1.2 Matter and Its 1.2 Matter and Its PropertiesProperties

TermsTerms

MatterMatter- anything that has mass and - anything that has mass and volumevolume

AtomAtom- smallest unit of an element that - smallest unit of an element that keeps the properties of elementkeeps the properties of element

ElementElement- pure substance made of only one - pure substance made of only one type of atomtype of atom

CompoundCompound- substance made of 2 or more - substance made of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bondedtypes of atoms that are chemically bonded

MoleculeMolecule- type of compound in which - type of compound in which bonds are covalent bondsbonds are covalent bonds

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

chemists use characteristic chemists use characteristic properties to tell substances apart properties to tell substances apart and to separate themand to separate them

some properties define a group of some properties define a group of substancessubstances

Types of PropertiesTypes of Properties

ExtensiveExtensive- depend on the amount of - depend on the amount of mattermatter

Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy

IntensiveIntensive- do not depend on the - do not depend on the amountamount

Ex: density, boiling point, ability to Ex: density, boiling point, ability to conductconduct

Types of PropertiesTypes of Properties

PhysicalPhysical- characteristics that can be - characteristics that can be observed or measured without observed or measured without changing the identity of a substancechanging the identity of a substance

Ex. melting point, boiling ptEx. melting point, boiling pt ChemicalChemical- relates to a substances - relates to a substances

ability to undergo changes that ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substancetransform it into a different substance

Easiest to see when a chemical is Easiest to see when a chemical is reactingreacting

Physical Changes in MatterPhysical Changes in Matter change in a substance that doesn’t change in a substance that doesn’t

change the identity of the substancechange the identity of the substance Ex. grinding, cutting, melting, boilingEx. grinding, cutting, melting, boiling Includes all changes of state Includes all changes of state

(physical changes of a substance (physical changes of a substance from one state to another)from one state to another)

SolidSolid

•definite volumedefinite volume•definite shapedefinite shape•atoms are packed atoms are packed

together in fixed together in fixed positionspositions

•strong attractive strong attractive forces between forces between atomsatoms

•only vibrate in placeonly vibrate in place

LiquidLiquid

•definite definite volumevolume

•indefinite indefinite shapeshape

•atoms are atoms are close close together together

•atoms can atoms can overcome overcome attractive attractive forces forces to flowto flow

GasesGases

•indefinite indefinite volumevolume•indefinite shapeindefinite shape•atoms move very atoms move very

quicklyquickly•atoms are far atoms are far

apartapart•pretty weak pretty weak

attractive forcesattractive forces

Changes of StateChanges of State

PlasmaPlasma

high temperature state in which high temperature state in which atoms lose their electronsatoms lose their electrons

Ex. the sunEx. the sun

Chemical Changes in MatterChemical Changes in Matter

a change in which a substance is a change in which a substance is converted into a different substanceconverted into a different substance

same as chemical reactionsame as chemical reaction doesn’t change the amount of matter doesn’t change the amount of matter

presentpresent reactantsreactants- substances that react- substances that react productsproducts- substances that form- substances that form

Energy Changes in MatterEnergy Changes in Matter

when any change occurs, energy when any change occurs, energy is always involvedis always involved

energy can be in different forms energy can be in different forms (light, heat, etc.) (light, heat, etc.)

energy is never destroyed or energy is never destroyed or created (law of conservation of created (law of conservation of energy)energy)

Energy Changes in MatterEnergy Changes in Matter

Exothermic Reaction-Exothermic Reaction- reaction that reaction that gives off energy (feels warm on gives off energy (feels warm on outside)outside)

Endothermic ReactionEndothermic Reaction- reaction that - reaction that uses up energy (feels cold on outside)uses up energy (feels cold on outside)

Separation TechniquesSeparation Techniques

FiltrationFiltration- solid part is - solid part is trapped by filter trapped by filter paper and the liquid paper and the liquid part runs through the part runs through the paperpaper

VaporizationVaporization- where - where the liquid portion is the liquid portion is evaporated off to evaporated off to leave solidleave solid

Separation TechniquesSeparation Techniques

DecantingDecanting- when - when liquid is poured off liquid is poured off after solid has settled after solid has settled to bottomto bottom

CentrifugeCentrifuge- machine - machine that spins a sample that spins a sample very quickly so that very quickly so that components with components with different densities different densities will separatewill separate

Separation TechniquesSeparation Techniques

Paper Paper Chromatography-Chromatography- used to separate used to separate mixtures because mixtures because different parts different parts move quicker on move quicker on paper than otherpaper than other

1.3 Elements1.3 Elements

ElementsElements

elements are pure substanceselements are pure substances organized by properties on periodic organized by properties on periodic

tabletable each square shows the name and letter each square shows the name and letter

symbol for each elementsymbol for each element usually the symbols relate to the English usually the symbols relate to the English

names but some come from older names but some come from older names (usually Latin)names (usually Latin)

Ex: gold’s symbol is Au from aurumEx: gold’s symbol is Au from aurum Ex: iron’s symbol is Fe from ferrum Ex: iron’s symbol is Fe from ferrum

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

GroupsGroups also called familiesalso called families vertical columnsvertical columns numbered 1numbered 11818 have similar chemical propertieshave similar chemical properties

PeriodsPeriods horizontal rowshorizontal rows properties changes consistently across a properties changes consistently across a

periodperiod

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

two rows below the periodic table are two rows below the periodic table are the the lanthanide and actinide serieslanthanide and actinide series

these rows fit after #57 and #89these rows fit after #57 and #89 they are only at the bottom to keep they are only at the bottom to keep

the width of the chart smallerthe width of the chart smaller

Types of Elements Types of Elements MetalsMetals

an element that is a good an element that is a good conductor of electricityconductor of electricity

at room temperature, most are at room temperature, most are solidssolids

malleablemalleable- can be rolled or - can be rolled or hammered into sheetshammered into sheets

ductileductile- can be made into wire- can be made into wire high high tensile strength-tensile strength- can resist can resist

breakage when pulledbreakage when pulled most have silvery or grayish most have silvery or grayish

white lusterwhite luster

Types of ElementsTypes of Elements

NonmetalsNonmetals an element that is a poor conductor of an element that is a poor conductor of

heat and electricityheat and electricity many are gases at room temperaturemany are gases at room temperature some are solids: usually brittle, not some are solids: usually brittle, not

malleablemalleable

Types of ElementsTypes of Elements

MetalloidsMetalloids an element that has some an element that has some

characteristics of metals and nonmetalscharacteristics of metals and nonmetals appear along staricase lineappear along staricase line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, TeB, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te all are solids at room temperatureall are solids at room temperature less malleable that metals but less less malleable that metals but less

brittle than nonmetalsbrittle than nonmetals are semiconductorsare semiconductors

Types of ElementsTypes of Elements

Noble GasesNoble Gases generally unreactive gasesgenerally unreactive gases in far right column of periodic tablein far right column of periodic table