11_palavestra_vincansko_pismo
TRANSCRIPT
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=2-/?.-,6 1/=2:,6/ ? 81275<45 71, =5@5-,95 ? I13,9,, :526/ 95 32C/7/ , 1/>-2:1;-/. !57<2 =/ -5</ 2= 26,H5-,A ?-,:51>/4-,A 8;5?=2/1A5242-G<,A , 8;5?=2,;721,9;<,A 756/ -,95 -/G4/ ;:29? ;18;<? :/1,9/-7? (6/=/ 95 >32C 8/71,27;<2C J/1/, ? ;18;<29 8;5?=2-/?@,, 82;53-2 ? 8;5?=2/1A52-
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42C,9,, 81,4,.-2 >/82;7/:H5-/, ,-/.5 :526/ 828?4/1-/ "=5-,<5-2:G7,--/", 79. ,=59/ 2 =15:-,6 /;712-/?7,6/). = 812C1/6;<5, 582-,6-5, <F,C5 "I13, -/12= -/9;7/1,9," (&?<2:,K-09/-2:,K 1990), 815<2 "I21/3/ ;/ %74/-7,=5" ,4, new age <2<57,1/F/ ;/ ;42:5-;<26 6,7242C,926, 8/C/-,->626 , "81/:2;4/:H56 815 A1,GK/-;7:/", 8/ ;:5 =2 8,1/6,=5 -/ 84/-,--, !7/F, ,4, 2315=-,A 85;/6/ =15:-,A I13/ ,> "-=,95, C272:2 ;:?=/ ;5 82-/:H/ ,;7, 6,7242G<, 231/>/@ 2 -5<29 7/9-29, >/31/F5-29 , ;<1,:5-29 ,;721,9, =15:-2C , -5</=/ 62K-2C I18;<2C -/12=/.1 ' 1/;<2G-26 23,H? ,>6,GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/ , ,;<2-;71?,;/-,A ,;72-
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*/ 4, 3, A56,./1, =/-/; 81,;7/4, =/ :2=5 2>3,H-? 1/;81/:? 2 7521,-9, E42C,;72-/? "4, /;712-26, 2 C52@5-71,.-26 ;,;756?, / C5242>, 2 72-65 =/ 95 >56H/ -/;7/4/ 4004. C2=,-5 815 -. 5.? $/1/:-2 =/ -5 3,! $5 3,, >/72 G72 ;? 72 ,=595 <295 ;8/=/9? ? ,;721,9? -/?<5, <295 ;? 3,45 -5</=/ ?:/J/:/-5, ./< , :142 42C,.-5 ? ;:26 <2-75<;7? , :1565-?, /4, ;? =/-/; </2 8/1/=,C65 815:/>,M5-5, ./< , ;65G-5. T/G72 2-=/ ;18;<, /1A5242>, =2>:2H/:/9? =/ 3?=? ?:?.5-, ? 1/;81/:? 2 7>:. ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?" (,4, 82=?-/:;<26, 4585-;<26, </<2 :/6 =1/C2). T/G72 2>3,H-5 ,-;7,7?@,95 (</2 I18;</ /</=56,9/ -/?</ , ?657-2;7,) 81,;7/9? =/ ,6 ;5, </2 /<7?54-
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;</ <?47?1/ 95 64/M5-524,7;</ <?47?1/ -/>:/-/ 82 42</4,757? ? 34,>,-, L52C1/=/ (Garašanin 1979; 1982, Chapman 1981). 012;7,1/4/ ;5 -/ @5--71/4-26 L/4</-? 2<:,1-2 2= 5300. =2 4300. C2=,-5 815 -. 5., / 82 -5<,6 ?35=H,:,6 -2:,9,6 82=/@,6/ , <1/K5, =2 4650. (BoriV 2009). T-/<5 -/ :,-./-;<29 -524,7;<29 <51/6,@, ,> O21=2G/ (=/-/; ? !?6?-,9,), I2E,9/ O216/ <2-;7/7?95 81,4,<26 ;:29,A ,;<28/:/F/ 1879, / P?3517 R6,7 82-.57<26 XX :5</ 81/:, ./< , ?8215=-? 7/34,@? "8,;6/" ,> O21=2G/ , 8,-;/6/ ;/ L4,;<2C ,;72</ (Torma 1879; Roska 1941; Schmidt 1903, Renfrew 1976, 101-109). $5 7153/, 65M?7,6 >/321/:,7, =/ C2:21,62 2 ;/6,6 82.5-@,6/ ;7:/1/F/ <1/7<5, ,;721,9;<5 A12-242C,95 >/;-2:/-5 -/ 7,8242G<26 8/1/454,>6? , -/ ,=59, "ex oriente lux", 7.9. 2 815;?=-26 ?7,@/9? 34,;<2,-;72.-,A @,:,4,>/@,9/ -/ ;7:/1/F5 5:128;<2C -524,7/. ' 726 <2-75<;7? ,=59/ 2 -524,7;<26 8,;6? -/ L/4</-? (<295 95 815?>572 ; L4,;<2C ,;72</) 3,4/ 95 ;/;:,6 42C,.-/, 2.5<,:/-/ , ;6/71/-/ 95 827:1=26 G,15C A12-2-42G<2C <2-75<;7/ (Renfrew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
:2 ".,7/F5", 7/<2M5 ;5 ?<4/8/9? ? <1/7<?, (/94=2:;<? A12-242C,9?. O/-34,@5 ,> O/17/1,95 ? !?6?-,9, (Makkay 1969), ,-/.5 ,> 8123456/7,.-2C /1A5242G<2C , ;71/7,C1/E;<2C <2-75<;7/, ?81/:2 ;? 3,45 95=/- 2= C4/:--,A /1C?65-/7/ ? 81,42C 2.?:/F? 71/=,@,2-/4-2C ,;721,9;<2C A12-242-G<2C ;,;756/. N/</9 ;5 ./< 71?=,2 =/ 1/;75C-5 A12-242C,9? </<2 3, 3/4-</-;<, -524,7 82:5>/2 ;/ 34,;<2,;72.-,6 8,;65-,6 <?47?1/6/ , G72 3, 239/;-,42 E216/4-? ;4,.-2;7 7/34,@/ ,> O/17/1,95 , 34,;<2,;72.-,A 8,;/-,A ;8265-,</ (Renfrew 1976, 200-205). 02321-,@, <1/7<5 ,;721,9-
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;<5 A12-242C,95 ? ;18;<29 /1A5242C,9, -51/=2 ;? ;5 2=1,@/4, 72C A12-2-42G<2C /1C?65-7/ >/;-2:/-2C -/ 7/34,@/6/ ,> O/17/1,95, /4, 95 "1/=,2-</132-;</ 15:24?@,9/", , </4,31/@,9/ C14 =/7?6/ ?.,-,4/ =/ ,=59/ 2 :,-./-;<29 <?47?1,, </2 2 =,15<7-26 =,E?>,2-26 812,>:2=? 34,;<2,-;72.-,A (81272)8,;65-,A @,:,4,>/@,9/, ,>C?3, ;:/<, ;6,;/2 (Garašanin 1979, 207; Renfrew 1976, 93-120). +5K,-/ ;18;<,A /1A5242C/, ./< , </=/ ;5 65M?;23-2 -,95 ;4/C/4/ 2 8215<4? -524,7/ ? 9?C2,;72.-29 D:128,, :,--./-;<5 >-/<5 -,95 ;6/71/4/ >/ 8,;62. ">?>57/< 95 B2:/- O2=212:,K, <29, 95 >-/@,6/ 81,=/:/2 :5K, >-/./9 (O2=212:,K , U516/-2:,K 1961). O2=2-12:,K ? 75<;7? ,> 1969, C2:21, 2 :5>/6/ DC595 , 02=?-/:H/, /4, ; 75>26 =/ ;? ?7,@/9, ,G4, ? 231-?726 81/:@?, ; L/4</-/ </ L4,;<26 ,;72<? (TodoroviV 1969). $/1/:-2, 95=/- 2= -/9:/J-,9,A 1/>42C/ >/ ?>=1J/- ;7/: :5K,-5 ;18;<,A /1A5242C/ 8156/ A,82757,.-26 -524,7;<26 8,;6? 95 72 G72 /1A5242G</ C1/M/ >/,;7/ -,.,6 -5 ?</>?95 -/ 72 =/ ;? 8295=,-/.-, ?15>, -/ :,-./-;<29 <51/6,@, , E,C?1,-/6/ ,G7/ :,G5 2= ,>242:/-,A, -5;,;756/7,.-,A >-/<2:/. O/<2 95 ,=59/ 2 -5<26 3/4</-;<26 -524,7;<26 "8,;6?" ? -2:26 A12-242G<26 , /1A5242G<26 <2-75<;7? 3/4</-;<5 81/-,;721,95 82;7/4/ 35;815=657-/. L/156 95 7/<2 ,>C45=/42.
02:/68,15F5 7521,9/ 2 ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?" )/<2 ;5 7521,9/ 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6? 82:/68,1,4/? )2 95 , </<2 ?=/A-
-?2 -2: J,:27 95=-29 ;7/129 7521,9,, <29/ ,6/ ;:295 ?C45=-2 65;72 ? 6?>5-9? 815:/>,M5-,A ,=59/? #2=,-5 1987, ,> -/?.-2 <1/9F5 ;?6F,:,A ,>:21/ (=-5:-/ G7/68/) 82.54, ;? =/ 81,;7,J? ,>:5G7/9, 2 :/-15=-26 27<1,K? -5<2C 812E. =1 !/=,:29/ 05G,K/. - 95 – </<2 ;? 8,;/45 -2:,-5 – 812.,-7/2 -5 ;/62 :,-./-;<2, :5K , 571?1;<2 8,;62, 75 95 ?7:1=,2 =/ 95 15. 2 ,;726 95>,<? (, 8,;6?), / 72 95, =/3265, ;18;<, (05G,K 1987). %4, 05G,K 95 ,6/2 8157A2=-,</. L,2 95 72 I:57,;4/: L,43,9/, -/:2=-
-, ;71?.F/< >/ 571?1;<2 8,;62 ,> 6,;751,2>-2C =".!*!8!$ 5$ ,!%8%-
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</ </2 57-,.<5 -/@,2-/4-5 95=,-,@5 ,4, -/12=/ -,95 7/=/ 3,42" (L,43,9/ 1984, 41). */<45, +5-71,; , (5=:,< ;? 3,4, ? >/34?=,! L,43,9/ ? 81,.? 2 ;:26 .,7/F? ?:4/., &,=,9@5, &,<,9@5 , =1?C5 6/42/>,9;<5 -/12=5, -/-1/:-2 , D71?1@5, /4, ;:, ;? 2-,, 82 F56?, C2:21,4, 95=-? =15:-? :/1,-9/-7? ;18;<2C (1/G/-;<2C) 95>,</, , -/1/:-2 ,> F,A2:2C 8,;6/ =,15<7-2 95 812,>/G4/ K,1,4,@/. L,43,9,-2 15>2-2:/F5 95 :142 95=-2;7/:-2, /4, 95 >/-,6H,:2 </2 81,651 42C,.<,A C15G/</:
1. I:/ 571?1;</ ;42:/ 4,.5 -/ K,1,4,.-/, 8/ 95 9/;-2 =/ ,6/9? ,;7? C4/;2:-? :15=-2;7.
2. D71?1;<, 75<;72:, ;5 8156/ 7265 95=-2;7/:-2 62C? 812.,7/7, 81,-65F?9?K, K,1,4,@?.
3. D71?1;</ ;42:/ ;7:215-/ ;? 8156/ ;18;<,6 15.,6/ <295 82.,F? 7,6 ;42:26, / , C1/E,.<, 4,.5 -/ =/7, 829/6 (/<12E2-,9/). !5@,62 N 95 </2 ?;7/4/;/-2 N !D, * </2 * N, ' </2 '*"U% ,4, '+%&%, ! </2 !%& ,7=.
4. B5=-26 812.,7/-, 75<;72:,, 6/ </<2 -523,.-2 >:?./4, (,8/< 95 72 =15:-, ;18;<,), 82726 ;5 4/<2 815:2=5 8262K? ;4,.-,A ;18;<,A 15.,. !5@,62, /<2 ;5 812.,7/ $1',(*, 72 4,., -/ $1'*7$(*, G72 K5 15K, 2-, <2-9, J,:5 ? ,;729 $1'*7*, >-/., )#-(*7, (-5K562 :/H=/ ;,7-,./1,7, 2 7265 =/ 95 $1'*7$ 7?1;</ 15.). " 572 815:2=/! )/2 , ;:/<2 =1?C2 C5-,9/4-2 27-<1,K5 , 2:2 95 -5,>15@,:2 95=-2;7/:-2! B5=/- 2= >/3/:-,9,A L,43,9,-,A 815:2=/ 95: "$'$ .*&$ @$% 8 A,%8"$" (L,43,9/ 1984, 143-146). T/81/:2, ? 8,7/F? 95 95=/- 2= 157<,A 4/<2 .,7H,:,A 571?1;<,A -/78,;/ -/ E15;@, ,> O/1<:,-,95 (Tomb of Orcus), C=5 ;? ?> 4,<2:5 32C2:/ =/7/ , F,A2:/ ,65-/ Aita (P/=), Phersipnai (051;5E2-/), , Cerun (#51,2-) (Wellard 1973, 141). +15=, ? @54,-, 815-57, L,43,9,-2 .,7/F5 >4/7-,A 7/34,@/ ,> 0,1-
C,9/ (Pyrgi). "-/.5, >-/.5F5 7,A 842.,@/ ; <1/9/ VI :5</ 815 -.5. 95 ? -/?-@, =54,6,.-2 82>-/72 >/A:/H?9?K, 8/1/454-26 E5-,./-;<26 75<;7?: 72 95 >/A:/4-,@/ 571?1;<2C <1/H/ U515 (Thefarie Velianas), 32C,F, '-, 82-:2=26 F5C2:5 715K5 C2=,-5 :4/=/F/ (75<;7 65M?7,6 -,95 =2;42:-2 815:5-=5- -/ E5-,./-;<, 8/ 95 ;/62 95=-/ 15. 812.,7/-/ -/ 571?1;<26: ?* G72 >-/., 71,) (Bonfante and Bonfante 1983, 53; Robinson 1995, 152-154). D:2 L,43,9,-2C .,7/F/ , 815:2=/:
"' K,1,4,.-29 71/-;4,751/@,9,:
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/:,4 - K215 /1 - 75J, /65, 7/45 - ,4/. :5 - / 4>/;5 – -/< - / 71/ -5; - >,4/K /4 - ;545 , 7/4/ - /<- /> :51; - ,7/ -,6 - M5 1/6 : 5 - / :,4 - 5 -,/ </ - 8?4?6 .:/9/. B$+'*?$ <
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$5</ ;5 1/M/ ;53/1,95 6-2C2, 64/=, =/ >/65K? <245:<5, -5</ ?<?K/-, 2<?8H/9?, -/ J17:5-,<? 64/M5,
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B/ ;/6 2-/9 <29, J54,, =/ >-/9? >/.57/< 6295 <F,C5, = 82A458-,A =/ 3, ;5 .?:/4/, 7/ 62K , >4/72 =/ .?:/ ;5 2-2 2= <1/M5." L,43,9/ 82;45 815:2=/ =/95 ,;@18/- <265-7/1 ;:/<5 15.,. !5@,62: /
95 /, +% 95 +%, +./% 95 <F,C/. T/G72 <F,C/? 0/ - +6. , ./% (.64% #2/:%)
- +6./4% - +6./% - +./%. )/2 ? ,7/4,9/-;<26. ,#%+ 95 /3%+/, ,>C2:/1/7, ;42:2 82 ;42:2. ; 95 6<", 6*'". = 95 4". >%. 95 ?%#%( 82 ,7/4,9/-;<26 ra-
me, /4, 2:=5 >/81/:2 >-/., 9("-%&6 (?15>/-2 ? 3/</1, 6/</1 ;? 842.,@5 >4/7-5), ?2;7/426 -/ ;18;<26 ;5 </J5 9(%.1"&6. I/62 ;5 7153/ ;57,7,. D ;/=/, L,43,9/ 95 -/ 7/34,@/6/ 8128?;7,2 =/ 81582>-/ .?:5-? 15. <"(%., <29? K5 </;-,95 812-/K, 812-,@H,:, 812E. 05G,K. O/<2M5 95 8278?-2 >/--56/1,2 15. #6!9*"&/, <29/ K5 >/ 95=-2C 8272F5C ,;71/J,:/./ ;18;<2-571?1;<,A :5>/ 3,7, ;?=32-2;-/ (L,43,9/ 95 .,7/2 #!6, 79. #6!6&/ 2-, <29, 231/M?9? >56H? , *"&/ - -%'"$/+/ $", 82 4/7,-;<26 – :142 -58/71,-27;<,). L,43,9, ;5 621/ 81,>-/7, 6/1H,:2;7. W5C2:/ <F,C/ ,6/ C272:2 71,
;727,-5 ;71/-/, / 81,65F?9?K, ;:29 3,>/1-, ;,;756 2- 95 7565H-2 28,-;/2 ;:295 ".,7/F5" 6-2C,A 571?1;<,A -/78,;/. % 2-=/ ;5 829/:,2 812E. 05G,K. $5<24,<2 C2=,-/ 82 239/:H,:/F?
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
-/C-/ -/ 1/>6,GH/F5 2 1/>/1/F,6/ </2 =/ , 32C,F/ 3/@, 812<457;7:2
2 %.0., 4,.-5 >/3545G<5.
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-/ -/; I& +D$D <29, ;? 2:=5 J,:54, / :, 82M2;75 ? 35<;7:2 , -/8?;7,-;75 , -/; , ;:? >56H? !%R%$I)' , 815=/;75 -/; 1/>9/15-,6 "O%&"-N% @54? >56H? , ;:5 -/; ;/=/ 1/;?75 82 "O%&"B" ? 35=, ,>=/75 2= ;:2-9,A :2M/ <29, -5 826,;4,G5 -/ ;:295 -/1/G7/95 , ;:5 I& +D$D <29, ;? 62C4, ,6/7, ;15K-? ;?=3,-? 8/ -5</ 95 A:/4/ 7,6 ,>=/9-,.<,6 ;,-2:,-6/" (05G,K 1995, 51-62, O. V).
05G,K -,95 3,2 /<1,3,./- </2 L,43,9/ 8/ -/6 95 ?;<1/7,2 <265-7/15 ;:/<5 15.,. N5M?7,6 27<1,:5-, ;? (=231,) I42:5-, , (>4,) "7/4,. % -/-?.,4, ;62 , =/ ;5 -/ =15:-26 ;18;<2-571?1;<26 @*%!% +/. /-'%4&/5-
#/. $/&6*/.% </J5 :9!/05 5*% $&/9A. N2J5 ?;7153/7,! */<45, 571?1-;<,, 79 1/G/-;<,, 82.52 95 =/ C2:21, C272:2 ;:/<2. I?2.5- ; 7/<:26 -542-9/4-26 <2-<?15-@,926 05G,K ;5 :142 31>2 2</-,2 571?1;<2C. W5C/ ;? 2.5<,:/4/ :5K/ =54/. $2, 815 ;:5C/: <2 95 3,2 !/=,:295 05G,K? W5C2:/ 4,.-2;7 ;7/4-2 -/6
,>6,.5. 02G72 ? F5C2:,6 <F,C/6/ -56/ 3,2C1/E;<,A 82=/7/</, 82C45-=/962 G7/ 2 F56? 8,G? =1?C,. )/<2 </J5 95=/- F5C2: 3,2C1/E: "!/=,:2-95 05G,K (1931-1993). !2=,2 ;5 ? +545;?, ? N/<5=2-,9,. I15=,-26 60-7,A 27,G/2 ? "7/4,9?. O/62 82;7/2 ?-,:51>,757;<, 812E5;21. 7<1,2 :,-./-;<2 8,;62, 815:52 +545;2:? <F,C?. '612 ? L5.?. W5C2: >-/./9 ;A:/K5- 95 75< 82;45 F5C2:5 ;617," (N,42;/:H5:,K 2006, 33). )/<:/ G7?1/ 3,2C1/E,9/ 7/<:2C :54,</-/! $2:,-5 ;? 2 F56? ,>:5G7/:/45 ,>=/-G-,95, /4, <2-71/=,<721-2, -/:2=5K, 1/>-21/>-5 ,-;7,7?75 , ?-,:51>,-7575 -/ <29,6/ 95 !/=,:295 05G,K -/:2=-2 1/=,2: ,;7,.? ;5 Institut di Balcanologia, Roma /Trieste; "-;7,7?7 >/ 21,95-7/4-5 ;7?=,95 ? %15@?, In-stituto degli studi orientali, Milano, )/75=1/ >/ 21,95-7/4-? /1A5242C,9? '-,:51>,757/ ? Q,15-@,... 0,;/42 ;5 ./< , =/ 95 ;71?.F/< >/ 21,95-7/4--? 8/452-7242C,9? (I7/-<2:,K 2004) , =/ 95 >32C =5G,E12:/F/ :,-./--;<2C 8,;6/ 621/2 =/ 35J, ,> I13,95 ? N,4/-2 , !,6 (B2:/-2:,K 2004). L2C/7/ , 1/>32<215-/ </1,951/, -56/ G7/. I/62 G72, -/J/42;7, -,C=5 -,-95 =2;7?8-/ F5C2:/ 812:51H,:/ -/?.-/ 3,2C1/E,9/ , 3,34,2C1/E,9/ <29/ 3, C/ <:/4,E,<2:/4/ >/ 2:/<2 815;7,J-/ , ?C45=-/ 65;7/, 8/ ;5 -5 7153/ .?=,7, /<2 -/ ,7/4,9/-;<,6 ?-,:51>,757,6/ -,<2 -,95 .?2 -, >/ 6-2C5 2= -/:5=5-,A </75=/1/ , ,-;7,7?7/, / -5<624, >/ 812E5;21/ 05G,K/. 02C45=/962 815 ;:5C/ 05G,K5: -/9>-/./9-,9,, "815<157-,.<," 1/=.
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./-;<5 <?47?15 <15K5 ",>65M? V , IV 6,45-,9?6/ 815 -.5.". 02726 =/95 ,;721,9/7 ,;71/J,:/F/ -/ L/F,@, C=5 95, </<2 </J5, -/M5-2 150 E1/C65--/7/ ;/ ?7,;-?7,6 ;42:,6/ , -/78,;,6/, / , @,7,1/ , ,-7518157,1/ /?72-15 %. U516/-2:,K , B. O2=212:,K/. 05G,K 95 92G <21,;7,2 ;7/1?, -5</4,-31,;/-? A12-242C,9?, 8/ 95 >/<H?.,2 =/ 95 ,>65M? :,-./-;<2C , 81272;?-651;<2C 8,;6/ ;/62 373 C2=,-5 1/>4,<5 (? <21,;7 +,-.5). )2-/.-2, -/ 8152;7/45 71, ;71/-5 ;:2C 582A/4-2C .4/-</ 05G,K ;5 =/95 ? >/<H?.,:/-F5. 015C45=/2 95 =57/H-2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75, 8158,;/2, ;-,6,2 , <4/-;,E,<2:/2 6/751,9/4. $/932H5 95 @,7,1/7, F5C2:5 >/<H?.<5:
")51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75 ;/ ;42:,6/, ?15>,6/ , -/78,;,6/ ,> +,-.5, L/F,@5 , =1?C,A /1A5242G<,A 42</4,757/ <29, 81,8/=/9? :,-./-;<29 <?47?1, 815C45=/2 ;/6 =57/H-2, 8158,;,:/2 , ;-,6,2 , ,>:1G,2 <4/;,E,</@,9? 6/751,9/4/. O26 81,4,<26 ;/6 ?;7/-2:,2 =/ :,-./-;<2 8,;62 1/;824/J5 ; -5<24,<,6 :51>,9/6/ (,4, G<24/6/) ;:29,A ;42:-,A >-/<2:/. "> :5K5C 3129/ >-/<2:/ ,>=:29,2 ;/6 57 </1/<751,;7,.-,A. = 72C 3129/ 81582>-/7H,:2 95 14 ;42:/ <29/ ;5 62C? ;:1;7/7, ? :2</45. N5M?7,6, 82-2:-26 /-/4,>26 62J5 ;5 =2K, ;/62 =2 857 <295 3,;62 62C4, 81,A:/7,7, </2 :2</45, =2< 2;7/45 62J562 ;6/71/7, F,A2:,6 :/1,9/-7/-6/. " 65M? 2;7/4,6/, <295 3,;62 ;:1;7/4, ? <2-;2-/-75, 62J562 812-/K, :/1,-9/-75, 7/<2 =/ 3, F,A2: ?<?8/- 3129 ,>-2;,2 43. 0156/ 7265, :,-./-;<2 8,;62 3, ,6/42 />3?<? 2= ?<?8-2 26 ;42:/. %4, 8215= ;42:-,A >-/<2:/, <29, ;:/<, >/ ;535 ,6/ ;:29? C4/;2:-? :15=-2;7, ? :,-./-;<26 8,;6? -/,4/>,62 , -/ 4,C/7?15. &,C/7?15 ;? 7/<2M5 :526/ 81582>-/7H,:5. N, ;62 ? -/G29 7/34,@, ,>=:29,4, 23 4,C/7?15, <295 -/932H5 81,</>?9? 81,-@,8 -/ 2;-2:? <2C/ ;? :,-./-;<, 8,;/1, ;7:/1/4, ;:295 4,C/7?15, 7/<2 =/ ;5 ?:,=26 ? 2:/9 815C45= 62C? 81582>-/:/7, , =1?C5, -2:5 4,C/7?15. +526/ 95 </1/<751,;7,.-2, , 72 K562 ,;7/K, 2=6/A, =/ ? :,-./-;<26 81/:28,;? ,6/62 , 81,65-? 7/.<5, 95=-5 ,4, :,G5, <295 ;5 -/4/>5 ?;15= 15.,, G72 K5 3,7, </;-,95 ?2.H,:2 , ? 8,;65-2;7, 8272F,A @,:,4,>/@,-9/" (05G,K 1995, 22-23 ).
$,</= 582A/4-,95 27<1,K5 -,95 ,>:5=5-2 7/<2 95=-2;7/:-2, -,7, 28,-
;/-2 7/<2 A4/=-2<1:-2 -5/1C?65-72:/-2 , 95>C12:,72, ? 95=-26 8/;?;?: 815C45=/2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75, 823129/2 ;42:/, 2=15=,2 <2-;2-/75, :2-</45, :/1,9/-75 , 4,C/7?15. $/1/:-2, 72 "815C45=/2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65--75" 2=-2;,42 ;5 ?C4/:-26 -/ ,4?;71/7,:-5 7/345 ? <F,>, 2 -524,7;<29 L/F,@, (O2=212:,K , U516/-2:,K 1961, 41-43, O. XXXII-XXXIV; Todo-roviV 1969, 77-84, Pl. I-XII). R7/ 7? ,6/ 75G<2? I:5 95 72 4582 ;/6 05G,K =5G,E12:/2 , 812.,7/2 , 72 35> </65-/ ,> !2>575. 02726 95 <12> "<268/-1/7,:-? /-/4,>?" >/<H?.,2 =/ ;4,.-,A >-/<2:/ ,6/ ? 1/>4,.,7,6 8,;6,-6/ G,126 ;:57/: L1/6/, 4,-5/1-2 %, 4,-5/1-2 L, <,8/1;<2, ;7/12E5-,-./-;<2, ;7/12C1.<2, >/8/=-2;56,7;<2, 1?-;<2 , C4/C2H,.<2. $/9:,G5 ;4,.-2;7,, -/1/:-2, ,6/ ;/ ;18;<26 K,1,4,@26 – ./< =:/=5;57 82=?=/1--,A ;42:/, / "@542<?8-/ 571?1;</ />3?</ ;/=1J/-/ 95 ? :,-./-;<26 8,-;6?". 05G,K >/<H?.?95: ""> 2:2C/ 812,>,4/>, =/ ;? 2;7/4, -/12=, ? :5-
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K29 ,4, 6/F29 651, 815?>,6/4, >-/<2:5 >/ ;:295 8,;62 2= :,-./-;<2C =,-15<7-2 ,4, ,-=,15<7-2. $5<, >-/@, ;? 815-57, ;/ ;:29,6 ,=5-7,.-,6 234,<26, -5<, ;? ;7,4,>2:/-,, =2< 95 2= -5<,A 815?>572 ;/62 -/=/A-?K5. ' ;:/<26 ;4?./9?, :,-./-;<2 8,;62 95 3,42 ,>:21 8,;65-2;7, >/ 6-2C5 @,:,4,>/@,95 ,4, ;? 82= F5C2:,6 ?7,@/956 -/;7/45 3129-5 8,;65-2;7, ; 23>,126 -/ F5C2:? -/91/-,9? 829/:?" (05G,K 1995, 23-24). */<45, 72 95 72! O2 95 7/9 582A/4-, 75<;7 -/ <29, ;5, 5:2 :5K :,G5 2=
=:5 =5@5-,95 82>,:/9? 724,<, -/@,2-/4-126/-7,./1;<, /6/751, , ;71?.-F/@, 1/>4,.,7,A 812E,4/. +512:/7-2 C/ -,<2 -,95 :/H/-2 -, 812.,7/2. "4, -,<2 -,95 815782;7/:,2 =/ 72 -,95 15>,65 -5<2C 2C126-2C <218?;/ C1/M5, ;7?=,95 239/:H5-5 15@,62 ? "7/4,9,, 82= .,926 75J,-26 <1@</9? 6/;,:-, A1/;72:, ;7242:, ? ;:57;<,6 3,34,275</6/. $,95 72 -, <1/7<, ?:2= -5<2C 28;5J-2C =54/ 2 <268/1/7,:-29 /-/4,>, 8,;65-2;7,. $,G7/ 2= 72C/, 2:2 95 .,7/:/ E/62>-/ ;7?=,9/ 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6?. O?, -/ 71,-.57,1, ;71/-5 (<1?8-2C ;42C/) 95 ;:/ -/:2=-/ C1/M/, /1C?65-7/@,9/, A,82-75>5, 75;7,1/F5, <268/1/7,:-5 /-/4,>5, ;,-75>/. I:5 95 7?, 32H5 15.5-2 -,.5C -56/! O/F?G/- -2:,-;<, .4/-.,K, C272:2 =,1H,:2 /6/751;<, -/,-:/- , -5/1C?65-72:/-. )/<2 95 72 7/<2>:/-2 1*"E$".)# &*.-# "=5G,E12:/-2"? N572= 95 81,-
4,.-2 95=-2;7/:/- , >/;-2:/- 95 -/ ?-,:51>/4-29 H?=;<29 ;<42-2;7, (&$-
%,*0#'*$) =/ 81582>-/95 231/;@5 , 7/62 C=5 -5 82;7295 ("4,@5" -/ N/1;?, 81582>-/:/F5 J,:27,F/ , E,C?1/ ? 234/@,6/ ,4, -/8?<4,-/6/ ? ;75-,, ,4, ? 81,12=-,6 G/1/6/ -/ </65-?) (Nickell 2004). B5=/- 2= -/982>-/7,-9,A 81,651/ ".,7/F/" 81,12=-,A -/8?<4,-/ ? ;75-, 95 G8"$-# -/78,; ? R:5=;<29, <29, 95 =5@5-,9/6/ 3,2 ".,7/-" -/ 1/>4,.,75 -/.,-5 =2< .?:5--, =/-;<, 81/,;721,./1 B5-; +21;5 (Jens Worsaae), 92G ? XIX :5<? -,95 ?35=H,:2 82</>/2 =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? ;/:,6 23,./- 81,12=-,, C5242G<, E5--265- , =/ -,</<:,A 7/9/-;7:5-,A 1?-/ -/ ;75-, , -56/ (Andersson 1947). ' ;4?./9? ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/" 231/>/@ ;? ";42:/" <29/ ;? 05G,K , =1?C, "=5G,E1/-7," 81582>-/4, ? 21-/65-7,6/, 2C15327,-/6/ ,4, 1/>-4,.,7,6 >-/@,6/ ?C153/-,6 -/ -524,7;<29 <51/6,@,.
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Α, ∆, Λ. 02;6/71/-, ,> 1/>4,.,7,A ?C42:/ 2-, 65F/9? ;:29? E216?, / ;/6,6 7,6 ;?C51,G? , -2:? ;/=1J,-?. 01265-/ ;:5742-;7, (? 1/>4,.,72 =23/ =/-/) ?.5;7:?95 ? 2:26 812@5;?, G72 =2:2=, =2 72-
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
G,K56 >/G4, ;? , =?3H5 ? 812G42;7. $/ 42</4,757? X?72:-,@/ ;/1/=--,@, -582>-/72C "I42:5-;<2C ,-;7,7?7/" ,> 012A21/ 0.,F;<2C, 27<1,4, ;? 1992. 71/C2:5 8,;65-2;7, ,> "%$"#/ &$',#'*!$, $(,'.), ,,, .!$%,
*5-,H8 700.000 * 160. 000 /#0*"$". 7265 95 =2<?65-7/@,9? 82=-52 05-G,K5: ;a1/=-,< X?326,1 )H/<,K, / 31?9/45 ;? ;:5 -2:,-5. 05G,K 95 3,2 1?<2:2=,4/@ ,;71/J,:/F/, / /-/4,>/ 95 23/:H5-/ ? "%1A,:? )H/<,K" ? L52C1/=?. $5 ;/62 =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? 3,4/ 8,;65-2;7, :5K , </45-=/1 , <2-;6,.<, 712?C/2. $5<, >-/@, , ;,6324, "*-$78 -*)%#.)#&.)8 .!%8)!8%8 &$ ., ", -#/8 E*!$!* +,5 &#-$/$'$". % -,;? ;:, >-/@, ?15>/-,. $5<, ;? "8&*.$"* !,6"*)#- 6,-*7.)#/ "$"#(,4$" , =/3265, "� %$5'*E*!*- .1,-
!'#."*- 8.'#1*-$, E*!$1$ %(*"$ ,-*!87, 0%8/$E*78 &#%8)8" ()H/<,K 1993, 182, T. XLI, XLII). I,68726/7,.-/ 95 ,>6,GH5-/ 81,./ ,> 05G,K5:5 3,2C1/E,95 2 812-
C2F5-26 -/?.-,<?, <2C/ 95, >32C F5C2:,A 27<1,K/, 62K-/ ;18;</ >:/-,.-/ /1A5242C,9/ ./< 7232J5 ,>C-/4/ ,> >56H5. %-<57/ <29? 95 – 82:2=26 -/-:2=-2C 05G,K5:2C 27<1,K/ – ;812:52 ./;28,; "#/4/<;,9/" 1987. C2=,-5, 82</>/4/ 95 =:5 ,-7515;/-7-5 .,F5-,@5. B5=-/ 95 =/ 95 2C126-/ :5K,-/ -/982>-/7,9,A 9?C2;42:5-;<,A /1A5242C/ ? 8278?-2;7, 2=3/@,4/ 05G,K5-:? ,=59? 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6? (*1/C2;4/: I1592:,K, N,4?7,- #/1/G/-,-, %429> L5-/@, L21,:29 (2:,K, $,<24/ O/;,K ,7=.). *1?C/ 95 =/ -,<2 2= 3129-,A ?.5;-,</ /-<575 -,95 =2 829/:5 E5H72-/ ? "L213,", -, .?2 >/ !/-=,:29/ 05G,K/ , F5C2:5 -/:2=-5 1/=2:5 (StojanYev 1987). T-/./9-2 95, 65M?7,6, =/ 95 7/ ,=59/ 2 81/;18;<29 />3?@, 1*"E$"*?* 82-
726 >42K?=-2 657/;7/>,1/4/ , -/G4/ 842=-2 745 ? <:/>,,;721,9;<29, <:/->,4,-C:,;7,.<29 , <:/>,/1A5242G<29 3/9@, 2 :54,<26 , 62K-26 ;18;<26 -/12=?, <29, 95 ? 812G42;7, .,7/:26 -5>/A:/4-26 ;:57? -5;53,.-2 82=/-1,2 ;:29/ @,:,4,>/@,9;</ 27<1,K/ (-524,7,>/@,9?, 8,;62, 657/4?1C,9?, ,7=.). $/1/:-2, 62=54 95 82>-/7 , -5 -/12.,72 21,C,-/4/-. *2 ? =4/<? 82=;5K/ -/ 1/>-5 ;4,.-5 -/@,2-/4,;7,.<5 >42?8271535 -/?<5, 2= .5C/ :/-H/ 8265-?7, ;/62 -/982>-/7,9? )2;,-,-? ,-=2C516/-;<? 7521,9?, <29? 95
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7/<2 :5G72 <21,;7,2 -/@,;7,.<, %-5-5135 (Ahnenerbe) (62K-/ SS 21C/--,>/@,9/ >/ 2.?:/F5 , 81262:,;/F5 -56/.<2C <?47?1-2C -/;45M/) (Ar-nold 2006). "-7515;/-7-2 95 =/ 95 %-5-5135 3,2 G,12<2 27:215- </ ;:,6 /4751-/7,:-,6 , 8;5?=2-/?.-,6 756/6/, ?<24,<2 ;? 827:1M,:/45 ,4, 81262:,;/45 ,=59? 2 C516/-;<29 ;?851,21-2;7,, 2= 6,;7,<5, 71/J5F/ ;:572C #1/4/, =2 5<;85=,@,9/ -/ O,357, ";4/-= (O?4/), /4751-/7,:-,A 75-21,9/ 2 P,85132159,, 45=5-26 =23?, %-7/17,<? ,7=. (Levenda 2005, 157-220). T/-,6H,:2 95 =/ ;5 =/-/; 82321-,@, 75>5 "I13, -/12= -/9;7/1,9," ? 9/:-2;7, ;7/4-2 3215 ; 815=;7/:-,@,6/ ">:/-,.-5" /1A5242C,95, </2 ; 5<;82-5-7,6/ "=,1,C2:/-5 -21=,9;<5 7521,95". ' 8,7/F? 95 .5;7 65A/-,->/6 2=31/-5, ? 8;,A242C,9, 82>-/7 </2 81295<@,9/. O5G<2 3, 3,42 82312-9/7, ;:5 =51,:/75 05G,K5:2C "27<1,K/" ? 828?4/1-29 8;5?=2-/?.-29 4,-751/7?1,. 029/:,4, ;? ;5 ./< , ;85@,9/4,>2:/-, ,>=/:/., , ./;28,;, 82-;:5K5-, ,;<H?.,:2 729 8123456/7,@,. %4, -/ 72 9/:-2;7 ;:/</<2 ,6/ 81/:2, </2 , -/ 4575K5 7/F,15 , %74/-7,=?. N-2C2 95 >-/./9-,95 72 G72 ;? -5<5 2>3,H-5 -/?.-5 ,-;7,7?@,95 27:2-
1,45 ;:29/ :1/7/ :/715-,6 82321-,@,6/ ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/", :512:/7-2 ? ;71/A? =/ 3, ? 8127,:-26 62C45 =/ 3?=? 812C4/G5-5 >/ 7:1=2<21-5, <2->51:/7,:-5 , =2C6/7;<5. O2 95 ,6/42 =/45<2;5J-5 82;45=,@5. I18;</ /</=56,9/ -/?</ , ?657-2;7, ( C1/-/< ? $2:26 I/=?) 21C/-,>2:/4/ 95, ? ;/1/=F, ; 7/9/-;7:5-,6 </4,E21-,9;<,6 "%1A526,7242G<,6 ,-;7,7?-726" (Institute of Archaeomythology, Sebastopol, USA), ;<?8 D"$)#1* ?*1*-
'*5$?*7, (2= 24.-29. 6/9/ 2004.). 15>?47/7,6/ ;<?8/ 62C42 3, ;5 =2;7/ 1/;81/:H/7,, /4, 95=/- 2= -/92.,7,9,A 95 =/ ;? 82G72:/2@, 4,</ , =54/ !/=,:29/ 05G,K/ 3,4, >/=2:2H-, 82G72 95 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62", </<2 ;? ;6/71/4,, -2:2;/=;<,6 ;<?826 :51,E,<2:/-2 ? -/9815;7,J-,929 ;18;<29 -/?.-29 ?;7/-2:,. *2=?G5, 1/>C-5:,2 ,A 95 -2:, -/>,: "82=?-/:;<2" ,4, "=?-/:;<2" 8,;62, <29, ;? <21,;7,4, /651,.<, /1A526,7242>,, ?65;72 :5K ?;:295-2C ":,-./-;<2 8,;62". ' :526/ ?C45=-26 , -/9;7/1,956 ;18-;<26 ./;28,;? "&5728,;? N/7,@5 ;18;<5" 829/:,2 ;5 , 81,</> ;<?8/ ,> 851/ ,>:5;-2C %45<;/-=1/ N. 05712:,K/, E,42>2E/ , 3,34,275</1/, /?721/ <F,C5 "01/,;721,9/ I13/" (05712:,K 2004). $/ ;71/-? G72 95 05-712:,K ? ;:26 81,</>? ?7:1=,2 =/ 95 4,-5/1-2 L 8,;62 1500 C2=,-/ ;7/-1,95 2= 4,-51/-2C % 8,;6/ (05712:,K 2004, 475). T-/./9-2 95, 65M?7,6, G72 2- 82>=1/:H/ 72 G72 ;? , /1A5242>,, </2 /</=56,< L2C=/- L1?<-51 , %-=159 I7/12:,K 81,A:/7,4, 05G,K5:? ,;7,-?: "02A:/4-2 95 G72 95 L1?<-51 8278?-2 81265-,2 6,GH5F5 >/A:/H?9?K, .,7/F? <F,C/ N/1,95 #,63?7/; (...) ;,9/2 95 2= >/=2:2H;7:/, /4, -,95 -/G/2 >/ ;A2=-2 =/ ;5, 3/1 82;15=-2 ,>:,-, (...) $5;821-2 95 =/ 3, , 05G,K 2:/<:,6 ;<?826, </2 -/?.-,<, 3,2 815>/=2:2H/- (...) +,-./-;</ <?47?1/ 95 35> ;?6F5, 82-7:1=,2 95 I7/12:,K ;/ ?35M5F56 <295 95 </2 ;:5J =/A ?-52 ? ;<?8 , +,-, ,6/4/ ;,;756 8,;65-5 <26?-,</@,95 <29, 95 ;:,6/ 3,2 =2;7?8/-" (05712-
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:,K 2004, 479-480). '> ;<?8 95 3,4/ 21C/-,>2:/-/ , ,>42J3/ -524,7;<,A /175E/</7/ ; -/-
:2=-,6 >-/@,6/ , -/78,;,6/. (/< , -/96/G72:,7,9, 75G<2 =/ ;? -/ ,>-42J5-,6 815=657,6/ , E1/C65-7,6/ <51/6,<5 62C4, :,=57, , >-/<2:5, / -5<624, 8,;62 ,4, 75<;72:5 (I7/12:,K 2004). L,42 95 7? C526571,9;<5 21-/65-7,<5, ;:/</<2 , /8;71/<7-5 ;,6324,<5 (81,;?7-5 ? ;:/<29 ?657--2;7, , ?-,:51>/4-26 H?=;<26 ,>1/>?), 7? , 7/62 82 -5</ ?C153/-/ ?<1-G75-/ 4,-,9/ <29/ 95 62C4/ 3,7, 715-?7-, ,4, 71/9-,9, >-/< , <2929 3, ;5 62C42 81,=/:/7, -/91/>4,.,7,95 >-/.5F5, /4, 8,;6/ -5!
O5< </=/ 95 ?, 7/<2M5 ?C45=-26, H?3H/-;<26 /1A5242G<26 ./;28,;? Documenta Praehistorica 2005. 239/:H5- 342< 75<;72:/ 2 -524,7;<,6 >-/-@,6/ (82 ;4,.-,6 <1,751,9?6,6/ ,>321/ /?721/ </2 , >/ -2:2;/=;<, ;<?8), 27<1,:5-, ;? , 7521,9;<, 2<:,1, >/ 81582>-/:/F5 "82=?-/:;<2C" 2=-2;-2 ":,-./-;<2C" 8,;6/. N/1<2 N514,-,, ,7/4,9/-;<, -2:,-/1, .4/- %1A526,7242G<2C ,-;7,7?7/ , /?721 81295<7/ "01/,;721,9;<2 >-/-F5" (The Prehistory Knowledge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erlini 2005, 239, 241). I 2:/-<:,6 <1,751,9?626 >/,;7/ -,95 75G<2 :,=57, 8,;62 3,42 C=5. (/< , ? 234/@,6/. N514,-,95:/ A,8275>/ 95 81/:, 81,651 028512:;<5 42G5 A,-8275>5 <29/ -,G7/ -5 >/31/F?95, 75 95 -/?.-2 , ,-E216/7,.<, 8278?-2 -5:/4,=-/ , -5<21,;-/ (Poper 1972). T/81/:2 2-/ 95 ;/;:,6 -5-/?.-/ 951 95 -,95 62C?K5 -, ? 81,-@,8? 823,7,, 82G72 82 N514,-,95:,6 651,4,6/ ;:5 62J5 =/ 3?=5 ,;72:1565-2 21-/65-7, >-/< , 8,;62. ' ,;726 6/-,1? 35>23/4-2C <1,751,9?6/, ? <29, ;5 ;:5 62J5 ?<428,7,,
N514,-, <2-;7/7?95: "02=?-/:;<2 8,;62 95 :526/ =15:/- ;,;756 8,;/F/, 75 ;5 :512:/7-2 ;/;729, 2= 65G/:,-5 42C2C1/6/, ,=52C1/6/, 8,<72C1/6/, , -5<,A 2C1/-,.5-,A E2-57;<,A 54565-/7/ <29, ;? 3,4, 82:1565-2 , 6/1C,--/4-2 2>-/./:/-,. &2C2C1/6,, ,=52C1/6, , 8,<72C1/6, ,>:5=5-, ;? ,> 95->,</ /8;71/<7-,A ;,6324/" (Merlini 2005, 241). 01, 7265 815-5315C/:/ .,-F5-,@? =/ 95 <2= -/;7/1,9,A /?72-26-,A 8,;/6/ (<4,-/;72, 5C,8/7;<2, <,-
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-5;<2 , 6/9/-;<2) 815=;7/:H/F5 15., ,6/42 <2C-,7,:-, 81,21,757 -/= 815=;7/:H/F56 C4/;2:/, / =/ 95 ? ;:,6 82>-/7,6 8,;6,6/ /8;71/<7-, 23-4,< ?:5< 815=;7/:H/2 82>-,9? E/>? ? 1/>:29? 8,;65-2;7,. )/<2 ,;7,.5 4,-C:,;7/ +/F/ I7/-,G,K: "'812GK5-, /8;71/<7-, 234,@, 815=;7/:H/9? A12-242G<, 64/M? E/>? ? 5:24?@,9, 8,;6/, <2929 ? ;4?./9? /?72A72-5 8,-;65-2;7, ?:5< 8157A2=, @175J-2 8,;62, / 75 81:5 E/>5 ? +,-./-;<29 <?4-7?1, -56/" (I7/-,G,K 1996, 434). I7/-,G,K 95 ? -5<24,<2 1/=2:/ ?35=H,-:2 82</>/2 =/ 95 7/<2>:/-2 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62" ? -/932H56 ;4?./9? -5;821/->?6 , =/ >/81/:2 :,-./-;<, ,>242:/-, , 1/>-212=-, >-/@, -5 62C? 815=-;7/:H/7, -,</<:2 8,;62 (I7/-,G,K 1992, 1996, 2002). !54/7,:,>,1/F5 , 1/;75>/F5 <1,751,9?6/ <29, 82726 262C?K/:/ =/ ;5
;:5 62J5 812C4/;,7, 8,;626 :,=, ;5 , ? 1/=? %-=159/ I7/12:,K/ ? 756/7-;<26 342<? 82;:5K5-26 -524,7;<,6 >-/@,6/ ? ./;28,;? Documenta Prae-
historica. I7/12:,K 82:2=26 ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/" :54,: ")2-/.-2, 2<15-?2 3,A ;5 </ /-7128242G<,6, ./< , 8/452-;2@,242G<,6 /;85<7,6/ <H?.-2C 8,7/F/: 8,;62 ,4, -5? N2J=/ 95 ,>-5-/M?9?K5, /4, 72 8,7/F5 82;7/95 35->-/./9-2. *1?C,6 15.,6/, >/ -5<2C/ <2 3, J54542 =/ =/H5 1/;81/:H/ 2 >-/-./9? ;/62C E5-265-/ ;/;:,6 95 =2:2H-/ .,F5-,@/ =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? ?23,./-95- ;,;756 8,;65-5 <26?-,</@,95." L,42 3, >/-,6H,:2 ;/>-/7, <29,6 72 "8/452-;2@,242G<,6" 6572=26 I7/12:,K 81:2 >/<H?.?95 =/ 95 =,456/ – =/ 4, 95 ? 8,7/F? 8,;62 ,4, -5 – >/81/:2 -53,7-/, =/ 3, ? ,;726 8/;?;? – 35> ,</<:,A =2</>/ – -5823,7-2 <2-;7/72:/2 =/ 95 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62 8#+*E$7,"
.*.!,- &*.-,", )#-8"*)$?*7," (regular system of written communication) – =1?C,6 15.,6/ 8,;62 (StaroviV 2005, 259). +512:/7-2 2.5<?95 =/ 6? :51?95-62 -/ 15..
"U/15:2 -2:2 2=542" ,4, ,>6,GH/F5 71/=,@,95
0,;62 82=1/>?65:/ >-/<5 <29, ,6/9? -5>/:,;-2 >-/.5F5 1/>?6H,:2 =1?C,6/ 35> ?;65-2C 239/GF/:/F/. )24,- !5-E1? 281/:=/-2 ,;7,.5 =/ ;? >-/@, ? 3/4</-;<26 -524,7?, </2 , -/ 6-2C,6 =1?C,6 65;7,6/ , ? =1?C,6 :1565-,6/, :512:/7-2 3,4, "&%*1$!"$ (*:%$ E*7, 7, 5"$E,4, +*-
'# %$58-3*1# .$-# /%"E$%8 )#7* 78 7, *5-*.'*#" (a private code, significant
only to the potter who made it) (Renfrew 1973, 204). 02 !/-<? L?C/1;<26 8,;62 95 ";,;756 <26?-,</@,95 65M? H?=,6/ 8?756 <2-:5-@,2-/4-,A :,=H,:,A >-/<2:/, -/12.,72 95>,.<,A", /4, </<2 ,;7,.5, "82= 8,;626 62J562 ;6/71/7, 95>,.<5 95=,-,@5 -/ 1/>4,.,7,6 -,:2,6/ ;71?<7?15 95->,</" (L?C/1;<, 1997, 10). 0,;62 ?C4/:-26 2>-/./:/ !D(" <295 ;5 62C? "T# +%!%O", / -5 82962:5. 02;729, -/1/:-2 , 82962:-2 8,;62, /4, 2-2 -,95 /8;71/<7-2. +,-./-;<, >-/<2:, ;? – ./< , </=/ 3, 81,A:/7,4, :,G5 -5C2 ;?6F,:? C1/M? , "81582>-/:/F5" >-/<2:/ 65M? 6-2G7:26 21-
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-/65-/7/, ;,6324/ , ;4?./9-,A 2C15327,-/ – ,;?:,G5 /8;71/<7-, , C52-6571,>2:/-, =/ 3, 3,4, , 82962:-2 8,;62 (C=5 ;? 82962:, , 15.,?). I =1?C5 ;71/-5 7, >-/@, ;? ,;?:,G5 6/423129-,, A57512C5-,, ,>242:/-, , -5;,;756/7,.-,, 35> , 95=-2C 75<;7/, 15.5-,@5, 8/ , 15.,, =/ 3, 3,4, C4/-;2:-2, E2-57;<2 8,;62. $5<2 621/ 15K, =/ 95 ;:5 72, 82.5:G, 2= "C5-,9/4-2C 05G,K5:2C 27<1,-
K/", ;/62 95=-2 3%("*6 &6*6 6'"!6. $/ 2;-2:? =2;/=/GF5 5:,=5-@,95 62-J5 ;5 >/<H?.,7, =/ :,-./-;<2C 8,;6/ -56/. (/< -, 812728,;6/! $/<2- ,>-42J35 ? $2:26 I/=? (, 239/:H5-2C </7/42C/) 15</2 3,A =/ ?C4/:-26, 2;,6 ;821/=,.-2, -56/ -, >-/<2:/. "+,-./-;<2 8,;62" 95 ;/62 95=-/ </1,</ ? 4/-@? 1/>4,.,7,A ,>6,GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/, <295 3?9/9? ?:5< ? 2<24-2;7,6/ ?>=16/-2C ,=5-7,757/ -5<5 >/95=-,@5, </2 ;?12C/7 45C,7,6,757/ , @565-7 -/@,2-/4-5 , ;2@,9/4-5 <2A5>,95 (Hobsbom 2002, 22; Hobsbom 2002a, 442). D1,< P23;326, 2=C2:/1/9?K, -/ 8,7/F5 </<:? <21,;7 62C? ,;721,./1, =/ ,>:?<? ,> 812?./:/F/ ,>6,GH5-5 71/=,@,95, :54,: "">6,GH5-5 71/=,@,-95 ;? :/J-, ;,68726, , 8156/ 7265 ,-=,</721, 8123456/ <29, =1?C/.,95 -5 3, 62C/2 =/ ;5 81582>-/ , 1/>:29-2C 72</ <295C 3, ,-/.5 3,42 75G<2 ,=5-7,E,<2:/7, , =/7,1/7,. -5 ;? =2</>-, 6/751,9/4. (...) I7?=,95 ,>6,-GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/ -5 62C? 3,7, 1/>=:295-5 2= G,1,A ;7?=,9/ ,;721,95 =1?G7:/, -,7, ;5 62J5 2.5<,:/7, =/ ;5 1/>:,9? 6-2C2 ,>:/- 23,.-2C 27-<1,:/F/ 7/<:,A 81/<;,, ;:5 =2< 2-5 -,;? ,-75C1,;/-5 ? G,15 ;7?=,95“ (Hobsbom 2002, 22). "+,-./-;<2 8,;62" , =1?C5 ;4,.-5 ,>6,GH5-5 71/=,-@,95 , 8;5?=2,;721,9;<5 , 8;5?=2/1A5242G<5 7565 >/,;7/ K5 ?K, ? G,1, =265- -/?.-2C ,-7515;2:/F/ /-7128242C,95, ,;721,2C1/E,95, /1A5242C,95 , ;2@,242C,95 /4, -/ J/42;7 "-2:2126/-7,./1/", -5 </2 -2:/ , 2>3,H-/ ,-7518157/7,:-/ 8/1/=,C6/, -5C2 </2 :5K :,M5-, /4, 2>3,H/- ;,68726 , ,-=,</721 821565K/9/ ? ;18;<26 =1?G7:?.
B/+"(%+9(%
Andersson, I. 1947. Skånes historia, till Saxo och Skånelagen. Stockholm: P. A.
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I/6/1S,K, !. 1968. )1/H5:;7:2 I42:5-/ ? 1/>:,7<? ;18;<5 ,;721,2C1/E,95. ' L$1%# 2%+*", M%$3,1.!1# >'#1,"$, CIX – CXXXVI. L52C1/=: I18;</ <F,J5:-/ >/=1?C/.
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Aleksandar Palavestra
The Invention of tradit ion: VinYa script
The problematic term the VinNa script denotes a number of incised ornaments and signs on the surface of the pottery of the VinYa culture – one of the most important "cultures" of the South Eastern European Neolithic. The modes of use and abuse of this phenomenon of and the very term the VinNa
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script have changed through time, elloquently testifying about the paradigm shifts in the European archaeology, at the same time indicating dangerous contaminations of archaeology by pseudo-archaeological ideas. During the 19th and first half of the 20th century, the idea of a script in the Neolithic cultures of South Eastern Europe surfaced occasionaly as an argument for the short "historical" chronology and Near Eastern influences. During the 1980s the idea of the VinNa script emerges again in Serbia, this time, as an invented tradition, from the pseudo-scholar circles, and is massively supported by the media. The VinNa script becomes the central motif of a much larger pseudo-scholar movement: the invention of script is linked to praehistory of South Eastern Europe, allegedly from Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Lepenski Vir, over the Etruscan, Lydian and other scripts, down to Cyrillic and Latin letters. Unfortunately, over the last years the term the VinNa script – falsely represented by the media as a new and equally valid interpretive paradigm – seeps into the general public discourse, and even into archaeology itself.
Key words: Invention of tradition, VinYa script, Neolithic, Etruscan script, Serbia, Pseudoarcheology
Aleksandar Palavestra
L’Invention d’une tradition: l’"écri ture de Vinca"
La notion problématique d’ "écriture de Vinca" s’applique à certains ornements incisés et signes sur la céramique de la culture de Vinca – l’une des "cultures" les plus importantes du néolithique de l’Europe du Sud-Est. L’emploi et l’abus de ce phénomène et du terme même d’ "écriture de Vinca" ont évolué avec le temps, et c’est ainsi que d’un côté ils témoignent éloquemment des changements de paradigmes dans l’archéologie européenne, alors que de l’autre côté ils rendent compte des contaminations dangereuses de l’archéologie par des idées pseudo-archéologiques. Au 19e et dans la première moitié du 20e siècle, l’idée d’une écriture dans les cultures néolithiques de l’Europe du Sud-Est apparaissait parfois comme la confirmation de la courte chronologie "historique" et des influences proche-orientales, ce qui, en tant que paradigme interprétatif, a été complètement anéanti par la nouvelle chronologie S-14. Dans les années 80 du 20e siècle, l’idée de l’ "écriture de Vinca" apparaît à nouveau en Serbie, cette fois comme une tradition inventée, venant de tout autres cercles – pseudo-scientifiques – et fortement encouragée par une campagne médiatique. L’ "écriture de Vinca" devient le motif central d’un mouvement pseudo-scientifique bien plus large, où la découverte de l’écriture est associée à la préhistoire de l’Europe du Sud-Est (prétendument depuis le paléolithique, le
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mésolithique, Lepenski vir, en passant par l’écriture étrusque, lydienne et d’autres écritures authentiques, jusqu’aux alphabets cyrillique et latin). Naturellement, la prétendue "écriture de Vinca" dans les temps troublés des identités ethniques ébranlées et de l’effervescence politique dans les Balkans, devient un exemple éclatant du détournement du passé à des fins politiques momentanées. Malheureusement, ces dernières années la notion d’ "écriture de Vinca" - faussement présentée dans les médias comme un paradigme interprétatif nouveau et également valide – selon le principe des vases communicants, déborde le cadre de la pseudo-science pour se répandre dans le discours public, et même dans l’archéologie.
Mots-clés: tradition inventée, écriture de Vinca, néolithique, écriture
étrusque, Serbie, pseudo-archéologie
Primljeno 23.03.2010.
PrihvaCeno 29.03.2010.