12 engel gastroeteritis - ucsf cme engel gastroeteritis.pdf · amoebic dysentery?" ... •...

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Gastroenteri*s and H. pylori infec*ons Joanne Engel, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Depts of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology UCSF "What the?...This is lemonade! Where's my culture of amoebic dysentery?" Outline Overview of diarrhea/gastroenteri4s Viral diarrhea incl norovirus Bacterial diarrhea Travelers diarrhea H. pylori C. difficile will be covered by Dr. Jacobs Diarrhea: a global cause of disease 2nd leading cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide In the US 200375 million episodes/year 73 million physician visits 1.8 million hospitaliza4ons 5000 deaths Each person has 12 diarrheal illnesses/yr Case I 32 yo female calls your office c/o diarrhea x 2 days. She notes 8 loose stools in the past 24 hrs. She has a low grade temp, mild nausea, and has vomited x 2. She denies bloody stools, recent travel, inges4on of unsual foods. No sick contacts.

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Page 1: 12 Engel Gastroeteritis - UCSF CME Engel Gastroeteritis.pdf · amoebic dysentery?" ... • Increased!outbreaks!in!nursing!homes!and!longIterm!care! facili4es! ... Ini4al!management!

Gastroenteri*s  and  H.  pylori  infec*ons  

Joanne  Engel,  M.D.,  Ph.D.  Professor  

Depts  of  Medicine  and  Microbiology/Immunology  

UCSF  

"What the?...This is lemonade!Where's my culture ofamoebic dysentery?"

Outline  

•  Overview  of  diarrhea/gastroenteri4s  •  Viral  diarrhea  incl  norovirus  •  Bacterial  diarrhea  •  Traveler’s  diarrhea  •  H.  pylori  •  C.  difficile  will  be  covered  by  Dr.  Jacobs  

Diarrhea:    a  global  cause  of  disease  

•  2nd  leading  cause  of  morbidity/mortality  worldwide  

•  In  the  US  – 200-­‐375  million  episodes/year  

– 73  million  physician  visits  

– 1.8  million  hospitaliza4ons  

– 5000  deaths  – Each  person  has  1-­‐2  diarrheal  illnesses/yr  

Case  I  •  32  yo  female  calls  your  office  c/o  diarrhea  x  2  days.    She  notes  8  loose  stools  in  the  past  24  hrs.    She  has  a  low  grade  temp,  mild  nausea,  and  has  vomited  x  2.    She  denies  bloody  stools,  recent  travel,  inges4on  of  unsual  foods.    No  sick  contacts.  

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Issues  

• Differen4al  diagnosis?  • Does  the  pa4ent  need  to  be  seen?  • Should  abx  be  given?  • Is  it  safe  to  give  an4-­‐mo4lity  agents?  • Should  stool  tests  be  sent?  • For  which  organisms?  

Differen4al  Dx  

•  Infec4ous  •  Ischemic  

•  IBD  •  Iatrogenic/Osmo4c  •  Malabsorp4on  

Foodborne  illnesses*  EID  17:2011  

•  31  pathogens  acquired  in  US  caused  9.4  million  episodes  of  foodborne  illness  

•  55,961  hospitaliza4ons  •  death  

*not all cause gastroenteritis!

0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  

Norovirus  

Salmonella  

C.  perfringens  

Campylobacter  

%    episodies  of  

food

borne  illne

s  

0  5  

10  15  20  25  30  35  40  

Salmonella  

Norovirus  

Campylobacter  

T.  gondii  

%  hospitaliza*

ons  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

Salmonella   T.  gondii   Listeria   Norovirus  

%  deaths  

E4ology  of  severe  acute  gastroenteri4s  in  adults  in  ER  

•  Prospec4ve  mul4center  ER-­‐based  study  (JID  205:1374)  

•  Serum,  rectal  swabs,  whose  stool  

•  Pathogens  found  in  25%  •  Whole  stool  more  sensi4ve  

than  rectal  swab  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

Norovirus  

Rotavirus  

Salmonella  

C.  diff  

Campylobacter  

Iden

*fie

d  pa

thogen

s  in  ER  visits  

Page 3: 12 Engel Gastroeteritis - UCSF CME Engel Gastroeteritis.pdf · amoebic dysentery?" ... • Increased!outbreaks!in!nursing!homes!and!longIterm!care! facili4es! ... Ini4al!management!

The  players  aka  “The  dirty  laundry  list”  Viral   Bacterial   Protozoal  Calicivirus  (Norwalk,  Norovirus,Sapovirus)  

Salmonella  16.1*   Giardia  

Rotavirus        Campylobacter  13.4*   E.  histoly4ca  

Adenovirus   Shigella  10.3*   Cryptosporidium  1.4*  

CMV   Yersinia   Microsporidium  

Astrovirus   E.  Coli  1.7*   Cyclospora  

Small  round  virus   C.  difficile  

Corona  virus   C.  perfringens  

HSV   S.  aureus  

Bacillus  

Vibrio  

Listeria  

Chlamydia   *cases  per  100,000  

N.  gonorrhea  

Who  should  be  seen:    Inflammatory  vs  non-­‐inflammatory?  

Take  a  good  history!  •  When  &  how  illness  began  •  Stool  characteris4cs  •  Frequency  &  quan4ty  •  Presence  of  dysenteric  symptoms  •  Symptoms  of  volume  deple4on  

•  Associated  symptoms  •  Epidemiologic  clues  

Be  a  Sherlock  Holmes  •  Travel  to  developing  area  •  Day-­‐care  center  akendance  or  employment  •  Consump4on  of  raw  meats,  eggs,  unpasteurized  milk/cheese,  swimming  in  or  drinking  from  untreated  fresh  water  

•  Farm  or  zoo  animals,  rep4les  •  Exposure  to  other  ill  persons  •  Medica4ons,  esp  an4bio4cs  •  Underlying  medical  condi4ons  •  Recep4ve  anal  intercourse  or  oral/anal  contact  •  Food-­‐handler  or  caregiver    

Norwalk  Rotavirus  

Viral  diarrhea  

•  Usually  resolves   ≤  3  days    

Norovirus  

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Rotavirus  •  Rotavirus  

–  Infants  protected  up  to  age  3  mos  by  maternal  an4bodies  –  Usually  affects  children  age  6-­‐24  mos  –  At  least  once  before  age  5  –  Mul4ple  serotypes  –  Immunity  incomplete  

•  Morbidity  and  Mortality  –  25  million  clinic  visits  –  2  million  hospitaliza4ons  (60,000  in  US)  –  Kills  ~  600,000  children  annually  in  developing  countries  (37  in  

US)  –  Most  disease  caused  by  4  serotypes  

•  Dx:  stool  rapid  an4gen  

Two  vaccines  NEJM  Jan  2006  

•  Both  are  live  oral  vaccines  intended  to  be  given  to  infants  at  same  4me  as  DPT  – Rotateq  (Merck):  age  2m  4m  6  mos  

– Rotarix  (GSK):  age  2,  4  mos  

•  ACIP  recommends  rou4ne  vaccina4on  of  infants  w/either  vaccine  

Just  a  likle  stomach  flu…  

Page 5: 12 Engel Gastroeteritis - UCSF CME Engel Gastroeteritis.pdf · amoebic dysentery?" ... • Increased!outbreaks!in!nursing!homes!and!longIterm!care! facili4es! ... Ini4al!management!

Norovirus    

•  Single  stranded,  noneveloped  RNA  virus  •  Caliciviridae  family  

•  6  genogroups-­‐>34  genotypes-­‐>many  strains  –  GI,  GII,  GIV  cause  most  human  infxns  –  GII.4  strains  predominant  since  1990’s  

–  New  GII.4  Sydney  strain  reported    –  Rapidly  spread  across  world  (CDC)  

•  Replicates  only  in  GI  tract  •  Persists  in  environment  

•  Humans  are  the  only  reservoir  

Glass et al, NEJM, 2009" Sx  

•  Inc  24-­‐48  hrs  •  Diarrhea,  vomi4ng,  abd  pain,  malaise,  low  grade  fever  

•  Usually  self-­‐limited,  resolves  ≤  3  d  – Prolonged  and  severe  sx  in  elderly,  very  young  – Prolonged  asymptoma4c  shedding  

•  Up  to  8  wks  in  healthy  pts  •  Up  to  1  yr  in  severely  IC  pts  

Dx  

•  Not  culturable  •  Older  techniques:    EM,  stool  ELISA  

•  Gold  standard:    RT-­‐PCR  (since  early  1990’s)  – 68%  sensi4ve  – 99%  specific  – Avail  at  public  health  depts,  state,  na4onal  labs,  Viracor  (2-­‐5  d  turnaround)  

Evolving  epidemiology      •  Most  common  cause  of  gastroenteri4s  

•  35%  of  cases  of  sporadic  gastroenteri4s  of  known  cause  •  5-­‐31%  of  pts  hospitalized  for  gastroenteri4s  •  5-­‐36%  of  clinic  visits  for  gastroenteri4s  •  Est  71,000  norovirus-­‐associated  hospitaliza4ons  cos4ng  $493  million/

yr  (CID  2011:  52,  466)  

•  Greatly  under-­‐reported  –  Only  1/1562  cases  iden4fied  

•  Increasing  outbreaks  •  An4genic  shit  and  drit  (like  influenza)  

–  Change  in  viral  capsid  affects  binding  to  GI  tract    oligosaccharides  –  New  variant-­‐>new  epidemic  wave  –  New  pandemic  strain  every  2-­‐4  yrs  

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Increasing  outbreaks   Evolving  epidemiology      

•  Increased  outbreaks  in  nursing  homes  and  long-­‐term  care  facili4es  –  30-­‐50%  of  outbreaks  occur  in  closed  facili4es  –  28%  in  restaurants/catered  meals  –  16%  cruise  ships  –  8%  day  care  centers  –  Commonly  cause  by  GII.4  strain  

•  Increased  illness  severity  –  Associated  with  poor  outcome  in  older  pts  

•  Longer  illness  •  Acute  renal  failure,  arrhythmias,  hypokalemia,  chronic  diarrhea  

Why  is  norovirus  so  difficult  to  contain?  

•  Highly  transmissable:    a  likle  goes  a  long  way…  –  ID50:    10-­‐100  virions  

– Facile  2˚  spread  •  Viral  shedding  precedes  clinical  illness  in  >30%  of  pts    •  Prolonged  shedding  

–  Up  to  8  wks  in  healthy  hosts  –  Up  to  1  yr  in  IC  hosts  

•  Asymptoma4c  shedders  

– Withstands  wide  range  of  temps  and  persists  in  environment  

–  Immunity  is  short-­‐lived  and  not  cross-­‐protec4ve  against  an4genic  variants  

Why  is  norovirus  so  difficult  to  contain?  

•  Mul4ple  modes  of  transmission  –  Food  

•  Globaliza4on  of  food  distribu4on  •  Increased  #  of  people  who  handle  the  food  we  eat  •  Increased  consump4on  of  food  at  risk  of  contamina4on  (fresh  vegetables  and  

fruit)  

–  Water  

–  Airborne  via  vomitus  •  Suscep4bility  correlates  w/distance  from  vomi4ng  event  

–  Contact  w/contaminated  surfaces  

–  Fomites  –  Person-­‐person  contact  –  Resistant  to  many  disinfectants  

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Interrup4ng  transmission  

•  Disinfec4on  –  Wipe  surface  w/detergent  to  remove  par4cle  debris  

followed  by  household  bleach  (5-­‐25  Tbsp/gallon)  as  disinfectant  

–  Other  disinfectants  less  efficient:    (quanternary  ammonium  compounds,  alcohols)  

–  Alcohol-­‐based  disinfectants  are  insufficient  •  Wash  hands  for  1  min  w/soap  &  water,  rinse  for  20  sec,  dry  w/disposable  towels  

•  Ins4tu4onal  sewngs  –  Cohort  pts  and  staff  –  Minimize  transport,  visitors  –  Isola4on,  contact  precau4ons  for  sick  pts  (48  hrs  ater  sx  resolve)  –  Sick  staff  stay  home  un4l  48  hrs  ater  sx  resolve  –  Alcohol  in,  soap&  water  out  

Pa4ent  educa4on  Planning  your  next  cruise….  

Cdc vessel sanitation site!

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Case    IIa    •  32  yo  female  calls  your  office  c/o  diarrhea  x  4  days.    She  notes  8  loose  stools  in  the  past  24  hrs.    She  has  a  low  grade  temp,  mild  nausea,  and  has  vomited  x  2.    She  denies  bloody  stools,  recent  travel,  inges4on  of  unsual  foods.    No  sick  contacts.  

What  would  you  do?  1.  Tell  her  to  drink  plenty  of  fluids,  take  lomo4l  as  

needed,  and  that  her  sx  will  likely  resolve  on  their  own  

2.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  3  day  course  of  levofloxicin  

3.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  single  dose  of    azithromycin  

4.  Have  her  come  into  your  office  with  plans  to  send  stool  for  culture,  O&P,  with  plans  to  start  her  on  levofloxicin  

Major  bacterial  pathogens  in  the  US  

Campylobacter  Salmonella  Shigella  

E.  coli  O157:H7  

Dis<nguish  from  viral  diarrhea    by  dura<on  of  sx  (>  3  days)  

Deaths  associated  with  foodborne-­‐bacterial  pathogens  1996-­‐2005  

JID  2011:204,  263  •  Case  fatality  rate  overall  0.5%  of  which  – Listeria        17%  

– Vibrio        5.8%  

– EHEC        0.8%  

– Salmonella    0.5%  

– Campylobacter  0.1%  

– Shigella      0.1%  

•  >65  yo  had  highest  mortality  rate  

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•  Obtain  cultures  early  in  illness  (1st  3  days)  •  Up  to  2  cultures  cost-­‐effec4ve  –  Diagnos4c  yield  1.5-­‐5.6%  –  Cost  ~$1000/posi4ve  culture  –  Be  selec4ve-­‐  

•  limit  to  >  1d  dura4on  of  symptoms  •  Definitely  get  for  inflammatory  diarrhea  

•  Send  to  lab  ASAP  (prevent  prolifera4on  of  normal  flora)  

•  Negligible  yield  if  pt  hospitalized  >  3  days  –  Except  if  HIV+,  immunocompromised,  age  >65,  +comorbid  illness  (Annals  of  Internal  Med  2006)  

Bacterial  Stool  cultures  •  Special  requests  for    – Vibrio  (TCBS  media)    

– Yersinia    – EHEC    – Aeromonas    

– Pleisiomonas  

– C.  diff  

Vibrio  

Tests  for  parasites  Branda  et  al,  CID,  2006  

•  Negligible  yield  if  hospitalized  >  3d  prior  to  onset  of  diarrhea  

•  Par4cularly  relevant  if  sx  >  7  d,  camping,  exposure  history  •  DFA  for  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  faster,  but  misses  

other  pathogens  seen  by  O&P;    95%  sensi4vity  •  O&P  

–  Send  up  to  3  specimens  (1  specimen:  71%  Sensi4vity)  –  Send  or  run  2nd  specimen  if  pt  s4ll  sx  or  high  index  of  suspicion    

•  2nd  specimen  adds  ~6%  sensi4vity  •  3rd  specimen  adds  ~3%  sensi4vity  

–  Consider  if  HIV+  or  if  cyclospora  or  microsporidium  a  serious  considera4on  

Treatment  

•  Fluids,  Fluids,  Fluids  •  Abx-­‐only  under  special  circumstances  – Diarrhea  will  resolve  on  its  own  

•  An4mo4lity  agents  (loperamide)  – Risk  of  exacerba4ng  disease  

•  Bismuth  subsalicylate  •  BRAT  diet  

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Role  of  An4bio4cs  •  Decrease  fecal  excre4on  (ie  Shigella,  Giardia,  Cholera)  –  Prolongs  excre4on  of  Salmonella?  

•  Prevent  bacteremia  in  suscep4ble  groups  (neonates,  IC,  HIV,  age  >  50  ASHD,  joint  disease,  cardiac  valvular  or  endovasc  abnl)  

•  Resolve  persistent  or  life-­‐threatening  infec4ons  –  Giardia,  amebiasis,  cholera  

•  Hasten  recovery  1-­‐2  days  –  Traveler’s  diarrhea  –  “Domes4cally  acquired”  diarrhea  

•  Weigh  benefits  vs  drug  resistance  issues  

Which  an4bio4cs?  •  Fluoroquinolones  

–  Persistent  or  extra-­‐intes4nal  salmonella  

–  Shigella  –  E.  coli  (ETEC)  in  travelers  –  Prolonged  campylobacter  –  Yersinia  –  Aeromonas  –  Pleisiomonas  –  Vibrio  (some4mes)  –  Resistance  increasing  

•  Azithromycin  

•  TMP-­‐sulfa  (kids)  –  Bacterial,  cyclospora,  

microsporidium  –  Resistance  is  problema4c  

•  Metronidazole  –  Persistent  giardia  –  E.  histoly4ca  –  C.  difficile  

•  STD-­‐assoc  diarrhea  

Drug  resistance    •  Mul4drug  resistance  –  Common  in  Salmonella  DT104  (CAM,  Septra,  Tet,  Amp)  –  Recently  reported  for  Shigella  (MMWR  2010  59:1619)  

•  3  cases  of  Shigella  in  a  family  that  was  resistant  to  cetaz,  cefepime,  Amp,  aztreonam,  cefotaxime,  cetriaxone,  CAM,  cipro,  NA,  strept,  sulfisozazole,  tet,  TMS/Sulfa  involving  interna4onal  adop4on  

•  Cephalosporin  resistance  –  Salmonella  (<0.5%)  

•  Cipro  resistance  –  Salmonella  enterica  serotype  Kentucky  ST198  (Africa-­‐>middle  

east-­‐>European  and  US  travelers  (JID  2011)  

–     

Drug  resistance    •  Quinolone  resistance  –  Campylobacter-­‐longer  dura4on  of  infec4on,  greater  risk  of  death  or  invasive  disease  

–  Salmonella  spp  •  Non-­‐typhoidal  isolates  in  US:nalR  Incr  from  1.6%  to  >2.3%  1996-­‐2003  

•  Typhoidal  isolates  in  US  (travelers):    40-­‐90%  nalR    •  Most  nalR  isolates  showed  decr  suscep4bility  to  ciprofloxicin  •  Unknown  if  all  ciproR  isolates  are  nalR  •  Many  studies  show  increased  morbidity/mortality  in  drug  resistant  salmonella  typhimurium  infec4ons  

–  Shigella  •  20  cases  reported  (80%  with  travel  to  southeast  asia,  south  asia)  •  An4microbial  Agents  and  Chemotherapy,  April  2011,  p.  1758-­‐1760,  Vol.  55,  No.  4  

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Salmonella  outbreaks   Case  IIB  •  32  yo  female  calls  your  office  c/o  diarrhea  x  3  days.    She  notes  8  loose  stools  in  the  past  24  hrs.    She  has  a  low  grade  temp,  mild  nausea,  and  has  vomited  x  2.    She  denies  bloody  stools.    She  returned  2  days  ago  from  a  2  week  trip  to  India.      

What  would  you  do  1.  Tell  her  to  drink  plenty  of  fluids,  take  lomo4l  as  

needed,  and  that  her  sx  will  likely  resolve  on  their  own  

2.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  3  day  course  of  levofloxicin  

3.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  single  dose  of    azithromycin  

4.  Have  her  come  into  your  office  with  plans  to  send  stool  for  culture  including  Cholera,  O&P,  with  plans  to  start  her  on  azithromycin  

Traveler’s  diarrhea  •  Most  common  illness  in  travelers  

•  Onset  usually  5-­‐15  days  ater  arrival  •  Usually  resolves  spontaneously  3-­‐5  d  •  40-­‐60%  incidence  during  2-­‐3  wk  vaca4on  in  persons  from  industrialized  countries-­‐>developing  regions  

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Traveler’s  diarrhea:crikers  •  Occurs  in  naïve/non-­‐immune  hosts  –  ETEC  most  common  

–  Also  enteroaggrega4ve  E.  coli  –  Campylobacter>Shigella,  Salmonella  

•  Incr  FQ  resistance  in  Campylobacter  

–  Aeromonas,  Pleisiomonas,  V.  cholera,  V.  parahaemoly4cus  

–  Rotavirus  –  Parasites  (prolonged  diarrhea:  E.  histoly4ca,  Giardia,  Cryptosporidium)  

–  Blastocys4s  hominus  unlikely  to  be  a  pathogen  

–  20-­‐30%  have  no  iden4fiable  cause  

Traveler’s  diarrhea:    Px  

•  Avoid  tap  water,  ice,  bokled  noncarbonated  beverages  

•  Avoid  raw  veggies,  unpeeled  fruits,  raw  meat,  and  seafood  

•  Ab  prophylaxis  rarely  required  

Prophylaxis  op4ons  •  If  traveler  cannot  tolerate  few  days  of  illness  

•  Achlorhydria,  IC,  underlying  chronic  GI  disease,  CRF,  DM,  ostomies  

•  Rifamixin-­‐effec4ve  against  ETEC  •  Peptobismol  2  tabs  QID  effec4ve  in  preven4ng  ETEC  (bacteriosta4c)  – ~60%  efffec4ve  – Side  effects:    black  tongue  &  stool,  mild  4nnitus  – Avoid  if  allergic  to  salicylates  or  on  salicylates  or  an4-­‐coagulants  

– Not  to  exceed  3  weeks  

Traveler’s  diarrhea:    Rx  •  Oral  rehydra4on  usually  sufficient  •  An4mo4lity  agents  –  Loperamide  4  mg  followed  by  2  mg  q  loose  stool  (<16  mg/day)  –  Not  recommended  if  sx  of  dysentery  (high  fever,  bloody  stool)  

•  Dysentery:      –  Levofloxicin  500  mg  qd  un4l  sx  resolve  or  3  days  –  Azithro  (1000  mg)  or  500  mg  qd  x  3d  (preferable  in  SE  &  India  2/2  high  rate  of  Cipro-­‐R  Campylobacter  •  Tribble  et  al  CID  2007:      •  96%  cure  single  dose  azithro  •  95%  cure  3D  azithro  •  71%  cure  levo  •  Cure  rate  related  to  levo  resistant  Campy  

–  Reduce  dura4on  of  sx  ~1  d  

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Prac4cal  approach:      

•  Have  pt  fill  prescrip4on  for  quinolone  or  azithro  prior  to  travel    –   take  if  pt  gets  mod-­‐severe  diarrheal  illness  

•  Have  pt  bring  loperamide      –  take  if  pt  has  mild  diarrheal  illness  or  more  severe  illness  if  NO  bloody  diarrhea  

Ini4al  management  (prior  to  culture  results)  

•  Mild  sx:    Non-­‐inflammatory  diarrhea  –  Developed  country:    hydrate  &  observe,  ±an4mo4lity  agent  –  Traveler’s  diarrhea:  hydra4on,  an4-­‐mo4lity  agent,  single  dose  of  levofloxicin  or  azithromycin  

•  Mod  Sx:  Inflammatory  diarrhea  –  Levofloxicin  or  Azithromycin  1-­‐3  d  unless  C.  diff  suspected  –  Loperamide  if  no  bloody  diarrhea  –  Flagyl  if  C.  difficile  or  E.  histoly4ca  suspected  –  If  no  improvement  in  48  hrs,  seek  medical  evalua4on  

•  To  culture  or  not  to  culture…that  is  the  ques4on  

What  about  EHEC?  

•  95%  of  pts  have  bloody  stools  at  least  some  4me  during  their  illness  

•  Abx  shown  to  exac  illness  (Wong  et  al  NEJM  2000)  – Likely  by  decreasing    nl  flora  and/or  enhancing  toxin  produc4on  

•  How  to  dis4nguish  dysentry  from  EHEC  – Rely  on  case  epidemiology-­‐if  returning  travel  to  3rd  world  countries,  more  likely  shigella  

–  If  domes4cally  acquired,  concern  for  EHEC  •  Send  stool  cultures  if  in  first  6  d  of  illness  and  await  results  before  prescribing  abx  

What  would  you  do  1.  Tell  her  to  drink  plenty  of  fluids,  take  lomo4l  as  

needed,  and  that  her  sx  will  likely  resolve  on  their  own  

2.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  3  day  course  of  levofloxicin  (not  good  for  travel  to  India  or  SE  asia  2˚  to  increasing  resistance  in  Campylobacter)  

3.  Treat  her  empirically  with  a  single  dose  of    azithromycin  

4.  Have  her  come  into  your  office  with  plans  to  send  stool  for  culture,  O&P,  with  plans  to  start  her  on  levofloxicin  

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Case  IIc  •  32  yo  female  calls  your  office  c/o  diarrhea  x  3  days.    She  notes  8  loose  stools  in  the  past  24  hrs.    She  has  a  low  grade  temp,  mild  nausea,  and  has  vomited  x  2.    She  denies  bloody  stools.    She  returned  2  days  ago  from  a  2  week  trip  to  Hai4.      

Vibrio  cholera:  a  life  threatening  illness  in  travelers  

•  Suspect  V.  cholera  in  all  travelers  with  severe  diarrhea  in  or  returning  from  3rd  world  

•  Death  can  occur  within  24  hrs  due  to  profound  dehydra4on  

•  Massive  fluid  replacement  required  

•  An4bio4cs  are  an  adjunct  

Cholera-­‐Hai4  2010  A  disaster  wai<ng  to  happen  

•  Unprecedented  natural  disasters  in  a  poor  country  –  Jan  12,  2010:  earthquake  

•  250,000  deaths,  300,000  injured,  >1.3  million  homeless  

–  November  2010:    severe  flooding  

•  World’s  worst  water  system    –  ranked  147/147  in  water  poverty  index  in  2002  –  27%  country  has  basic  sewage  –  70%  households  have  rudimentary  toilets  none  at  all  

•  Occurred  in  rural  Hai4  rather  than  displaced-­‐person  camps  near  Port-­‐au-­‐prince  

•  No  cases  of  cholera  in  preceding  100  years  –  No  natural  immunity  

What  was  the  source  Chin  et  al,  NEJM  Jan  2011  

•  Prevailing  hypothesis  was  importa4on  from  South  America  

•  Rapid  sequence  of    isolates  from  Hai4,  South  America  1991  outbreak,  SE  asia  (2002,  2008)  

•  Most  resembled  variant  El  Tor  01  strains  isolated  from  Bangladesh  

•  Likely  introduced  by  human  from  distant  geographic  source  

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Advice  for  pts  w/diarrhea  returning  from  cholera-­‐epidemic  countries  

•  Obtain  travel  hx!!!  •  If  cholera  suspected,  aggressive  rehydra4on  •  Doxycycline  or  azithromycin  for  hospitalized  pts  •  Report  to  DPH  •  While  risk  of  person-­‐person  transmission  is  low,  do  not  return  to  work  un4l  sx  subside  if  food  handler,  involved  in  child  care,  or  HCW  

Probio4cs  •  Beneficial  microorganisms  (lactobacillus  or  S.  boulardii)  

•  Possible  mechanisms  – Lactose  diges4on  – Produc4on  of  an4-­‐microbial  agents  – Compe44on  for  space  or  nutrients  –  Immune  modula4on  

•  Possible  uses-­‐no  clear  indica4ons  – Pediatric  viral  gastroenteri4s  – C.  difficile  &  an4bio4c  associated  diarrhea  – Traveler’s  diarrhea???  

Main  refs  

•  Said  et  al,  CID  2008:47:1202-­‐1208  •  Glass  et  al,  NEJM  361:18,  2009  

hkp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/norovirus.htm  

Blastocys4s  CID  2012;  54,  105  

•  Most  frequently  isolated  stool  parasite  •  Mul4ple  species  – Zoonosis  – human-­‐adapted  species  

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