1202 mccormack[1]
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Elizabeth F. McCormackBryn Mawr College
Jean-Marc FournierInstitute of Imaging and Applied OpticsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology
Tomasz GrzegorczykMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert StachnikChristina River Institute
LaserLaser--Trapped Mirrors in SpaceTrapped Mirrors in Space
Liz McCormack
The LTM DesignThe LTM Design
TRAPPED MIRROR
Laser
Mirror
Star Light
CCD
Particle source
Mirror
Standing wave of laser light traps particles
(Labeyrie, A&A, 1979)(Labeyrie, A&A, 1979)
Liz McCormack
Attributes of the LTMAttributes of the LTMPotential for very large aperture mirrors with very low mass (35 m--> 100g !) andextremely high packing efficiency (35m--> 5 cm cube).
Resilience against meteoroid damage (self-healing).
Deployment without large moving parts,potential to actively alter the mirror’s shape, andthe flexibility to change mirror “coatings” in orbit. .
Potential for fabricating “naturally” co-phased arrays of arbitrary shape as shown at left.
The LTM should be diffraction limited at long wavelengths. For a trapping wavelength in the visible, e.g. 0.5 µm, and operation at 20 µm,the “flatness” of the mirror could be better than λ/80.
Liz McCormack
Laser Trapped Mirrors in SpaceLaser Trapped Mirrors in Space
ArtistArtist’’s view of Laser Trapped Mirrors view of Laser Trapped Mirror(NASA study by Boeing(NASA study by Boeing-- SVS)SVS)
Liz McCormack
Investigation of the Feasibilityof a Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)
Part I: Experimental Status
JeanJean--Marc FournierMarc Fournier
Bryn Bryn MawrMawr CollegeCollegeandand
Imaging and Applied Optics InstituteImaging and Applied Optics InstituteSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology
October 17, 2006 NIAC meeting Tucson, AZ
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM
Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective
• Imaging properties
• Multiple trapping schemes
• Optical trapping and optical binding
• Conclusion and perspectives
• Conferences and publicationsJean-Marc Fournier
F
Refraction force.Hyakutake comet
a photon carries Energy and momentum.
E = c p
a photon carries Energy and momentum.
E = c p
Example of optical forces
Jean-Marc Fournier
Arthur Ashkinphotorefractive effect
four-wave mixing
optical levitation optical trapping
Arthur Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24. 156-159, 1970
Arthur Ashkin, “Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure”,Phys. Rev. Lett. 40. 729-732, 1978
A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,”
Optics Letters 11(5), pp. 288–290, 1986.
Every creative act is a sudden cessation of stupidity
Jean-Marc Fournier
Dipolar trap
Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical TrappingA. Ashkin, Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 24. 156-159, 1970A. Ashkin, Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 40. 729-732, 1978
Fgrad
⟨Fgrad⟩ = ½ α . ∇⟨E2⟩
Fscat
⟨Fscat⟩ = 1/3 α2 k4 ⟨E2⟩
Dipoleapproximation
k4 = 1/cλ4
23
2
1α = a2
nn
−+
23
2
1α = a2
nn
−+
23
2
1α = a2
nn
−+
Jean-Marc Fournier
High Throughput Screening:High Throughput Screening:
Caliper LabCaliper Lab--onon--aa--Chip Technology at Chip Technology at SeronoSerono
Revolutionary Advance in Revolutionary Advance in Laboratory TechnologyLaboratory Technology
Miniaturization, Integration, AutomationMiniaturization, Integration, Automation
Map Discrete Workstations toMap Discrete Workstations tointegrated micro channelsintegrated micro channels
Alex Scheer
Jean-Marc Fournier
Laser532 nmPolystyrene :
refractive index: 1.59density: 1.05
Water :refractive index: 1.33frictioncooling/dissipation
Jean-Marc Fournier
Microscopes and Microscopes and TelescopesTelescopes
CCD
sample
Microscope
∑ob ∑ref
Its not that we need new ideas, but we need to stop having old ideas.
Edwin H. LandJean-Marc Fournier
Labeyrie’sLabeyrie’s VisionVisionStanding wave from laser light traps particles
Particle source
TRAPPED MIRROR
Star Light
CCD
Laser
Mirror
Mirror
A. Labeyrie, A&A, 1979-Marc Fournier
recording reconstruction
inverse propagation
Requires a flat recording wave…Requires a flat recording wave…….easier to make if somewhat convex….easier to make if somewhat convexNot a major problemNot a major problem Jean-Marc Fournier
From the microscope to the telescope?From the microscope to the telescope?
Compensation or annihilation of radiation pressure effect
Maintain a Maintain a parabolic structureparabolic structure
Neutral stateNeutral state(charges are screened)(charges are screened)
No frictionNo frictionDissipationDissipation
30° K30° Kcoolingcooling
In vacuumIn vacuumIn WaterIn Water
TrappingTrapping
Jean-Marc Fournier
Experiments in water _ Year IExperiments in water _ Year I
Work on different trapping Work on different trapping schemes in waterschemes in water
Best size achieved with a 5 Watt Best size achieved with a 5 Watt laser and micrometer laser and micrometer size particlessize particles
Prove experimentally that an Prove experimentally that an optical crystal works as a optical crystal works as a mirror mirror
Jean-Marc Fournier
An LTM in waterAn LTM in water
Self-organization in dipole trapsJean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM
Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective
• Imaging properties
• Multiple trapping schemes
• Optical trapping and optical binding
• Conclusion and perspectives
• Conferences and publicationsJean-Marc Fournier
Mirror function: imaging and focusingMirror function: imaging and focusing
Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror function: Imaging and focusingMirror function: Imaging and focusing
8
f
ff
f
DifferenceWhitout beadsarray
With beads array
Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM
Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective
• Imaging properties
• Multiple trapping schemes
• Optical trapping and optical binding
• Conclusion and perspectives
• Conferences and publicationsJean-Marc Fournier
J.-M. Fournier, M.M. Burns, and J.A. Golovchenko, “Writing Diffractive Structures by Optical Trapping”, Proc. SPIE 2406 “Practical holography”, pp. 101-111, 1995.
M.M. Burns, J.-M. Fournier, and J.A. Golovchenko, "Optical Matter", US Patent # 5,245,466, 1993
Jean-Marc Fournier
NN--Beam interferenceBeam interferencearray of trapsarray of traps
template generation
intensity pattern
Piezo
imaging system
CCD
Jean-Marc Fournier
InterferometricInterferometric trap arraystrap arrays
2 Beams 3 Beams
20 20 µµmm 20 20 µµmm
2 2 µµmm4 4 µµmmJean-Marc Fournier
Creation of High Contrast FringesCreation of High Contrast Fringes
varying fringe spacingvarying fringe spacingSteep gradientsSteep gradients
Sample area
I
I∇sin
sin∇
Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM
Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective
• Imaging properties
• Multiple trapping schemes
• Optical trapping and optical binding
• Conclusion and perspectives
• Conferences and publicationsJean-Marc Fournier
Optical binding force
Consider all fields:Incident and scattered,Near and far
Pair of oscillators:Driven by fields andradiating like dipoles
Solve self-consistency
Ek
B
Jean-Marc Fournier
Jean-Marc Fournier
Binding force
2 2 2binding
sin(kr)F =α k Ir
Scattering force
23
2
1α = a2
nn
−+
2 4scat
1
3F = α k I grad
1
2F α I= ∇
Gradient force
Net Force
Net Force
© J.M. FournierJean-Marc Fournier
Optical binding in dipolar trapOptical binding in dipolar trap
Jean-Marc Fournier
Self Self organizationorganization in a large in a large dipole trapdipole trap
Z=0 µm
Binding and trapping at different positions in a gaussian beam
Z=7500 µm Z=1250 µm
3 W
68 beads 199 beads 198 beads
1 W
64 beads 142 beads113 beads
3.5 µm polystyrene spheres Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical binding in dipolar trapOptical binding in dipolar trap
Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror size: How large?Mirror size: How large?
Bead’s size 2 µmMirror diameter 90 µm
Bead’s size 3.5 µmMirror diameter 77 µm
@ 4 WattsJean-Marc Fournier
Mirror size: How large?Mirror size: How large?
Beads size 5 µmMirror diameter 135 µm
Beads size 6 µmMirror diameter 250 µm
@ 4 Watts
Jean-Marc Fournier
Trapped optical crystal. about 1500 beads (2 µm) in hexagonal traps
Diameter= 240 µm Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical BindingOptical Binding
Stability
Ground state?
Collective effect
Field enhancement
Jean-Marc Fournier
Fixing Trapped StructuresFixing Trapped StructuresFrom dynamic systems to hard copies::
Build efficient diffractive opticsConstruct customized phase functions
J.-M. R. Fournier, M.M. Burns, and J.A. Golovchenko, “Writing Diffractive Structures by Optical Trapping”, SPIE Proceed. 2406, 101-111, 1995
2.9 µm polystyrene spheres
in a polyacrylamidehydrogel
Do we want polymerization or isomeration?
What about self –healing property ?
Jean-Marc Fournier
Collaborators VisionCollaborators Vision
?bert Stachnik
Antoine LabeyrieLTM Collaborators Meetings
- Cambridge, MA, March 2006- Lausanne, CH, July 2006
Jean-Marc Fournier
Collaborators publications related to LTMCollaborators publications related to LTM
M. Guillon, "Field Enhancement in a Chain of Optically Bound Dipoles“, Opt. Express 14, 3045-3055, 2006.
M. Guillon, O. Moine, and B. Stout, “Longitudinal Optical Binding of High Optical Contrast Microdroplets in Air”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 143902, 2006.
M. Guillon, “Optical Binding in Air”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, 2006.
G.L. Lippi, S. Barland, M. Colombet, J. Farmer, R. Kaiser, and J.-M. Fournier, “Light-Mediated Particle Interactions in a Laser Trap”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, 2006.
O. Moine and B. Stout, “Exact Calculations of Optical Forces and Optical Binding in Single and Multiple Beam Optical Traps”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, March 29, 2006.
A. Labeyrie and J.-M. Fournier , “Interférometers and hypertelescopes”, , tribute to P.M. Duffieux and J. Duvernoy, GDR Ondes, Besançon, France, Nov 2005.
A. Labeyrie, M. Guillon and J.-M. Fournier, “Optics of “Laser Trapped Mirrors” for large telescopes and hypertelescopes in space”, SPIE Proc. 5899, 2005.
G.L. Lippi, R. Kaiser, N. Mönter, T. Chanelière, J.-M. Fournier, «Optical binding: a scattering-mediated force arising in micro-and nanoscopic samples”, Proc. European Quantum Electronics Conference, Munich, 2005.
O. Moine, “Modelisation de Forces Optiques”, PhD thesis, Marseille, Nov. 2005. Jean-Marc Fournier
Diffusion regimesDiffusion regimes
0.1λ 10λ
Dipolar modelRigorous
electromagnetic calculation
Geometric optics
characteristic dimensionsof diffusing object
diffusion model
Use a size parameter ka, with:
a: object size .k: wave number of incident beam
ka 0.6 60
O. Moine, PhD Thesis, Marseille, 2005 Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM
Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective
• Imaging properties
• Multiple trapping schemes
• Optical trapping and optical binding
• Conclusion and perspectives
• Conferences and publicationsJean-Marc Fournier
Different trapping schemesDifferent trapping schemes
Optical binding in dipolar trapOptical binding in dipolar trap
InterferometricInterferometric trap arraystrap arrays
MultipleMultiple--beam interferencebeam interference
Fresnel diffraction / Talbot imagingFresnel diffraction / Talbot imaging
Jean-Marc Fournier
Need for better understanding of Need for better understanding of binding and on optical forcesbinding and on optical forces
How far the 1/r force can be carried on? Watch out for How far the 1/r force can be carried on? Watch out for polarization!polarization!
Is it a configuration for which binding would help to Is it a configuration for which binding would help to «« growgrow » the mirror by field enhancement?» the mirror by field enhancement?
Jean-Marc Fournier
ThankThank You !You !Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a Investigation of the feasibility of a laser trapped mirror (LTM)laser trapped mirror (LTM)Part II: theory and modelingPart II: theory and modeling
Tomasz M. GrzegorczykTomasz M. Grzegorczyk
October 17th, 2006NIAC 8th annual meeting
Tuscon, Arizona
Center for Electromagnetic Theory and ApplicationsCenter for Electromagnetic Theory and ApplicationsResearch Laboratory of ElectronicsResearch Laboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
BackgroundBackgroundLaser beams
Gaussian Bessel
Scattering force
Gravitation
Gradient force
Summers et al., “Optical guiding of aerosol droplets”, Optics Express, 14(14), 2006.
Initial references:
•Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, PRL 1970.•Ashkin and Dziedzic, “Optical levitation by radiation pressure”, APL 1971.•Ashkin and Dziedic, “Radiation pressure on a free liquid surface”, PRL 1973.•Ashkin and Dziedic, “Optical levitation of liquid drops by radiation pressure”, Science 1975.
Image: Prof. J.-M. Fournier
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Laser beams
Gaussian Bessel
Scattering force
Gravitation
Gradient force
Summers et al., “Optical guiding of aerosol droplets”, Optics Express, 14(14), 2006.
Initial references:
•Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, PRL 1970.•Ashkin and Dziedzic, “Optical levitation by radiation pressure”, APL 1971.•Ashkin and Dziedic, “Radiation pressure on a free liquid surface”, PRL 1973.•Ashkin and Dziedic, “Optical levitation of liquid drops by radiation pressure”, Science 1975.
Image: Prof. J.-M. Fournier
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
“The stuff of beams”, New Scientist, 13 May 2006.
Mellor and Bain, “Array formation in evanescent waves”, ChemPhysChem 7, 2006.
LASERLASER
Trapping in multiple beams
Source: Prof. J.-M. Fournier, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)
TRAPPED MIRROR
Laser
Mirror
TRAPPED MIRROR
MirrorMirror
Star LightStar Light
CCDCCD
Particle sourceParticle source
MirrorMirror
Concept: Artistic view:
Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophysics 77, 1979.
Advantages (extraordinary)• Arbitrarily large apertures • Exceptionally low areal mass• Self-healing properties• In space deployment• high packaging efficiency• etc
Difficulties (extraordinary)• Damping in free-space• Laser power, coherence• Single fringe trapping• Resist to space environment• Discharge of the dish• etc
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)
TRAPPED MIRROR
Laser
Mirror
TRAPPED MIRROR
MirrorMirror
Star LightStar Light
CCDCCD
Particle sourceParticle source
MirrorMirror
Concept: Electromagnetic view:
Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophysics 77, 1979.
Advantages (extraordinary)• Arbitrarily large apertures • Exceptionally low areal mass• Self-healing properties• In space deployment• high packaging efficiency• etc
Difficulties (extraordinary)• Damping in free-space• Laser power, coherence• Single fringe trapping• Resist to space environment• Discharge of the dish• etc
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Electromagnetic modelingElectromagnetic modeling
Scattering force Gradient force Binding force
The force is unique, obtained from the Maxwell stress tensor or Lorentz force
Need accurate electromagnetic modeling
The field is much more mature from an experimental point of view than from a theoretical/numerical point of view.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Theoretical and numerical workTheoretical and numerical work
Compute the total EM fields in a single-body and multi-body systemsCompute the force on each bodyDeduce the dynamics of the system and look for interesting properties.
Challenges:
Multi-body systems: computing the exact EM fields might be very difficult.
Resort to 2D particles (cylinders) and the Foldy-Lax multiple scattering eqns.
Electrodynamics: density, viscosity, Brownian motion need to be accounted for.
Brownian motion is neglected so far (future work), systems are assumed over-damped (true for water, not true for free-space).
Controversies: lossy media, separation of fields and matter,
Develop a theory that is consistent with momentum conservation, Maxwellstress tensor, and Lorentz force (still being discussed in 2005).
Laser Trapped Mirror
Image formation by scattering from particles, study image quality.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Field scattering by an infinite cylinderField scattering by an infinite cylinder
Field expressions: Cylindrical modes:
Force expression:
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Two particles:
N particles:Total exciting field onparticle j ; solved e.g.by matrix inversion
Scattered field from particle j
Scattered field from N particle
Total field including all interactions
Principle of Principle of FoldyFoldy--Lax equationsLax equations
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Trapping in various sets of Trapping in various sets of sinusoidal trapssinusoidal traps
Source: Prof. J.-M. Fournier, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Three incidences
Matching experimentsMatching experiments
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Two incidences
Matching experimentsMatching experiments
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Two incidences
Matching experimentsMatching experiments
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Three incidences
Matching experimentsMatching experiments
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
• Pure electromagnetic approach• Minimum approximations• Multiple particles in a parabola• Cylinders instead of spheres
Issues:• Size of models• Scaling properties• Feasibility
Einc
2D LTM simulations
Parameters: a=0.3λ, 81 cylinders
Full-wave simulations show a clear focusingfrom even a small number of particles
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
0.4 deg 0.8 deg 1.2 deg 1.6 deg 1.8 deg
2.0 deg 2.2 deg 2.4 deg 2.8 deg 3.2 degФD
1 realization
Monte Carloover 100realization
Parabola equation:
Resolution study
Surface roughness
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Future of LTM modelingFuture of LTM modeling
Our modeling tool gives us a tremendous flexibility to study various geometries of LTMs:
• rough• separated particles• piecewise LTM• effects of “lost particles”
Piecewise LTM
Main issue: scale of the LTM
Separated LTM
Need to find a better algorithm or reasonable assumptions in order to be able to simulate ameter-size LTM.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
ConclusionsConclusions
Important advancements have been done during Year 1:
Understanding of forces in media:Agreement between Lorentz force and Maxwell stress tensor for lossless/lossy media.
Modeling dynamics of 2D particles in an optical latticeExact calculation of fields and forces in complex systems.
Modeling of an LTM:
Demonstration of focusing using exact scattering calculationsStudy of resolution for two incident plane wavesStudy of image quality as function of roughnessNew possibilities for modeling large-scale LTM
Year 2: further modeling and feasibility study of the LTM
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Publications under NIAC sponsorshipPublications under NIAC sponsorship
• Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Ab initio study of the radiation pressure on dielectric and magnetic media”, Optics Express, vol. 13, no. 23, 9280-9291, 14 November 2005.
• Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Lorentz force on dielectric and magnetic particles”, J. of Electromagn. Waves and Appl., vol. 20, no. 6, 827-839, 2006.
• Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Stable optical trapping based on optical binding forces”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 113903, 2006.
• Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Trapping and binding of an arbitrary number of cylindrical particles in an in-plane electromagnetic field”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 23(9) Sept. 2006.
• Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Optical momentum transfer to absorbing Mie particles”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97(133902), 2006.
• Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Passive guiding and sorting of small particles with optical binding forces”, Opt. Lett., 31(22), Nov. 2006.
Journal papers:
Others:
• “Recent advances in optical trapping and binding”, conference session organized by Prof. J.-M. Fournier and Dr. T. M. Grzegorczyk, Prog. In Electromagn. Research Symp., Cambridge MA, March 26-29, 2006.
• “Optical matter, modeling and experimental realizations”, conference session organized by Prof. J.-M. Fournier and Dr. T. M. Grzegorczyk, Prog. In Electromagn. Research Symp., Beijing China, March 26-30, 2007.
• “The stuff of beams” J. Mullins, New Scientist, 13 May 2006.• “Controlling optical binding creates trap for optical matter”, PhyOrg.com, March 22, 2006.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
“The stuff of beams”, New Scientist, 13 May 2006.Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk