12. pakistan foreign policy

7/23/2019 12. Pakistan Foreign Policy

1/74

THE FOREIGN

POLICY OF

PAKISTAN

LECTURE 12


2/74

DEFINITION OF FOREIGN

POLICY

Foreign policy of a state may be defined as themore or less consistent attitude adopted by anation in its relation with other nations, in

matters outside the scope of customary orspecific treaty agreement.

Foreign policy can be thought of as the keyelement in the flow process by which a state

translates its broadly conceived goals intoconcrete courses of action for the purpose ofattaining these goals and safeguarding its

national interests.


3/74

DEFINITION OF FOREIGN

POLICY

The foreign policy of a country is always theproduct of the interaction of many forces-historical, ideological, economic and

geopolitical. These determine a countrysoutlook on world affairs.

In international relations there can be no eternalfriends nor can there be eternal enemies. The

only eternal factor is the national interest.Hence the foreign policy continues to evolveaccording to the changing circumstances.


4/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF

PAKISTANS FOREIGN POLICY

The principles are derived from the akistan!ovement, which embodied the struggle of the!uslims of subcontinent for an independent and

sovereign state. "herein they could live inaccordance with their spiritual and culturalheritage, and build a social order based onIslamic values and traditions.


5/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


The Fundamental principles are as follows#

Protection of Freedom & Sovereignty ofthe country: The fundamental principle of

the foreign policy of akistan is that thefreedom and sovereignty of the countrymust be preserved and akistan should bemade strong enough to resist all kinds ofinternal and e$ternal dangers.


6/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


Close relations with Muslim countries: owing toits impelling sense of !uslim nationhood rooted inIslamic ideology, it is natural that akistan should

give its unreserved support to the promotion ofIslamic unity and solidarity. akistan has alwaystried to establish close and friendly relations withthe !uslim countries.

Regional Cooperation: it has been akistansendeavor to establish peaceful and mutuallybeneficial relations with its neighboring countries.%nd is firmly committed to &%%'( ) *(+.


7/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


Keeping away from Super Power Politics: akistanwants to keep itself away from the politics of superpowers and as far as possible to have friendly relationswith all countries. *$perience shows that involvement

in the ideological and military conflicts between superpowers is very harmful for developing countries. The&% is akistans old friend and gives valuable financialand technical aid. &imilarly, relationship with (hina is

very cordial and (hina has always stood by akistan. Italso provides financial and technical aid to enableakistan to progress industrially. +ur relationship with'ussia, are not bad either. Their e$perts are helping

akistan in oil e$ploration.


8/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


Support for Self-etermination: thecharacter of akistans foreign policy is alsodetermined by its e$perience of struggle

against colonialism and foreign domination.akistan has had a consistent struggle againstcolonialism, racism, apartheid domination ofone racial group over the other while

e$tending unreserved assistance to the causeof liberation and self-determination in %sia,%frica and /atin %merica.


9/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


!uclear !on-Proliferation and isarmament:akistan is deeply conscious of the fact thatinternational peace and security cannot be

achieved and sustained in the world with arms.0isarmament is the imperative condition fortruly durable peace in the world. akistan hasa vital stake in promotion of disarmament both

in the nuclear and conventional fields.


10/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


!ew "nternational #conomic $rder: akistanis committed to the promotion of an e1uitableinternational economic order. This re1uires

restoration of stable and sustained globaleconomic growth especially in the developingworld. It can be attained through morebalanced, and non-discriminatory trade

relations, enhanced economic andtechnological cooperation including transfer oftechnology, resolution of the debt burden,monetary stability and food security.


11/74

THE PRINCIPLES OF


"mplementation of the %! Charter: akistanalways act upon the 2 charter and supportany move by the 2 to implement it. akistan

became a member of the 2 in 3456. Fromthat day on it has been actively participatingin the activities of the 2 and always workedto make it more active.


12/74

SIX IMPORTANT

PHASES OFPAKISTAN'S

FOREIGN POLICY


13/74

#R $F !#%'R("')

*+,-*+./


14/74

#R $F !#%'R("') *+,-*+./

The international system that emerged after &econd"orld "ar was characteri7ed by cold war and tightbipolarity. The foreign policy of the first few years ofthe e$istence of akistan can be labeled as the non-

aligned years, because akistan was essentially tryingto maintain neutrality in the ongoing cold war duringthis period. 8oth &% ) &&' were inviting akistan forsupport in the cold war alignments.

However akistan was itself beset with the task ofputting things together in the promised land. It wasconfronted with all sorts of economic, political andreligious problems. akistan during that period tried toovercome multiple security threats from India and

%fghanistan.


15/74

#R $F !#%'R("') *+,-*+./

akistan faced the following problems whichaffected its foreign policy resulting in itsfuture economic and military dependence

on foreign powers#Hostile relations with India. In 3459 there was awar between the two countries on the :ashmirdispute. The matter was referred to the 2 and

under resolution passed by the &ecurity (ouncil,both countries agreed to hold plebiscite in:ashmir; however India refused to implementthe resolution and :ashmir has been an occupied

territory since.


16/74

#R $F !#%'R("') *+,-*+./

0ispute between India and akistan over thedivision of assets and the distribution of riverwater.

%fter akistan


17/74

#R $F !#%'R("') *+,-*+./

8ecause of the immediate securitythreats and weak military strength,

akistan had 5 options to protect itssecurity#To remain neutral

To rely on the !uslim countriesTo =oin the &ovietbloc

To =oin the "estern %lliance &ystem


18/74

#R $F !#%'R("') *+,-*+./

+wing to > main reasons akistan opted for thefourth option#The & offered akistan to =oin the %lliance &ystem

which was meant to contain communism &tateowning everything. %lthough the "estern %lliance&ystem was aimed to check the spread of(ommunism, yet akistan hoped to ac1uiresubstantial economic and military aid.

The elite of akistan was under the westerninfluence. % strong pro-west lobby had advocatedakistans =oining the "estern %lliance &ystem.Ideologically, akistan was more akin to the & thanto the &oviet nion.


19/74

#R $F (("!C#

*+.,-*+01


20/74

#R $F (("!C# *+.,-*+01 akistan =oined &*%T+ &outh *ast %sian Treaty

+rgani7ationin 34?5 and (*2T+ (entral Treaty+rgani7ation in 34??. in 34?4, akistan and the &signed a 0efense act in which & later guaranteed the

security of akistan in the event of a communistattack. akistans inclusion in "estern %lliance &ystemoffended India, %fghanistan, &oviet nion and *gypt.akistan was termed as @& rotAgA during the period

of %lliances. akistan received substantial economicand military assistance from the &. However, akistancould not achieve its main ob=ective i.e. security by=oining these alliance systems.


21/74

#R $F (("!C# *+.,-*+01

%lthough (*2T+ ) &*%T+ were directed against thecommunist powers, yet akistan hoped to ac1uirewestern support to solve the :ashmir issue. The &did not put any pressure on India to hold plebiscite

in :ashmir, moreover, few important developmentsforced akistan to reconsider its pro-western stand#The & spy plane incident of 34BC had e$posed the

insecurity of akistan in the event of the &oviet attack.

The :hrushchev threatened to wipe out eshawar fromwhere -> had flown over the &oviet nion. The %mericanbases in akistan had created embarrassment forIslamabad.


22/74

#R $F (("!C# *+.,-*+01

In 34B>, &ino-Indo border war forced akistan to seekalternate options than depending on the "estern%lliance &ystem. In & massive military support toIndia, not withstanding reservations shown by akistan,added frustration among policy makers in Islamabad.akistan protested to the & that the%mericanD"estern military assistance to India would beused against akistan.

%fter 34B>, the global political climate had changed

from cold war to peaceful coe$istence- (*2T+ and&*%T+ were the legacies of the cold war and after apolitical settlement between the & and &oviet nion,many countries begun to delink themselves from superpower rivalry.


23/74

#R $F (("!C# *+.,-*+01

akistans membership of the (*2T+ put it to adifficult test of its Islamic enthusiasm versesnational interest. The entire %rab world e$ceptIra1 kept safe distance from the act because

they reali7ed the & and 8ritain to be the powersbehind Israel. akistans decision to =oin the actisolated it from the ma=or %rab nations which wasfurther reinforced by its support of the 8ritish and

French in the &ue7 crisis of 34?B.


24/74

#R $F (("!C# *+.,-*+01

The period of alliances had pushed akistan heavilyunder the & influence. The cost of alliance was morethan actual gain. akistan earned ill will of a number ofcountries. It forced akistan to minimi7e its

participation in &*%T+ and (*2T+ and open newavenues for a more assertive role in world affairs.

0espite its strained relations with the %rabs, itsfriendship with Turkey and Iran, two other non-%rabcountries of the region, continued to grow during thisphase due to their common pro-western policies. *venduring this period, however, it consistently supportedthe cause of the alestinians in all internationalforums.


25/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM

*+0/-*+3


26/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM *+0/-*+3

The policy of bilateralism was the reaction ofakistans active involvement in the politics ofcold war. 8ilateralism could be defined as theconduct of relationship between states in such

a way that e1uidistance with all super powersis manipulated. That there should not be a tilttowards any specific power.


27/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM *+0/-*+3

0uring that period, akistan lessened itsdependence on the "estern %lliance &ystemand developed close and cordial relations with(hina as an alternative source of support

against India. The & adopted an even-handedpolicy toward the akistan and India andsubse1uently suspended military assistance toboth countries.


28/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM *+0/-*+3

0uring this phase, akistan was looking for newfriends in the international arena because theold alignments appeared inade1uate in termsof its security re1uirements. It responded to

&oviet gestures of friendship and its relationswith the &oviet nion improved considerably.%fter the 34B? Indo-akistan war, !oscowoffered to mediate between India and akistan.&oviet nion played a vital role in the Tashkentagreement of Eanuary 34BB. %lso, it once againturned to the Third "orld and !iddle *ast

countries.


29/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM *+0/-*+3

Its relations with the %rab world started to growstronger. 0uring the 34B6 %rab-Israeli war ite$tended all out support for the %rabs.

"ith the assumption of power by .%. 8hutto,

akistan charted a new course in its foreignrelations. Immediately, after coming to power, hetook a tour of >C !uslim countries of the !iddle*ast which he called @a mission of renaissance of

relations with the !uslim world. In 346>,akistan withdrew from the (ommonwealth,&*%T+ and recogni7ed the &ocialist Governmentsof 2orth :orea and 2orth ietnam.


30/74

#R $F 2"('#R("SM *+0/-*+3

8hutto missed no opportunity to e$tend total supportfor %rabs during the 'amadan war of 346 againstIsrael and readily e$ploited the situation to enhanceakistans role in the Islamic world by hosting the

second Islamic &ummit (onference in /ahore in 3465.& akistan relationship was not as cordial as they

were during 34?Cs and 34BCs. Twice the &suspended military aid to akistan during 34B? and

3463 Indo-akistan war.+ne advantage akistan achieved during this *ra was

its increasing economic and political relations withthe Third "orld and the &ocialist (ountries.


31/74

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!'

*++-*+3+

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++


32/74

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-*+3+

The & military, economic and political influence wasli1uidated in Iran in 3464. %fter the revolution, Iranannounced its withdrawal from (*2T+. %lso, (*2T+ hasbecome ineffective owing to the top priority given by the& in the !iddle *ast and the Gulf. %fter Iranswithdrawal, akistan also decided to withdraw, enablingit to =oin 2%!.

akistan was included in the 2%! at the Havana &ummitof &eptember, 3464. Three reasons behind =oining 2%!are#

(hanging geo-political situation in &outh-"est %sia. The'evolution in %fghanistan %pril, 3469 and Islamic 'evolution inIran February, 3464 also compelled akistan to =oin.

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++


33/74

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-*+3+

akistan did not want to remain cut off from the midstreamof politics in the Third "orld. 8y =oining 2%!, akistanhoped to ac1uire recognition and prestige in the Third"orld.

Internally, several political groups had demanded akistans

withdrawal from the "estern %lliance &ystem and wantedthe country to =oin 2%!.

akistans relations with & had deteriorated especiallyafter the suspension of %merican economic raid in 3464

as a protest against akistans nuclear program. 8ut thesituation dramatically changed after 'ussianintervention in %fghanistan which forced &% toreorient its relation with akistan. %sia emerged as a

region of high priority for the & policy-makers.

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-


34/74

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-*+3+

"hile maintaining its membership in the 2%!,akistan signed a .> 349> and 5.C> 349Bbillion dollar package deal with the &. %fter'ussian intervention in %fghanistan, the & did

not ob=ect akistans nuclear program- in fact itreceived a big boost. 0uring this period, followingwere the main ob=ectives of akistans foreignpolicy#

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-


35/74

#R $F !$! ("4!M#!' *++-*+3+

3. Friendly and cordial relations with the eoples'epublic of (hina

>. (lose relations with &

. 8etter economic and political ties with the !uslim

countries5. olicy of 2on-%lignment in world affairs

?. &ecurity


36/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R*++6- S#P'#M2#R **7

166*

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6


37/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-S#P'#M2#R **7 166*

The cold war era which lasted for around 5? yearscollapsed in 344C-3443 as the result of followingevents#Gulf crisis and Gulf war which proved the supremacy

of &-led coalition against Ira1. The 2 &ecurity(ouncil passed several resolutions against Ira1without any resistance from !oscow or 8ei=ing.

The dismantling of "arsaw act and &oviet 0isunion.

The collapse of communist rule in the former &&'and the subse1uent emergence of 3? sovereign statesB !uslim and 4 non-!uslim also encouraged the &to assert its position on the following issues#

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-


38/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-S#P'#M2#R **7 166*

2uclear roliferation, particularly in some developingcountries

%ction against /ibya

&eeking economic concessions from Eapan and "est

*uropean countries to overcome its economic problems8reak up Jugoslavia and civil war which e$posed the

helplessness of *urope interns of ethnic and racialupsurge

Inability of developing countries to seek =ustice fromthe developed world on economic and political matters

Fre1uent intervention of the "est in the internalaffairs of weak and small states.

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-


39/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-S#P'#M2#R **7 166*

"hen the cold war ended in 344C, akistan lost precioustime in ad=usting to the new realities. %s the resultakistan was isolated, pressuri7ed to roll-back itsnuclear program, threatened with the terrorist tag,

silenced on :ashmir, abandoned in %fghanistan and seenwith suspicion even in parts of the %rab and Islamicworld.

For akistan, the post-cold war situation led to many

challenges in conte$t of its relations with India, & and(hina. The & military and economic aid suspensionagainst akistan, new trends in &-Indo relations andthat in relations between 8ei=ing and 2ew 0elhi shouldbe seen in the perspective of new development

priorities.

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-


40/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-S#P'#M2#R **7 166*

It was pointed out by resident Ghulam Isha1ue :han ofakistan that if the 2ew "orld +rder means thedomination or monopoly of one power on the rest ofthe world then it couldnt be acceptable to akistan.

8ut given economic, military, and technologicalsuperiority of the "est compared to the developingworld, akistan and other countries belonging to thenon-western world are not in a position to challenge

unfair acts of big powers. There are also reports with regard to the refusal of G-9

countries &, 8ritain, (anada, Eapan, Italy, 'ussia,France and Germany to render economic and

technological assistance to the developing world.

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-


41/74

#R $F P$S' C$( 5R *++6-S#P'#M2#R **7 166*

The least developed countries that are dependant onthe west for technology and aid, will find it difficult tochange the course of things in the world politics.

+n !ay 39, 3449 and again on C !ay, 3449, akistan

successfully conducted nuclear tests at (hagai hills in8alochistan in reaction to Indian nuclear bomb testing.%s reaction of this event &% clamped economic andmilitary sanctions on akistan under the ressler

%mendment which widened the conventional gapbetween India and akistan. That same year, the intensification of the freedom

movement in occupied :ashmir led to the massive

deployment of Indian troops in occupied :ashmir.


42/74

#R $F 4($2( !'"-

'#RR$R"SMS#P'#M2#R **7 166*-

'"(( PR#S#!'

#R $F 4($2( !'"-'#RR$R"SM


43/74

#R $F 4($2( !'"-'#RR$R"SMS#P'#M2#R **7 166*- '"(( PR#S#!'

The 33 &eptember >CC3 attacks in 2ew Jork and"ashington placed akistan in grave foreign policydilemmas. akistans strategic policy brought it face toface with the & ultimatums#

akistan should disregard the Taliban0iscard Islamic Eihad

0iscard Islamic Fundamentalists and

8ecome an accomplice in the %merican military intervention

in %fghanistan or else face the conse1uences. akistan boldly decided to =oin the international

coalition against the war on terrorism and became afrontline state in this fight.

#R $F 4($2( !'"-'#RR$R"SM


44/74

#R $F 4($2( !'" '#RR$R"SMS#P'#M2#R **7 166*- '"(( PR#S#!'

In 2ovember, >CC3 the & led multi-nation forcesucceeded in removing Taliban from power in%fghanistan and a multi-ethnic interim governmentunder :ar7ai has been installed in :abul. In this

campaign akistan provided bases for launching militaryoperations against Taliban-once akistanCC, &% and 8ritain forcesinvaded Ira1 and dislodged anti-%merican &addamregime.

In these two events, general ervai7 !usharraf fullysupported &%. 8y sei7ing this opportunity, akistanreached a position of eminence on the internationalstage.

#R $F 4($2( !'"-'#RR$R"SM


45/74

#R $F 4($2( !'" '#RR$R"SMS#P'#M2#R **7 166*- '"(( PR#S#!'

/etse$amine the functioning of foreign policy. Threeelements are vital# %ny foreign policy to be successful it has to be rooted in its

domestic base which includes political stability, nationalconsensus, sound economy and 1uality of leadership.

'elationship with distant Godfathers are no substitute for bonds inthe region of a countrys location. akistan can have the bestrelationship with the &, but it looses out on its neighborhood,with hostility from Iran and %fghanistan, distancing from (entral%sia and a cooling off with (hina, then it would end up

undermining its core interests. (ountries deflect pressures and threats through skilful diplomacy,

using innovative and novel means to promote their interests.

#R $F 4($2( !'"-'#RR$R"SM


46/74

#R $F 4($2( !'" '#RR$R"SMS#P'#M2#R **7 166*- '"(( PR#S#!'

In the past 5C years, akistans foreign policy has largely

revolved around a triangle of India countering the adversary,(hina Kthe enemy of my enemy is a friendL and the & serving"ashingtons interests, as in 34BCs, 3463, 349Cs and currently.

akistan needs to build more solid and enduring foundations of

its foreign policy. In the last few years, India has built bridges with Iran, (hina,

%fghanistan, Ta=ikistan and the %* in akistans vicinity, whileat the same time e$panding its diplomatic leverage by forming anew India, 8ra7il and &outh %frica 0ialogue forum I8&%.

%n effective foreign policy re1uires stability and a nationalconsensus on issues. *conomic and technical development onthe basis of self-reliance is e1ually important to advance thewelfare of our people and to back up our international position.


47/74

S$%'8 S"!

SS$C"'"$! F$RR#4"$!( C$$P#R'"$!

9SRC


48/74


49/74

SRC The &%%'( is a regional alliance comprising of the

following countries# akistan, India, 8angladesh,&ri /anka, 2epal, 8hutan and !aldives.

The concept of regional cooperation was initiatedby the resident General ia-ur-'ahman of8angladesh. 0uring his visits to akistan, India,

2epal and &ri /anka in 3469-3464, He put forwardthe idea of &outh %sian 'egional (ooperation. Thus&%%'( came into being.

The first summit of the heads of states and

governments of &outh %sia was held on 6-90ecember 349? at 0haka in which &%%'( wasestablished on 9 0ecember. resident GeneralHusain !ohammed *rshad of 8angladesh was itsfirst chairman.


50/74

SRC Three main reasons were behind this initiative#

0eteriorating international economic environment for&outh %sia resulting from the break-down of the 2orth-&outh negotiations and worsening prospects for the&outh %sian economies.

The emergence of like-minded, western orientedregimes in &outh %sia in eighties.

The &oviet !ilitary intervention in %fghanistan. Thisprompted the &outh %sian leaders to unite to prevent&uper ower intervention and rivalry in &outh %sia, andpromote a regional forum to understand each otherbetter and to have economic, social, cultural andscientific cooperation.


51/74

SRC In creating and running &%%'( all the members

were very cautious and realistic because of theirbilateral problems.

The member countries have so far led twelve

summit conferences. The last being held on >9M>4 %pril >C3C, in 8hutan.


52/74

SRC Fields of Cooperation: the summit meeting of 0haka 349?

established the organi7ation also confirmed the broad areasin which to consolidate cooperation. Including# %griculture

'ural development

Health and population activities

Telecommunications

!eteorology study of atmosphere

ostal services

Transport service

&cience and technology &ports

%rts and culture


53/74

SRC Structure:

the structure is designed in a way that would avoidconfrontation among member states.

The highest decision-making authority rests with @&%%'(&ummit (onference.

The @(ouncil !inisters formulate policies and appoint&ecretary General on the basis of rotation.

$;


54/74

SRC

chievements: although &%%'( members havethe potential to accelerate the developmentalprocess, the results so far have beendisappointing.


55/74

!$!- ("4!#M$=#M#!'

9!M


56/74

!M


57/74

!M 2on-alignment is a political status. It refers to a state that

declares itself aloof from bloc politics and free fromalliances notably military pacts with any bloc or a superpower. To =udge every international issue on its merits. Toavoid taking side in the cold war. !oreover, such a statewould not allow its territory to be used for military basis of

super powers. %fter the end of the &econd "orld "ar, numerous states of

%sia and %frica were able to free themselves from thecolonial rule. The continuous tension between the & and

&&' created great problems for those countries that werenot only small in si7e but were under-developed as well.2one of them could afford to invite annoyance of any ofthe super powers in shape of economic blockade or militaryintervention.


58/74

!MThese countries eagerly wanted to preserve

their independence and become economicallyself-sufficient. "ith this in view, a big gatheringof %sian and %frican states took place in :andy&ri /anka from >9 %pril to > !ay, 34?5, mainlydue to the efforts of &oekarno of Indonesia,Eamal %bdul 2aseer of *gypt, !arshal Tito ofJugoslavia and Eawaharlal 2ehru of India, to

discuss the problems facing their respectivecountries.


59/74

!M The all >4 participating countries mutually concluded

five principles in the (onference as the aims and ob=ectsof the newly proposed platform. They were# To respect and safeguard each others sovereignty, territorial

integrity and independence.

To refrain from acts of aggression and use of force.

To recogni7e the e1uality and liberty of all nations.

To work for an e1uitable world *conomic +rder.

To strive for the end of colonialism and racial discrimination.

akistan became full fledged member of 2%! in the&i$th &ummit (onference which was held at Havana(uba on &eptember, 3464. 8y >C33, the membershipof 2%! rose to 3>C member states.


60/74

$R4!">'"$! $F '8#"S(M"C M$=#M#!'

9$"C


61/74


62/74

$"C It is a symbol of Islamic unity and integrity of

the !uslim world. This organi7ation provides theIslamic world a uni1ue forum to solve theproblems faced by !uslim world and to increasecooperation not only amongst the !uslimcountries but also between other countries andthe Islamic &tates.

8y &eptember >CC5, the membership of +I( rose

to BC !uslim countries. &o far, 33 conferenceshave been held at different places. The last oneduring !arch 3M35, >CC9 in 0akar, &enegal.


63/74

$"CThe salient features of the +I( include#

To promote Islamic solidarity.To consolidate cooperation among member

states in the economic, social, cultural,

scientific and other vital fields.To endeavor to eliminate racial segregation.

To support international peace and security.

To coordinate all efforts for the safeguard ofthe Holy laces and support of the struggle ofthe people of alestine.


64/74

$"CTo strengthen the struggle of all !uslim

people with a view to safeguard their dignity,independence and national rights.

To create a suitable atmosphere for the

promotion of cooperation and understandingamong member states and other countries.

$"C


65/74

$"C

Pa?istan@s contri;ution to $"C:

akistan played a significant role in the establishmentof the +I( in 34B4 and became an active member.

The &econd meeting of the Foreign !inisters ofIslamic countries took place at :arachi from >B to >9

0ecember, 346C. In +ctober, 349C, the resident of akistan was

accorded the uni1ue honor of addressing the 2General %ssembly, on behalf of the entire Islamic

"orld.!r. &harifuddin ir7ada was unanimously elected

&ecretary General of the +I(, for the ne$t four-yearterm in 3495.

$"C


66/74

$"CCauses of $"C failure:

K% toothless paper tigerL, this is what critics sayabout +I(. It is true +I( has never been strongenough to play an important role in internationalpolitics. The main reason +I( was established ?

years ago was to safeguard and protect the !uslimsrights globally, but it has not been achieved. Islamic states have not been in a culture of deploying

their resources in an institutional framework.

The %rab and %frican nations dont have an evolvingpolicy, if it were not for akistan, Turkey, Iran,8angladesh and !alaysia, +I( would have been buriedlong ago.

$"C


67/74

$"C

eople working at the Head1uarter of +I(

Eeddah of different countries, have doubtfulcharacter and abilities.

2early all Islamic countries are ruled by

corrupt and intellectually bankrupt regimes.!uslims have never acted as one nation.

!ost !uslim countries are from the thirdworld and are developing their economics.

The &hia-&unni divide in the !uslim world.

The summit conference has never yieldedpositive results.

$"C


68/74

$"C

0ifferent forms of government are there in

the member countries e.g. 0emocracy,:ingship and !ilitary rule. This is one reasonthere is no coherence and harmony in thethinking of the rulers.

!ost governments are controlled by & eithereconomically or militarily and it has thecapability to direct minor nations especially

the !uslim world.There is a lack of cooperation among the +I(

countries.


69/74

#C$!$M"C C$$P#R'"$!$R4!">'"$!

9#C$


70/74

#C$


71/74

#C$ *(+ was established in Eanuary 349?, its regional

cooperation among akistan, Iran and Turkey. It becamefully operational in 3443. /ater on it increased to tenwhen si$ former &oviet republics of (entral %sia%7erbai=an, :a7akhstan, :yrgy7stan, Ta=ikistan,Turkmenistan and 7bekistan along with %fghanistanwere admitted into the organi7ation.

The e$panded *(+ covered a territory of more than 6million s1uare kilometers- immensely rich in naturalresources including oil and gas. It embraced over ?C

million people, hardworking and imbued with greatentrepreneurial spirit.

#C$


72/74

#C$

*(+ aims to fulfill the following#romote political, economic, social, technical

and cultural cooperation.

*stablish common pro=ects.

romote intra regional trade.Improve means of communication among

members.

(ooperate in shipping, air transport, service,insurance, postal tariffs and tourism.

#C$


73/74

#C$

In *conomic viability, *(+ ranks second

only to *uropean nion. It derives itsstrength from the close pro$imity,common frontiers, !uslim ma=ority,

traditional trade links, common cultureheritage and vast untapped naturalresources of the member countries.

#C$


74/74

#C$

These countries can serve as a huge market for

the consumption of the surplus industrialproducts and agricultural produces of oneanother. For e$ample#akistan, :yrgy7stan, Ta=ikistan, Turkmenistan possess

modern te$tile industry and can provide te$tileproducts and knitwear at cheaper rates.

:a7akhstan, %7erbai=an and akistan produce finecotton in e$cess of their needs.

Iran can provide mineral oil and petrochemicals.Turkey is abundant in processed foods.

:yrgy7stan manufactures agricultural machinery and

%f h i t d f it i l tit

12. pakistan foreign policy

Documents