12 medelian genetics presentation - rob channell mendelian genetic… · mendelian genetics lecture...

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23Mar20 1 Mendelian Genetics Lecture 12 At the end of this series of lectures, you should be able to: Define terms. Explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited. Provide examples of each. Explain the chromosomal basis of the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Explain how family pedigrees can help determine the inheritance of many human traits. Objectives 1 2

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Page 1: 12 Medelian Genetics Presentation - Rob Channell Mendelian Genetic… · Mendelian Genetics Lecture 12 ... Dominant lethal alleles are usually eliminated from the population. Genetic

23‐Mar‐20

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Mendelian GeneticsLecture 12

At the end of this series of lectures, you should be able to:

Define terms.

Explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited. Provide examples of each.

Explain the chromosomal basis of the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Explain how family pedigrees can help determine the inheritance of many human traits.

Objectives

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Describe the inheritance patterns of incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, and polygenic inheritance. Provide an example of each.

Explain how linked genes are inherited differently from nonlinked genes.

Explain how crossing over produces new combinations of alleles.

Explain why sex‐linked disorders are expressed more frequently in men than in women.

Explain how family pedigrees can help determine the inheritance of many human traits.

Objectives

Heredity

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Genetics 

The scientific study of heredity.

Terms

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Gregor Mendel

Monk

Father of genetics

Cheated

Discrete inheritable factors

Mendel

Short generation time.  Large numbers of offspring. Many readily distinguishable varieties.

Flower color Flower position Seed color Seed shape Pod color Pod shape Stem length

Peas

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Character

Trait

Self‐fertilization

Cross‐fertilization

P

F1 F2

Terms

Genes Alleles Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive

Convention in the notation associated with dominant/recessive traits

Phenotype Genotype

Monohybrid cross

Terms

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A sperm or egg only carries one allele for each inherited character.

Homologous chromosomes separate in anaphase I and sister chromatids separate in anaphase II. 

Law of Segregation

Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

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Madprime, Public Domain, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg

Law of Independent Assortment

The inheritance of one character does not affect the inheritance of another character. 

Dihybrid cross

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Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

Testcross

If you want to know the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype (could be homozygous dominant or heterozygous) what do you do. 

Mate it with an individual with the recessive phenotype. 

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Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

DominantRecessive

Gideon Tsang, CC BY‐SA 2.0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_rolling#mediaviewer/File:Rolled_tongue_flikr.jpg 

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DominantRecessive

Armin Kübelbeck, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Haaransatz#mediaviewer/Datei:Widows_peak_01.jpg 

Frank Vincentz, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead#mediaviewer/File:Forhead_01_ies.jpg 

Pedigree 

Jerome Walker, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg

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Inherited Disorders

Can be either dominant or recessive traits Most frequently recessive traits

Recessive inheritance Two recessive alleles are needed to show disease. Heterozygous parents are carriers of the disease‐causing allele, and The probability of inheritance increases with mating between close 

relatives.

Dominant inheritance  One dominant allele is needed to show disease. Dominant lethal alleles are usually eliminated from the population.

Genetic testing Tay Sachs

Fetal Testing Amniocentesis

Chorionic villus sampling

Newborn screening Phenylketonuria

Ethical considerations

Genetic Legacy

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The F1 offspring are intermediate between the two parental traits. 

F2 offspring show both parental traits and an intermediate trait. 

Incomplete Dominance

Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

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Multiple Alleles

Most genes have more than two alleles. 

Codominance – Both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual. 

ABO blood groups.

Anatomy and Physiology, OpenStax College, CC BY 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_ABO_Blood_Groups.jpg 

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Pleiotropy

One gene influences multiple characters. 

More than one gene influences a single character. 

Polygenic Inheritance

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Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the results of chromosomal behavior in meiosis. 

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

Genetic Linkage

Genes that are located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. 

Linked genes

Do not follow the Law of Independent Assortment.

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Sex Determination

XY – Mammals XX – Females

XY ‐‐Males

XO – Some insects XX – Females

XO – Males

ZW – Birds ZW – Females

ZZ ‐‐Males

Chromosome number (egg is fertilized or not) – Other insects

32 Chromosomes ‐‐ Females

16 Chromosomes ‐‐Males 

Environment – Some reptiles

Incubate warm – Males

Incubate cool ‐‐ Females

In mammals, the X chromosome contains many genes and the Y chromosome contains very few genes. 

In a male, which has only one copy of the X chromosome, if a gene on their X is flawed it will be expressed. 

In a female, which has two copies of the X chromosome, if a gene is on one of their X is flawed it probably will not be expressed – they have another copy which is probably not flawed.  Carriers.  

Sex‐linked Inheritance

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