c. 3000 B.C.Bronze Agebegins

c. 1792 B.C.HammurabirulesMesopotamia

612 B.C.Nineveh captured;Assyrian Empirecrumbles

3000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1000 B.C.3000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1000 B.C.

Ruins of a ziggurat in Iraq

The First Civilizations

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Chapter OverviewVisit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 1.

Early HumansStudying the past helps to understand the present. Scientists who

study the past have learned that the earliest humans huntedanimals and gathered plants for food. When farming developed,people settled in villages and towns.

Mesopotamian CivilizationReligion shapes how culture develops, just as culture shapes how

religion develops. In early Mesopotamian civilizations, religion andgovernment were closely linked. Kings created strict laws togovern people.

New EmpiresConflict often brings about great change. New empires arose in

Mesopotamia around 900 B.C. These civilizations included theAssyrians and the Chaldeans. They used powerful armies and ironweapons to conquer the region.

View the Chapter 1 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Compare and Contrast Make this foldable to help you compare and contrast the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia.

Reading and WritingAs you read the chapter,write notes under eachappropriate tab of yourfoldable. Keep in mindthat you are trying tocompare thesecivilizations.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paperin half from side to side.

Fold it so the leftedge lies about inch from the

right edge.

12

This will makethree tabs.

The First Civilizations

EarlyHumans

Mesopo-tamia

NewEmpires

Step 2 Turn the paper andfold it into thirds.

Step 3 Unfold and cutthe top layer only alongboth folds.

Step 4 Label as shown.

119

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Before you read, take time to preview the chapter. This will giveyou a head start on what you are about to learn. Follow the stepsbelow to help you quickly read, or skim, Section 1 on page 123.

Previewing

As you skim, also look

at pictures, maps, and

charts.

Early HumansPaleolithic people adapted to

their environment and invented many toolsto help them survive.

Reading Connection What do you view as the

greatest human achievement—sending people to

the moon, perhaps, or inventing the computer?

Read to learn about the accomplishments of

people during the Paleolithic Age.

History is the story of humans . . .

Tools of Discovery

1–Read the mainheadings in large redtype. Theyshow themain topicscovered inthe sectionor chapter.

4–Under each mainhead, read the sub-heads in blue type.Subheads break downeach main topic intosmaller topics.

3–The Reading

Connection helpsyou to link whatyou might alreadyknow to what youare about to read.

2–The under each mainhead tells you themain point ofwhat you areabout to read.

118-121 CO1-868874 12/30/04 10:48 AM Page 120

Use each main head, the main ideas, and thesubheads in Section 2 of this chapter to createa study outline.

Read to Write

121

Skim Section 2 on your own. Writeone thing in your notebook that youwant to learn by reading this chapter.

Skim all of the main heads and main ideas in Section 3starting on page 142. Then, in small groups, discussthe answers to these questions.• Which part of this section do you think will be most

interesting to you?• What do you think will be covered in Section 3

that was not covered in Section 2?• Are there any words in the Main Ideas

that you do not know how to pronounce?• Choose one of the Reading

Connection questions to discuss in your group.

New Empires

Hanging Gardensof Babylon

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Early Humans

Looking Back, Looking AheadToday people live in towns and

cities of various sizes. Early humanslived by moving from place to place,forming settlements, and exploringdifferent ways to provide forthemselves and their families.

Focusing on the • Paleolithic people adapted to their

environment and invented many toolsto help them survive.(page 123)

• In the Neolithic Age, people startedfarming, building communities,producing goods, and trading.(page 127)

Locating PlacesJericho (JEHR• ih•KOH)Çatal Hüyük

(chah•TAHL hoo•YOOK)

Content Vocabularyanthropologist

(AN•thruh•PAH• luh• jihst)archaeologist

(AHR•kee•AH• luh• jihst)artifact (AHR•tih•FAKT)fossil (FAH•suhl)nomad (NOH•MAD)technology (tehk•NAH• luh• jee)domesticate (duh•MEHS•tih•KAYT)specialization

(SPEH•shuh• luh•ZAY•shuhn)

Academic Vocabularytask

revolution (REH•vuh•LOO•shuhn)

Reading StrategyDetermine Cause and Effect Draw a diagram like the one below. Use it to explain how early humans adaptedto their environment.

Effect:

Effect:

Cause:

Cause:

c. 8000 B.C.Jerichofounded

c. 6700 B.C.Çatal Hüyüksettled

c. 3000 B.C.Bronze Agebegins

8000 B.C. 6000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 2000 B.C.8000 B.C. 6000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 2000 B.C.

Jericho

¸Catal

H¨uy¨uk

122 CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.1 Studentsdescribe what is knownthrough archaeologicalstudies of the earlyphysical and culturaldevelopment ofhumankind from thePaleolithic era to theagricultural revolution.

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WH6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankindfrom the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution. WH6.1.1 Describe the hunter-gatherer societies, including the development oftools and the use of fire. WH6.1.2 Identify the locations of human communities that populated the major regions of the world anddescribe how humans adapted to a variety of environments. WH6.2.9 Trace the evolution of language and its written forms.

Early HumansPaleolithic people adapted to their

environment and invented many tools to help themsurvive.

Reading Connection What do you view as the great-

est human achievement—sending people to the moon,

perhaps, or inventing the computer? Read to learn

about the accomplishments of people during the

Paleolithic Age.

History is the story of humans in thepast. It tells what people did and what hap-pened to them. Historians are people whostudy and write about the human past.They define history as the period of timethat began after people learned to write,about 5,500 years ago. But the story of peo-ple really begins in prehistory—the timebefore people developed writing.

Tools of Discovery What we know aboutthe earliest people comes from the thingsthey left behind. Scientists have worked to uncover clues about early human life.Anthropologists (AN • thruh • PAH • luh • jihsts)focus on human society. They study howhumans developed and how they related to one another. Archaeologists (AHR • kee •AH • luh • jihsts) hunt for evidence buried inthe ground where settlements might oncehave been. They dig up and study artifacts(AHR • tih • FAKTS)—weapons, tools, and otherthings made by humans. They also look forfossils (FAH • suhls)—traces of plants or ani-mals that have been preserved in rock.

British archaeologists Louis and MaryLeakey and their son Richard are probablythe most-famous fossil hunters. Their find-ings convinced many scientists and anthro-pologists that the ancestors of humanbeings first appeared somewhere in EastAfrica millions of years ago.

In the 1930s, Louis and Mary Leakeybegan digging for fossils in the OlduvaiGorge in Tanzania. Archaeologists knowthat in certain areas of the world, layers ofdirt and rock have been piled up slowlyover time by the action of wind and water.If you dig in those places, the deeper youfind things, the older they are, because theywere buried further back in time. TheOlduvai Gorge is very deep, and along itswalls are layers of dirt from as far back as 2million years ago. This made it a very goodlocation to look for fossils.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Louis and Maryfound many fossils of hominids. Hominidsare creatures that walk on two legs. Humanbeings are the only type of hominid stillalive today. All the others are extinct.Anthropologists think that human beingsdeveloped from earlier types of hominids.

In 1959 Mary Leakey discovered theskull of a creature nearly 2 million yearsold. This showed that hominids lived atleast that long ago. In 1974 Donald

CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations 123

Dr. Donald Johanson is shown here in 1982 with the skeletal remains of Lucy,a 3-million-year-old hominid

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hominids had begun walking on two legswhile living in Africa’s rain forests, beforethey moved out onto Africa’s plains.

Based on the work of these and otheranthropologists, many scientists today thinkthat the first human beings developed inEast Africa. Slowly, over thousands of years,human beings spread out of Africa, probablyin search of food and new places to live astheir population increased. Gradually, theysettled throughout the world.

Who Were the Hunter-Gatherers?Historians call the prehistoric period ofhuman history the Stone Age. The namecomes from the fact that people during thistime used stone to make tools and weapons.The earliest part of the period is thePaleolithic or Old Stone Age. Paleolithic

Johanson, an American anthropologist fromChicago, made an even more amazing dis-covery. He unearthed nearly an entire skele-ton of a female hominid in Ethiopia. Thehominid was nicknamed Lucy and wasnearly 3 million years old.

Before Lucy was found, anthropologiststhought hominids lived in the open onAfrica’s plains and used tools to hunt otheranimals. They thought hominids had begunwalking on two legs so they could carrytheir tools while they hunted. Lucy’sremains showed that hominids began walk-ing on two legs long before they used tools.

Scientists’ ideas about hominids werechanged again in 1992. That year TimWhite, an anthropologist from California,uncovered a hominid that was 4.4 millionyears old. Its teeth and bones showed that

PRESERVINGArchaeologists may use plaster to make a form or an imprint of

something they have found.BELOW THE SURFACE

Layers of soil are deposited one on

top of another. In gen-eral, the further the

layer is below the sur-face, the older its soil

and artifacts are.

CLEANINGArtifacts must be handled and

cleaned carefully, often with soft brushes or other instruments.

LOOKING FOR FRAGMENTSThis scientist uses a wire mesh

screen to sift the soil to discover small fragments

of artifacts.

GRIDSGrids like these help archaeologistsrecord and map any artifacts found.

Archaeological DigArchaeological DigArchaeologists use special techniques and tools when carryingout a dig. Artifacts are photographed or sketched, and their locations are mapped and noted. Soil is passed through a meshscreen to collect small fragments of tools or bone. What typesof artifacts do archaeologists look for?

Michael Holford

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means “old stone” in the Greek language.Paleolithic times began roughly 2.5 millionyears ago and lasted until around 8000 B.C.

Try to imagine the world during theStone Age, long before any roadways, farms,or villages existed. Early humans spent mostof their time searching for food. They huntedanimals, caught fish, ate insects, and gath-ered nuts, berries, fruits, grains, and plants.

Because they hunted and gathered food,Paleolithic people were always on themove. They were nomads (NOH • MADS), orpeople who regularly move from place toplace without fixed homes. They traveled inbands or groups of 30 or so membersbecause it was safer and made the searchfor food easier.

Men and women did different taskswithin the group. Women stayed close to thecampsite, which was typically near a streamor other water source. They cared for thechildren and searched nearby woods andmeadows for berries, nuts, and grains.

Men hunted animals—an activity thatsometimes took them far from camp. Theyhad to learn the habits of animals and maketools for hunting. At first, they used clubsor drove the animals off cliffs. Over time,Paleolithic people invented spears, traps,and bows and arrows.

Adapting to the Environment The waythat Paleolithic people lived depended onwhere they lived. Those in warm climatesneeded little clothing or shelter. People incold climates sought protection from theweather in caves. Over time, Paleolithicpeople created new kinds of shelter. Themost common was probably made of ani-mal hides held up by wooden poles.

Paleolithic people made a life-changingdiscovery when they learned to tame fire.Fire gave warmth to those gathered aroundit. It lit the darkness and scared away wild

CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations 125

Paleolithic Cave Paintings

The oldest examples of Paleolithic art arecave paintings found in Spain and France.Most of the paintings are of animals. The paintings show that Paleolithic artistsoften used several colors and techniques.They sometimes used the uneven surface ofthe rock to create a three-dimensional effect.

Why do you think Paleolithic artistspainted what they did?

Painting of bison in Spanish cave

animals. Food cooked over the fire tastedbetter and was easier to digest. In addition,cooked meat could be kept longer.

Archaeologists believe that early humansstarted fires by rubbing two pieces of woodtogether. Paleolithic people later made drill-like wooden tools to start fires.

What Were the Ice Ages? Paleolithic peo-ple needed fire in order to survive the IceAges. These were long periods of extremecold. The last Ice Age began about 100,000B.C. From then until about 8000 B.C., thickice sheets covered parts of Europe, Asia,and North America.

Am

eric

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m o

f N

atur

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isto

ry

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The Ice Age was a threat to human life.People risked death from the cold and alsofrom hunger. Early humans had to adapt by changing their diet, building sturdiershelters, and using animal furs to makewarm clothing. The mastery of fire helpedpeople live in this environment.

Language, Art, and Religion Anotheradvance during Paleolithic times was thedevelopment of spoken language. Languagemade it far easier for people to worktogether and to pass on knowledge.

Early people expressed themselves notonly in words but in art. They crushed yel-low, black, and red rocks to make powdersfor paint. Then they dabbed this on cavewalls, creating scenes of lions, oxen, pan-thers, and other animals. Historians are notsure why cave paintings were created. Theymay have had religious meaning or beenused to explain people’s role in the uni-

Tools One of the most importantadvances of prehistoric people wasthe creation of stone tools. Toolsmade hunting, gathering, buildingshelter, and making clothing mucheasier.

The first tools were made ofstones. Early humans quickly

verse. Early people also might havethought that painting an animal wouldbring good luck in the hunt.

The Invention of Tools Paleolithic peoplewere the first to use technology (tehk• NAH•luh • jee)—tools and methods that helphumans perform tasks. People often used astone called flint to make tools. By hittingflint with a hard stone, they could make itflake into pieces with very sharp edges. Tomake hand axes or hunting spears, theytied wooden poles to pieces of flint thatwere the right shape for the tool.

Over time, early people grew moreskilled at making tools. They crafted smallerand sharper tools, such as fishhooks andneedles made from animal bones. Theyused needles to make nets and baskets andto sew animal hides together for clothing.

Contrast What is the dif-ference between a fossil and an artifact?

learned that grinding, breaking, andshaping stones to create sharp edgesmade them more useful.

As technology advanced, people beganmaking specific tools such as foodchoppers, meat scrapers, and spear points.In time, people learned that hitting a stonein a particular way would produce a flake—a long, sharp chip. Flakes were similar toknives in the way they were used.

Connecting to the Past1. Why do you think early people chose stones to

make their first tools?

2. How were flakes created?

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WH6.1.2 Identify the locations of human communities that populated the major regions of the world and describe how humans adapted to a variety of environments.

WH6.1.3 Discuss the climatic changes and human modifications of the physical environment that gave rise to the domestication of plants and animals and new sources of clothing and shelter.

The Agricultural RevolutionIn the Neolithic Age, people started

farming, building communities, producing goods,and trading.

Reading Connection Did you know that, today, more

than a third of the world’s people work in agriculture?

Read to learn how farming began and how it changed

the world.

After the last Ice Age ended, peopleentered the Mesolithic Age. Mesolithicmeans “middle stone” in Greek. At thistime, people changed from hunting to herd-ing animals. They began to domesticate (duh• MEHS• tih• KAYT), or tame animals for humanuse. Animals provided meat, milk, andwool. They also carried goods and peopleand pulled carts. Even so, most Mesolithicpeople remained nomadic. They movedfrom place to place in search of grass to feed

their herds. They also continued to gatherseeds, fruits, and vegetables to eat.

The Mesolithic Age came to an endwhen people made another important dis-covery. They realized that they could plantseeds and grow their own food. They mayhave learned this from the seeds they hadstored in dirt pits. Some of the seeds mighthave sprouted and shown people that ifthey put seeds in dirt and waited longenough, they could grow plants.

With this new knowledge, people couldstay in one place and grow grains and veg-etables. Gradually, farming began toreplace hunting and gathering for manypeople. They began to build villages andclaim land for their farms. This changed theway people lived and marked the begin-ning of the Neolithic Age, or New StoneAge, which began about 8000 B.C. andlasted until about 4000 B.C.

Why Was Farming Important?Historians call the changes in theNeolithic Age the agricultural rev-olution. The word revolutionrefers to changes that greatly affectmany areas of life. Some his-torians consider the farming revo-lution the most important event inhuman history.

Farming did not begin in oneregion and spread. People in differ-ent parts of the world discoveredhow to grow crops at about thesame time. In Asia, people grewwheat, barley, rice, soybeans, and agrain called millet. In Mexico, farmers grew corn, squash, andpotatoes. In Africa, they grew mil-let and a grain called sorghum.

Farming greatly increased thenumber of calories that could be

Flaking tools froma larger stone

Stonetools

127

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Mercator projection2,000 km0

2,000 mi.0

EQUATOR

TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

TROPIC OF CANCER

EQUATOR

90°W 30°W 30°E 90°E 150°E

0°

30°S

60°S

30°N

60°N

PACIFICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN

N

S

W E

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICA

ASIAEUROPE

AUSTRALIA

OATSRYE

1. Human/Environment Interaction According tothe map, what crops were grown in NorthAmerica?

2. Region What are the major regions of theworld where farming communities appeared?

Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

Barley

Beans

Cocoa

Coffee

Cotton

Emmer

Flax

Maize

Millet

Oats

Olives

Onions

Peanuts

Peppers

Potatoes

Rice

Rye

Soybeans

Squash

Sugarcane

Sunflowers

Sweet potatoes

Tea

Tomatoes

Vanilla

Wheat

Yams

KEY

OATS RYE

The Rise of Farming Communities 7000–2000 B.C.

128 CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations

produced from an area of land. This made itpossible to feed more people and led to anincrease in the world’s population. Farmingregions also had a higher population den-sity. People lived closer together and didnot have to spread out as much as they usedto when they hunted and gathered food.

Farming also changed the kind of food peo-ple ate. Instead of a diet rich in meat and veg-etables, people now ate a lot of grain—usuallyin the form of bread. Anthropologists think thatpeople in the early days of farming were not ashealthy as hunter-gatherers because they didnot have enough variety in their diet.

Farming required people to stay in oneplace for a long time. This made it easier fordiseases to spread and infect many people.Because people stayed in one place, theyalso tended to pollute their environment.Their water became dirty, and they left

garbage near their farms. This too helpedthe spread of disease.

People had to work harder and for muchlonger hours when farming. People had totill the soil in order to plant seeds. They hadto weed the fields by hand. Then they had togather the crops by hand when they wereready. There were no machines to make thework quick and easy. People had to walkthrough their fields, often bent over at thewaist, gathering the crops they had grown.

Despite the problems of diet and diseaseand the hard work people had to do, thefarming revolution greatly improved thelives of most people. Fewer people starvedto death, and more children lived to adult-hood. Settling in one place to farm also ledto a much more organized society andmade possible the world’s first towns andcities.

(tr)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (bl)Kenneth Garrett

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6.4.6. Compare and contrast life in Athensand Sparta, with emphasis on their rules inthe Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

ÖTZI THE ICEMANc. 3300 B.C.How do archaeologists and historians know so

much about how people lived in the Stone Age? Inaddition to studying fossils, they have had the chanceto study an actual person from the Neolithic Age andhis tools. In A.D. 1991 two hikers discovered the frozenbody of a man near the border between Austria and Italy.The man was called “Ötzi” after the Ötztal Alps, themountains where he was found. Scientists studiedÖtzi’s body, his clothes, and the items found with himand learned that he lived 5,300 years ago, during theNeolithic Age.

Ötzi was dressed warmly because of the coldclimate. He was wearing a fur hat and a long grasscloak. Under the cloak was a leather jacket that waswell-made but had been repaired several times. To keephis feet warm, he had stuffed grass in the bottom of hisleather shoes. Ötzi was carrying a bow and arrows, acopper ax, and a backpack. Experts believe Ötzi was ashepherd who traveled with his herd. He probably returned to his village only twice a year.

From recent tests, scientists have learned more about the last hours of Ötzi’s life.Shortly before he died, Ötzi ate a type of flat bread that is similar to a cracker, an herb orother green plant, and meat. Pollen found in Ötzi’s stomach showed that he ate his lastmeal in the valley, south of where he was found. When Ötzi finished eating, he headed upinto the mountains. Eight hours later, he died. Scientists believe that Ötzi’s last hourswere violent ones. When found, he had a knife clutched in his right hand. Wounds on hisright hand suggest that he tried to fight off an attacker. His left shoulder had been deeplypierced by an arrow. Some scientists think Ötzi may have wandered into another tribe’sterritory. Ötzi is now displayed at theSouth Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy.

129

If scientists 5,300 years from now discoveredthe remains of someone from our time, whatmight they conclude about our society?

WH6.1.2 Identify the locations of humancommunities that populated the major regions ofthe world and describe how humans adapted to avariety of environments.

WH6.1.3 Discuss the climatic changes andhuman modifications of the physical environmentthat gave rise to the domestication of plants andanimals and new sources of clothing and shelter.

Scientists created thisreproduction to show whatÖtzi may have looked like.

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Paleolithic Age

People hunted animals and gathered nuts, berries, and grains.

Neolithic Age

Description of Art and Crafts

How Humans Obtained Food

How Humans Adapted

Paleolithic people painted cave walls. They usually painted animals.

People learned to make fire, created a language, and made simple tools and shelters.

People began to farm in permanent villages. They continued to raise and herd animals.

Neolithic people made pottery and carved objects out of wood. They also built shelters and tombs.

People built mud-brick houses and places of worship. They specialized in certain jobs and used copper and bronze to create more useful tools.

Work of Women and Men

Women gathered food and cared for children. Men hunted.

Women cared for children and performed household tasks. Men herded, farmed, and protected the village.

Comparing the Neolithic and Paleolithic AgesComparing the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages

130 CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations

Humans made great advances from thePaleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age.1. How did the work of men change from the

Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age?2. Describe What advances were made in

toolmaking between the Paleolithic andNeolithic Ages?

The Growth of Villages People whofarmed could settle in one place. Herdersremained nomadic and drove their animalswherever they could find grazing land.Farmers, however, had to stay close to theirfields to water the plants, keep hungry ani-mals away, and harvest their crops. Theybegan to live in villages, where they builtpermanent homes.

During the Neolithic Age, villages werestarted in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and

Mexico. Some of the earliest known commu-nities have been found in the Middle East.One of the oldest is Jericho (JEHR• ih• KOH) inthe West Bank between what are now Israeland Jordan. It dates back to about 8000 B.C.

Another well-known Neolithic commu-nity is Çatal Hüyük (chah • TAHL hoo •YOOK) in present-day Turkey. Little of thecommunity remains, but it was home tosome 6,000 people between about 6700 B.C.and 5700 B.C. These people lived in simplemud-brick houses that were packed tightlytogether and decorated inside with wallpaintings. They used other buildings asplaces of worship. Along with farming, thepeople hunted, raised sheep and goats, andate fish and bird eggs from nearby marshes.

(l)Michael Holford, (r)Ron Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations 131

The Benefits of a Settled Life Neolithicpeople found greater security by living insettled communities. Steady food suppliesled to healthy, growing populations. Soonvillagers produced a food surplus. That is,they grew more food than they needed.They were able to trade their extra food forother goods made by people in their com-munity or who lived nearby.

The food surplus made it possible forpeople to practice specialization (SPEH•shuh•luh•ZAY•shuhn), or the development of differ-ent kinds of jobs. Because not everyone wasneeded for farming, some people had thetime to develop other types of skills. Theymade pottery from clay to store their grainand other foods. Others used plant fibers tomake mats and to weave cloth. This led to anew type of clothing. Early humans hadworn only animal skins. Now people could

use wool and other fabrics for clothes as well.These craftspeople, like farmers, also tookpart in trade. They exchanged the things theymade for goods they did not have.

In late Neolithic times, people contin-ued to make advances. Toolmakers createdbetter farming tools, such as the sickle forcutting grain. In some places, people beganto work with metals. At first they used cop-per. They heated rocks to melt the copperinside and then poured the melted copperinto molds for tools and weapons.

After 4000 B.C., craftspeople in westernAsia mixed copper and tin to form a metalcalled bronze. Bronze was harder andlonger lasting than copper. It becamewidely used between 3000 B.C. and 1200B.C., the period known as the Bronze Age.

Compare How did thePaleolithic and Neolithic Ages differ?

Reading SummaryReview the

• Early humans were nomads whomoved around to hunt animalsand gather food. They built shelters and used fire to survive.In time, they developed languageand art.

• During the farming revolution,people began to grow crops and domesticate animals,which allowed them to settle in villages.

1. Who are archaeologists, andwhat do they study?

2. How did domesticating animalshelp the Neolithic people?

Critical Thinking3. Determine Cause and

Effect Draw a diagram like theone below. List some of theeffects that farming had onpeople’s lives.

4. How do changesin the Neolithic Age still affectpeople today?

5. Compare Compare the tech-nology of the Paleolithic Agewith that of the Neolithic Age.

6. Analyze Why was the abilityto make a fire so important?

7. PreviewingCreate a three-column chart.In the first column, write whatyou knew about early humansbefore you read this section.In the second column, writewhat you learned after reading.In the third, write what youstill would like to know.

CA 6RC2.4

CA HI2.

CA CS1.

CA HI2.

CA HI2.

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understanding the lives of early humans? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.comand click on Study Central.

Cause:Farming begins

Effect:

Effect:

Effect:

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