung dnhng (Shell Guide) tdi hm ln trn boong. Loi tu ny skhng c np hm hng (Hatchless)v Container xp trn boong skhng cn chng buc sau khi xp xong, gim bt thi gian tu nmtrong cng.

2.5.1.3. Sxp hng tu Container

Shng ha tu Container bao gm mt s tng qut (General Plan) v cc SBay (Bay Plan). Ngi ta thng dng mu sc thhin cc Container xp (d) ti cc cng khcnhau, trn c ghi k hiu tn cng.

Trn sBay, thng th hin chi tit hn cc thng tin v hng ha nh: s hiu cccontainer trong Bay, trng lng cb, trng lng tnh, tn cng xp cng d....

Vtr ca mt Container trn tu c xc nh bi ba thng sl Bay, Row, Tier.

888

11111

0000 0 0 00000

BAY 23

Row

Tier

27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 09 07 0526 22 18 16 10 06

86

8282

8686

82

8484

18

1616

18

16

18

14 14 1412 12 12 12 1210 10 10 10 10

0806

04

02

08 08 08 08

06 06 06 06

04 04 04

02 02

Bay and Tier

E

D

C

B

Hnh 2.7: SBay-Row-Tier


44/97

- Bay: l hng Container theo chiu ngang ca tu. Bay c nh sl cc sltmi vli (01,03,05,07,09....). Tutheo thit kca tu m sBay c thc nh du khc nhau i cht.Thng th vi cc Bay chnh slsphc vcho vic xp cc Container 20', cn i vi cc Baynh sclv chn th Bay c thxp cContainer 20' v 40'.

V d: Bay 050607 th c thxp mt Container 40' hoc hai Container 20'.

- Row: l dy Container theo chiu dc ca tu. Row c nh sthttgia tu ra haimn, mn phi sl (01,03,05,07,09,11...), mn tri schn (02,04,06,08,10...). Nu tng sRow llth Row gia mang s00.

-Tier: l s lp Container theo phng thng ng. Tier c nh s chn(02,04,06,08,10....) nu di hm hng, trn boong bt u bng s82,84,86,88,90...

Hnh 2.8 : Chng buc Container trn boong

Sxp hng sdo cquan nghip vca cng lm da trn hs c ca tu v ccdliu do tu gi n trong chuyn i.i ph ca tu skim tra tnh hp l, an ton ca sxphng do pha cng gi xung quyt nh xp hng ln tu.

Trc khi xp container ln tu, thuyn vin phi chun by trang thit b xp vchng buc ti cc v tr quy nh trn tu cng nhn s dng trong lc xp v chng buccontainer cng nhchun bsn sng cc hp in dng cho container lnh.

Trong qu trnh xp hng, thuyn vin ca tu phi gim st cht chcc container c xpln theo sxp hng cvshiu, tnh trng cng nhvtr ca chng.


45/97

Trong qu trnh hnh hi, vic kim tra, cng ctnh trng chc chn ca thit bchng buccontainer trn boong l cc kquan trng, c bit l khi thi tit xu. Khi c container lnh xp trntu th phi nh kkim tra nhit cng nhtnh trng hot ng ca chng v ng k vo stheodi.

2.5.2. Vn chuyn hng ghp kin, trong cao bn

Hng ghp kin v trong cao bn c p dng nhl mt hnh thc tng nng sut xpd.

Hng ha sc xp ghp kin hoc xp trn cc cao bn c kch thc tiu chun v cuto ph hp c thlm hng bng xe nng hng.

Yu cu khi xp hng ghp kin v trong cao bn phi xp kht, trnh vkhi tu lc. Khixp hng ghp kin hoc hng trong cao bn ln tu, ngi ta dng xe nng hng xp hng ln lttst vch, mn ra gia tu. Khi khng gian gia hm hng cn li khng cho xe nng hng lmvic th hng sc cu xung hm hng bng cc ai cu v ginguyn cc ai ny cho n cngd. Ti cng d, ngi ta sdchhng gia hm ln trc v sau cu xe nng hng xungthao tc dcc kin hng ho trong cao bn khc.

Kch thc cao bn cng c tiu chun ha nhsau:0,8m x 1,0m

1,2m x 1,6m

1,2m x 1,8m.

2.6. Vn chuyn hng mau hng v ng vt ti sng

2.6.1. Vn chuyn hng mau hng

Hng mau hng l cc loi hng c ngun gc tng thc vt nhtht, c, trng, bsa,rau, cqu...

c im ca loi hng ny l lun cha mt lng m bn thn kh ln, lun din ra cchot ng sinh ha, sinh l lm thay i thnh phn ha hc, hng vv cht lng hng. Do vy,i vi loi hng ny, cn phi c chbo qun ph hp c bit vnhit v m.

Thng thng, loi hng ny thng c chbng tu chuyn dng (Reefer vessel) hoctrong cc Container lnh (Reefer Container) di hai dng sau:

- Hng p (Frozen Cargo): nhit bo qun hng thng c duy tr nhit lnhsu (thng thng t100 F, khong -120 C trxung). Kiu ny thng dng chuyn chcc loitht, c.

- Hng p lnh: (Chilled Cargo): nhit bo qun loi hng ny khng duy tr lnh su.Kiu bo qun hng nhthny c dng cho mt sloi sn phm tht, c, b, sa, trng hocrau cqu, hoa qu. Tutheo tng loi hng v theo hng dn ca ngi gi hng m phi duy trnhit cho ph hp ( txp x00C i vi sn phm tht v trn di 100C i vi cc loi rau, c,qu, hoa qu.

2.6.1.1. Vn chuyn tht

Tht thng c chdi dng p khng bao b nhtht tru, tht b, tht cu, tht ln...

Ngi ta tht tng tng to, xp ng ln nhau hoc treo trn cc x treo. Chiu cao ngtht tutheo sc chu nn ca chng. V dng tht tru, b thng cao hn ng tht cu non, bnon... i vi tht gia cm, chng thng c ng trong cc ti nilon, xp vo khay hoc hp cctng.

Nhit vn chuyn tht v gia cm thng vo khong 150F ( -100C ).

Trc khi xp hng xung tu, hm hng phi c vsinh sch s, kh ro, khtrng vkhmi hi. Trc khi lm lnh hm hng, cc thanh gm lt phi c t trc v tr nhtnh (theo chiu ngang tu).


46/97

Tht treo trn x bng mc phi m bo sc chu ca x, phi cch nhau khong 0,3m vphi chng gi, khng cho chng va vo vch hm lnh khi tu rung, lc trong qu trnh hnh hi. Khilm vic trong hm lnh phi mang y bo h, khng cho ngi khng c nhim vvo hmlnh.

Khi nhn tht cn phi ch nhng im sau:

- Bmt tht phi sn, kh, khng dnh mu, khng chy nc.

- Khng thy du hiu tht bln men, mc, kt dnh.

2.6.1.2. Vn chuyn c

C thng c chdi hai dng p v p mui.

Nhit vn chuyn c thng vo khong 100F (-120C).

Cc loi c ln thng c chdi dng khng c bao b, duy tr bo qun lnh su (ti -180C).

Cc loi c nhthng c xp vo st, thng cc tng. Nn xp chng c khe htinthng thong.

Nu c c chdi dng p mui th phi c vt liu thm nc.

2.6.1.3. Vn chuyn trng

- Trng thng c chdi dng ti hoc p mui.

- Trng c xp vo cc st, thng cc tng trn cc khay hoc c vt liu chn lt chotrng khi bvtrong qu trnh vn chuyn.

- Thng u tin xp trng nhng ni bng phng, t rung lc. Nhit bo qun trngtrn di 00C cht t.

2.6.1.4. Vn chuyn rau xanh v hoa qu

- Rau xanh v hoa quc c im l m bn thn rt ln nn dbvi khun xm nhp.

- Rau xanh v hoa qutrong qu trnh vn chuyn vn din ra qu trnh sinh ha, chn sau vrt dbkh ho, dp nt, thi.

- Rau xanh v hoa quc bo qun nhit mt trn di 100C tuloi. Ring cc loito, nho, l, o, mn, nhit vn chuyn khong t-10C n 20C.

- Rau xanh v hoa quthng c xp vo cc st, hp cc tng v c chtrn cc tuchuyn dng hoc Container lnh.

Trong qu trnh chuyn ch, phi theo di, duy tr nhit ca hng theo yu cu ca ngigi hng v phi c bin php thng gi thch hp.

2.6.2. Vn chuyn ng vt sng v sn phm ca n

2.6.2.1. Vn chuyn ng vt sng

- Yu cu chbo qun v chm sc c bit, dbcht do bbnh, tai nn, nh nhau.vn chuyn loi hng ny, ngi ta thng sdng tu chuyn dng. C thchc trn mtboong v trong hm hng.

- ng vt ln th phi ngn tng con, ng vt nhth ch theo l. Trc khi nhn xungtu, ng vt phi c giy chng nhn kim dch, ngi vn chuyn phi kim tra. Khi vn chuynphi c thc n dtrkm theo v c nhn vin th y.

- Tu phi c dn vsinh sch s, khtrng. Nu dng tu khng chuyn dng chthphi ng sn cao 30cm dqut dn phn, rc. Phi c lan can cho ng vt da vo khi tu lc.Lan can ny phi khe v cao chng khng nhy ra ngoi.

- Vic cho n ung phi tin hnh thng xuyn vi vsinh, lun thng gi to khng khtrong lnh cho ng vt.


47/97

- Nu khi vn chuyn c dch bnh th phi cch ly con vt bbnh, cha chy, phng ngav bo co cho cng ti v chtu bit.i vi nhng th vt qu him th phi nht ring v c binphp chm sc c bit. i vi nhng ng vt cht th khng c nm xung bin, phi gitronghm lnh.

- Phn ng vt khng c thi xung vng nc ca cng.

2.6.2.2. Vn chuyn sn phm ng vt

a. Vn chuyn da

Da thng c vn chuyn di hai dng l kh v p mui.

Da kh thng c b thnh kin hoc trong st, bao. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn philun gihm hng kh ro. Khi nhn hng phi xem da c bt, nm mc khng.

Da p mui thng c chdi dng khng bao b, cng c thc ng vo thngcc tng. Khi chloi hng ny phi c vt liu ngn gia hng v sn tu. Khi xp hng, da phic xp hai mt gip vo nhau v rc mui u khp b mt ca chng. Trong qu trnh vnchuyn, gicho da khng bdnh nc ma, nc bin, thng xuyn thng thong hm hng. Phic vt liu thm ht nc do mui to ra.

Da mui ta mi mnh nn khng c xp ln cc loi hng kh v cc hng hp thmikhc.

Sau khi trhng phi vsinh hm hng ngay bng nc ngt trnh ghm hng.

b. Vn chuyn lng sc vt

Lng sc vt thng c vn chuyn di dng c ty ra sch hoc cha c tyra.

Lng c b thnh tng kin, xp nhhng bao kin. Khi nhn lng phi kim tra m vcht lng, trnh lm rch bao, kin, lun gihm hng kh ro.

c. Vn chuyn xng

Xng thng c vn chuyn di dng c lm sch ht phn tht, c phi kh,khmi v c b thnh tng b hoc ng trong st. Khi xp d, trnh qung qut mnh lm vxng. Khi vn chuyn, lun gicho hm hng kh ro, trnh xng bmc hoc thay i musc.


48/97

Cu hi n tp chng 2

Cu 1: Nu c im, tnh cht, cch vn chuyn hng mau hng ?Cu 2: Nu cc yu cu, ch khi vn chuyn ng vt ti sng v sn phm ca n ?Cu 3: Hy nu c im, tnh cht, cch vn chuyn hng ngcc ng bao ?

Cu 4: Nu khi nim, phn loi, tnh cht qung trong vn vn chuyn ng bin ?Cu 5: Trnh by cc phng php vn chuyn qung trong vn ti bin ?Cu 6: Trnh by cch phn loi, tnh cht ca gv phng php vn chuyn gtrn tu chuyndng ?Cu 7: Trnh by cch phn loi, tnh cht ca gv phng php vn chuyn gtrn tu khngchuyn dng ?Cu 8: Nu cc ch khi vn chuyn g?Cu 9: Nu cch phn loi v tnh cht ca than trong vn chuyn trn tu bin ?Cu 10: Trnh by cch vn chuyn than trong vn ti bin ?Cu 11: Trnh by u nhc im vic vn chuyn hng bng container, phn loi, kch thc tiu chunca container thng gp trong vn ti bin ?Cu 12: Nu cu to v c im ca tu container, cc phng php cnh container trn tu bin ?


49/97

CHNG 3 : VN CHUYN HNG RI

3.1. Vn chuyn du mv sn phm du m

3.1.1. Nhng khi nim cbn vdu mv tu chdu3.1.1.1. Phn loi du v tnh cht ca du

a. Phn loi du m

* Theo tnh trng ca du:

- Du th (Crude Oil):y c thhiu l du nguyn khai, cha qua chbin. Thnh phn cbn bao gm:

Cc bon ( Carbon): 83 - 87 %

Hydr (Hydrogen): 11 - 14 %

Lu hunh ( Sulfur): 5 % hoc t hn

Ni t(Nitrogen): 0,4 % hoc t hn xy (Oxygen): 0,5 % hoc t hn

Kim loi (Metal): 0,5 % hoc t hn

- Du thng phm (Petroleum Product): Bao gm cc loi nhxng, du ho, du diezel,du nng (Fuel Oil), du nhn...

- Kh : Bao gm Kh du m(Petroleum Gas) v kh tnhin (Natural Gas).

* Theo mu sc ca du:

Khng mu: Du nh, xng...

Mu sm: Du nng.

* Theo nhit bt la: Chia lm 3 cp du

Du cp 1: C nhit bt la < 280C : Xng, du nguyn khai...

Du cp 2: C nhit bt la t280C n 650C: Du ho, Kerosene...

Du cp 3: C nhit bt la > 650C: Du madut, du nng...

Cn lu rng nhit du hng khi vn chuyn phi nhhn nhit bt la ca n t nhtl 50C.

Nu nhit ca bt c loi du hng no khi vn chuyn nh hn nhit bt la cachng cha n 50C th phi coi tt cl du cp 1.

b. Tnh cht ca du m

- Tnh dchy: Du c tnh dchy ti mt iu kin v nhit no khi c ngn la trni qua.

- Tnh dn: Hn hp hi du v xy nu nm trong khong gii hn no c khnnggy nkhi gp tia la.

- Tnh sinh in: Do du c nht nn trong qu trnh bm rt du, ma st gia du vng ng gy ra stch in ti cc ng ng. Stch in nhvy srt nguy him v sc thxy ra tnh trng phng in, gy chy ntrn tu du. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta phitin hnh ni t cho tu v ng ng trc khi thc hin vic bm rt du.

- Tnh bay hi: Du c tnh bay hi rt mnh, c bit i vi cc loi du nhv nhit cao. Tnh cht ny gy ra shao ht du v l nguy cgy chy nrt cao.

- Tnh ng kt: Khi gp nhit thp, du mc thng kt, c bit l du nng.trnhhin tng ng kt v c thbm rt du c, ngi ta cn phi btr thit bhm du.


50/97

- Tnh dn n: Du c tnh dn nvthtch do sthay i nhit . Cc loi du nhctnh dn nrt ln. Ngi ta xy dng bng chuyn dng trong cho cc "hshiu chnh thtch"tng ng vi mi loi du (VCF: Volume Correction Factor) nhit thc tso vi nhit tiuchun (Bng 54B TCVN 6065-1995/ASTM-D.1250/ API.2540/ IP.200 p dng cho du thng phm)

Thtch tothc t= Thtch totiu chun / VCF

Ngoi ra, tnh dn nca du cn c biu din bng lng thay i thtch:

V = x toC

Trong :

V: l sthay i thtch.

toC: l sgia nhit

: l hsdn ncho trong bng chuyn dng i vi tng loi du.

- Tnh c: Mi loi du mu c tnh c cho sc khe. C ba con ng gy ra ngcbi du ml: ht th, nut vo ng ming v tip xc qua da. Ngc du mthhin di dngcp tnh hoc mn tnh.

Cc loi kh c trong du mc thgy ngc cho cth, biu hin nh: au mt, lm,mi mt, chong vng, chng mt, t lit thn kinh, ngng th, tvong.

Cc loi kh l:

Hydrogen Sulfide - H2S: Kh ny c mi trng thi v c thngi thy khi hm lng ca ntrong khng kh t1 ppm n 2 ppm. Nu ht vo khng kh c ln H2S vi hm lng t1000 ppmn 1500 ppm (part per million) th chc nng h hp ca con ngi sbt lit v dn n tvong.

Benzene: Gii hn ngng (TLV- Threshold Limit Value) l 25ppm (0,025% thtch). Khi chc cm gic c mi Benzene. Khi ht vo khng kh c ln Benzene vi hm lng ln ti 20.000ppm (2% thtch) trong vng t5 n 10 pht, sgy tvong.

Hi xng: Gii hn ngng TLV l 0,05% th tch. Khi hm lng hi xng t 2,2% n

2,6%, nu ht vo t10 n 12 ln, scm thy chong vng, chng mt.- Tnh n mn: Du mc khnng n mn i vi kim loi, c th lm rbmt ca kt

cha.

c. Mt skhi nim v nh ngha vdu m

- Ttrng ca du m(Density): L khi lng ring trong chn khng ca mt n vthtchdu mti mt iu kin nhit tiu chun no . Density c thnguyn l kg/Litter hoc kg/M3.

Ttrng tiu chun theo hMt l ttrng 15oC (Density at 15oC).

- T trng tng i ca du m ( Relative Density - Specific Gravity): l t s gia trnglng ca du mv trng lng ca nc ct c cng thtch ti mt iu kin tiu chun no .

- Ttrng tng i ca du mtheo h Anh ( Relative Density - Specific Gravity 60/60oF): l

tsgia trng lng du v trng lng ca nc ct c cng thtch ti 60oF.- Ttrng tng i ca du mtheo hM(API Gravity at 60oF):

- Ttrng theo hMc thit lp trn csttrng hAnh theo quan hhm ssau:

141,5API. Gravity at 600F =

Sp.Gravity 60/600F- 131,5 (3.1)

141,5hoc Sp. Gravity 60/600F =

API + 131,5(3.2)


51/97

- nht (Viscosity): c nh ngha l tsgia thi gian chy qua ca mt khi lngxc nh cht lng trn thi gian chy qua ca cng khi lng nc ct mt nhit no . ilng ny c trng cho tnh di ng ca du.

- im bt la - Nhit bt la (Flash Point): L nhit thp nht m hn hp hi du vkhng kh bc chy khi gp ngn la trn i qua.

Tt ccc loi du c im bt la nhhn 280C c xp vo loi du cp 1 v c coi lcht lng dchy trong vn chuyn hng nguy him.

- im chy - Nhit chy (Combustion Point - Fire Point): L nhit thp nht m hnhp hi du v khng kh bc chy khi a ngn la trn ti gn sau 5 giy.

Nhit chy thng cao hn nhit bt la khong t100C n 200C.

- im tchy - Nhit tchy ( Ignition Point): L nhit thp nht khi bgia nhit mhn hp hi du v khng kh c thtbc chy hoc n( Khng cn ngn la trn).

Nhit tchy thng kh cao.

- Gii hn nhoc gii hn chy (Explosive Limits or Flammable Limits)

Hi du mbc ln trn ln trong khng kh theo tlphn trm trong mt khong gii hnnht nh vthtch sgy nhoc chy khi c tia la. Nu hm lng hi du nm ngoi khonggii hn ny th schy nkhng xy ra. Khong gii hn bao gm gii hn di (LEL - LowerExplosive Limit hoc LFL - Lower Flammable Limit) v gii hn trn (UEL - Upper Explosive Limithoc Upper Flammable Limit).

V d: Kh Methane CH4 c LEL l 5,3% v UEL l 14.0%

Kh Propane C3H8c LEL l 2,2% v UEL l 9,5%

Octane C8H18c LEL l 1,0% v UEL l 6,0%

Xng c LEL l 1,0% v UEL l 6,0%.

Kh Hydrogen Sulfide H2S c LEL l 4,3% v UEL l 45,5%

3.1.1.2. Nhng khi nim cbn vtu du (Oil Tanker)

Theo cc iu khon chung ca SOLAS th tu chdu l mt loi tu hng c cu trc vp ng cho vic vn chuyn hng lng dchy.

a. Phn loi tu du

* Phn loi theo loi hng lng m chng chuyn ch:

- Tu chdu th (Crude Oil Tanker).

- Tu chdu thng phm (Product Tanker).

- Tu chha cht (Chemical Tanker).

- Tu hn hp chdu v hng ri rn (OBO)

Ngoi ra cn c cc

11503-van chuyen hang hoa 2

Documents