118 week 9

Varieties of Control Theories… and a last minute lecture on APA referencing

APA Referencing…

1. Beccarius 2. Becarria 3. Beccaris 4. Beccardia 5. Beccaria 6. Beccatia 7. Beccarria

APA Referencing…

1. Cullin and Agnew 2. Agnews and Cullen 3. Agnew and Cullen 4. Cullen and Agnew 5. Collins and Agnew 6. Gullen and Agnews 7. Agnow and Collin

Reference list

Beccaria, C. (2006). ‘Of Crimes and Punishments’. In Cullen, F. and Agnew, R. (Eds.). Criminological Theory: Past to Present, Essential Readings, (3rd Edn), New York: Roxbury Press, pp 438 – 562.

APA Referencing…

Do NOT quote lecture notes Find the information in a book/article

Do NOT quote an original source unless you’ve read it yourself

Do quote EVERY time you are using information that you didn’t make up

Do follow APA style referencing conventions…

APA Referencing…

www.apastyle.org

APA Referencing…This is how you cite information that

“comes verbatim from another source” (Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 41).

This is how you cite information that you paraphrase and put into your own words (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).

APA Referencing

This is how you cite information that came from a secondary source, when you did not read the original (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003).

This is how you cite their work “if you use their specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 56).

APA Referencing… Cullen and Agnew (2003) argue that it

is acceptable to start a sentence with the authors’ names, but the date must be included.

However, other theorists have proposed that “if you use specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003; 78) you must include the citation in the middle of the sentence.

APA Referencing… If a source has three or more authors

you must use all their names the first time you cite them (Knight, Prentky & Burton, 1998).

Knight et al. (1998) explain that this is the appropriate way to cite them later.

This is the appropriate thing to do at the end of the sentence (Knight et al., 1998).

And finally… …a little PR goes a long way

PROOFREAD

PRIOR

to

PRESSING

PRINT

Introduction

Early Control Theories: Reckless Toby

Modern Control Theories: Hirschi Gottfredson and Hirschi Hagan

Introduction

Why don’t people commit crime? Anyone can be a criminal Some people are more controlled than

others Delinquency is a failure of control

Early Control Theories Containment Theory (Reckless)

Two motivations Pushes (predispositions) to crime Pulls (incentives) to crime

Two containments Inner (self control, conscience) Outer (family, friends)

Stakes in Conformity (Toby) The more you have, the more you have to

lose

Hirschi – Self Control Theory

People must be constrained to conform Direct control

Actual restrictions and punishments Indirect control

Affectional identification with parents Internal control

Conscience or guilt

Hirschi – Self Control Theory

4 Social Bonds Attachment

Commitment

Involvement

Belief

Hirschi – Self Control Theory

Theory testing Empirical support? Hirschi made it cool – watershed moment

for empirical criminology Critique…

Serious delinquency? Peer group effect? Uniformity of measures

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime

Hirschi changed his mind…

Merged classical choice theories with self control and borrowed the idea of social bonds within the family

Redirected attention to parents

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime

Crime: ‘acts of force or fraud in the pursuit of self

interest’ Nature of crime Analogous behaviors

Crime occurs in the presence of opportunity and a lack of self control

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime

Self Control differential tendency to avoid crime, no

matter what situation you’re in Nature of individuals with low self control

Opportunity Explains more variation in crime than self

control only Opportunities vary – if absent, a lack of

self control alone will not result in crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime

Specialisation and Versatility ‘commit a wide variety of criminal acts with no strong inclination to

pursue a specific criminal act or a pattern of criminal acts to the exclusion of others’

Reactive labels (not predictive) Correlates of crime Stability Postulate Versatility Postulate Age-Crime Curve (age crime relationship)

Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime

Causes of low self control? Monitoring Recognizing Correcting

Strengths

Critique…

Hagan – Power Control Theory

Men are more criminal than women

Why?

Hagan – Power Control Theory

Patriarchal Family Husband works outside the home Husband has more power than wife Gender inequality comes from economic

inequality Sons are taught to be independent Daughters are raised in ‘cult of

domesticity’

Hagan – Power Control Theory

Egalitarian Family Husband and wife have more similar

employment Sons and daughters both prepared for

the workforce Sons and daughters both encouraged to

play sports, be assertive, explore new horizons

Hagan – Power Control Theory

What family should breed more crime? Empirical support? Critique…