121014 vegetation book-wl
TRANSCRIPT
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D6 | Plant Science Parkvegetationwoomin lee
futurechristchurch.camiayoung.jordonsaunders
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Project Description...........................................................3
Research ..........................................................................5
Formal Investigation .......................................................15
Site & Program ..............................................................23
The Design Proposal .......................................................38
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Christchurch city development blueprint release marks not only the start of a framework but another set of questions: how does it measure up not only against international standards but for the reality of the everyday citizens?Is it enough to secure a city voyaging into the 21st century? How exactly will the major parts of the planned precincts turn out architecturally for people to experience?
This project starts to address these questions by designing part of the designated Green Frame of the blueprint. Situated next to Latimer Square, the proposal calls for a plant science research facility. Advancing on the proposedidea of the Green Frame giving to public use, the research facility attempts to closely tie together two user groups of scientist-researchers along with the general public. In this way, the research facility is a park and the park is theresearch facility - a both and situation allowing for mutual benet.
The concept driver is derived from a close study of roots and how it plays these multi-functional roles. When a root sets itself to a soil, it changes the ground condition with its interaction; that is, it makes a soil devoid of life capableof sustaining a system of life around it. This idea along with the geometry of the multi-axis root system became the strategy for the design: the building would be fragmented into smaller laboratories which were interconnected toeach other by the paths just like the roots. Circulation, therefore, denes the building form: this allows for a closer interaction for the forms and the journeying along the site. Exchanges and chance encounters between the scientist-researchers, along with the public, are intended to improve innovation and collaboration. That is, the design is a network of buildings embedded into the garden of plants showcasing the research and plants of Canterbury and theagricultural plants for both the public and scientists.
Thus the design offers a new opportunity for the Green Frame closely relating to the economic activities around Christchurch and with long-term plan in which a deeper understanding of plants can be enjoyed by both public andscientists, furthering a more co-inhabitance between plants and the built environment.
contents
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Vegetation Research
vegetationgroupwoomin lee
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Garden City of Today
GardenCityof Today
The Ecosystem Cycle
Ecosystems
WhenSir Ebenezer Howard rstenvisioned the Gardencity itwas a reaction tothe industrialrevolutionwhich beganto change cities; combining boththe economicp otential broughtbythe industrial revolutionalong with the cleanenvironment of the country.However, withcities
continuing tochange the notionof thisindustrial-country-cityis becoming obsolete.Gardenshave eectivelybecome decorated wallso f a city making the delineation between green-beltand citygreater.
Whatconstitutesthe green-beltisalsobecoming increasinglyambiguous.Isitsupposed tobeonlyparks and agricultural areas?The notionof the Garden-cityhas become increasinglyob-solete incontemporary times; questioning whatthe green-beltcould be.This researchinte ndstolook into ecosystems, centred onvegetation, as a possible source of breaking the boundary
betweencityand greenas separate habitationsand green-space whichperformsto make anew mode of urban.
The understanding of vegetationand nature stemsf rom analysisof the owsand resourcesacrossecosystems.We have attempted toide ntifythe processes thatdrive and maintainecosystems and recog-
nise opportunitiesfor regeneration.Streams of biotici nteractionsand mutualisticrelationshipsbetweenvegetationand the ecosystemsitsupportsshowshow everycomponentof nature isco-dependentand related withina cycle.The lossof habitata nd diversityof indigenouss peciescanbe largelyattributed to the activityof humansthatdisruptthe cycle and donotconform as
partof the ecosystem.Native speciesare usuallyadapted tosupport eachother and there isrealopportunityinrestoring native activitytoitsoriginswhere itwill strive.
ProducersHerbivores
Parasites
ParasitesAnd
Herbivore
Carnivores
Copro- and necrophages
Carnivores
CarnivoresII + IIIOmnivores
Decomposers Decomposers
Short Cycle Long Cycle
greenpartsof the plants
Waste
Saprophages
Roots
phloemstream
(litter)
CO2 of the atmosphere
R es pi ra ti on R e sp ir at io n R es pi ra ti on R e sp ir at io n
SoilRespiration
Pedosphere
Atmosphere{ {
Consumers
Ecosystems in Christchurch
Tussock, GreenSkink, Ti Kouka, Kowhai,Pipit,Mikimiki, Young Plains Ecosystems, Ti Kouka, Kotare,Kanuka,Houhere, Piwakawaka, Kohuhu, Mid Age PlainsEcosystems
Kahikatea, Kereru, Manatu, Lush, Totara, Bellbird,
Matai, Older PlainsEcos ystems, Pukio, Pukeko,
Karamu, PeatPlains Ecosystem
Akeake, Riroriro, Ngaio,Old Dune Ecosystem, Pingao,
Kuaka, Tauhinu, Young Dune Ecosystem, Oioi, Tuturi-
whatu, MarshRibbonwood, Estuarine Ecosystem
dry plains
wetplains
coastalplains
porthills
Christchurch Ecosystems
Dry Plains Wet Plains
The Wetplains have changed drasticallysince humanoccupationandthe eectsof humanactivityhasseena severe lossof original plant
and animal species.The WetPlains historicallysupport ed expansive
podocarp (Kahikatea), wetland and swamp forest.Riccarton bushis
the onlysignicant podocarp wetland forestcurre ntlyremaining. The
honeyeaters , tui and bellbird were importantspecies for pollination
and were all abundantinCanterburyinthe past.
Coastal Plains
Coastal plainsare divided intotwobroad ecosystems: the estuarine andthe dunes.Estuariescontaincomplex ecological conditionsdue itbeingthe pointwhere freshwater meetsthe sea.Cycles of tidesand freshwaterinow produce muchvariationsof water levelsand salinitieswhichthevegetationmusttolerate inorder tosurvive.Dune vegetationsimilarlyare exposed tovarying salinitiesand water levels, butalso toextendeddurationsof droughtof whichPingaohasespecially adapted to.
The dryplainsare part of the alluvial oodplainbuiltup bybraided riversof Canterbury.Prior toEuropean settlement the plainswere covered
withsilver tussock grassland withlocalize d woodland areasof Kowhai,
Cabbage treesand Kanuka.Veryfew of these areasremainwithinthe
citysboundaries, with onlya few shrubs, patchesof kowhai and areas
of grassland surviving.The grassland areasa re cable of supporting an
extensive number of indigenousplant, bird and insectspecies.
houhere
ti kouka
tussock
kowhai
totara
kahikatea
te kakahi
pukio
akeake
pingao
oioi
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Wet Plains Ecosystem
Totaraolder plainsecos ystem
moistand deep kaiapoi soils
Pukio
peatplainsecosystem
wetand peaty waimairi and aranui soils
Kahikateaolder plainsecos ystem
wet taitapu soils
Te Kakahi
dryor stoney
wet taitapu soils
Totara
Podocarpus
totara
Tall, slowgrowing treeswhichprovidefruitfor native
birds
Keruru
New Zealandpigeon.EndemictoNZ, playimportantecological role
Common
plumtree
The Kerurupreferstoeatthe leavesofthe introducedplum treeplant.
Tui
Endemicpasserine birdof NZ.Mainpollinatorsofmanynativeplants
Bellbird
KorimakoEndemicpas-serine bird ofNZ.Pollina-torsof manynative plants
Kahikatea
Dacrycarpus
dacrydioides
Tall native treewhichpro-videsfruitfor
native birds
Kanuka
Kunzeaeri-
codes
Atree orshrub nativetoNZand SEAustralia
Manuka
Leptosper-
mum sco-
parium
Asmall tree orshrub nativetoNZand SEAustralia
Kakariki
Native smallforestbirds.Orange-front-ed parakeetcriticallyendangered
Pukio
Carex secta
Tussock edgeuseful for re-establishingor enhancingwetland areas
Karamu
Coprosma
robusta
Bushyshrub/small tree,widespreadnative species
Kuruwhengi
New ZealandShovelerwhicheatsprimarilythe seedsofaquaticplants
Keruru, Tui,
BellbirdEndemicbirdsof NZwhichdispersethe seedsof
Karamu
Silvereye
Native butnotendemicbirdof NZwhicheatsfruitofKaramu anddispersesseed
Related Na-
tive Plants
Cabbage trees,miro, ax,kowhai, NZ
fuchsia
tall trees
small trees/shrub
tussock/grass
bird species
Related Na-
tive Plants
Beech, Ma-nuka, Kanuka,axseed, grassseed
Insects
Spiders, in-sectsand theirlarvae
Related Na-
tive Plants
fuchsia, kow-hai, ax
Insect:Aphids
Grey
Warbler
Riroriroisa commoninsectivorousbird endemictoNZ
Insects
Caterpillars,aphids, leafminers
Fantail
Small nativeinsectivorousbird widelydistributed in
New Zealand.
Matai
Prumnopitys
taxifolia
Endemic
NZtree
dispersed by
Keruru
other
Coastal Plains Ecosystem
Akeake
old dune ecosystem
droughty waikuku soils
Pingao
young dune ecosystem
droughtyand raw kairaki soils
Oioi
esturine ecosystem
wetand salty motukarara soils
Bracken
Fern
Pteridium
esculentum
Bracken,ground cover
Ngaio
Myoporum
laetum
Native treetoNZ.Fastgrowing ever-greentree
Akeake
Dodonaea
viscosa
Widespreaddistribution.Wood istoughand durable
Grey
Warbler
Riroriroisa commoninsectivorousbird endemictoNZ
Tauhinu
Pomaderris
ericifoliaNationallyendangerednative shrublocated nearcoastal areas
Sand fescue
Austrofestu-
calittoralis
Atussockwhichgrows
withPingao.
Remuremu
Selliera
RadicansNative coastalgroundcoverwithbrightgreenfoliage.
Marsh Rib-
bonwood
Plagianthus
divaricatusShrub whichistoleranttosaltycondi-tions.
OiOi
Apodasmia
similis
Atall reedgrowingonNZsaltmarshes.
Fernbird
Insectivorousbird native toNZ, prefer-ing grounddwelling thanying.
Mingimingi
Coprosma
propinqua
Grows
alongside
marsh rib-
bonwood.
Banded Dot-
terel
Native birdfeeding onmolluscs,crustaceansand insects
Pingao
Desmosch-
oenusspi-
ralisAtype of sandbinding grass
native toNZ.
Inanga
Knownmorecommonlyaswhitebait, itisa scale-lessshwitha
silverybelly.
Silver Eye
birdAbird nativetobothNZand Australia,ithasa fond-nessfor fruits.
Insects
The greywar-bler will feedonspiders,insectsandtheir larvae
tall trees
small trees/shrub
tussock/grass
bird species
other
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moistand deep kaiapoi soils
TotaraPodocarpus totara
Totara isa podocarp tree endemictoNZand was once prominentinthe WetPlains of Christchurch.Itisbestsuited tofull sunor semi-
shade conditionsand isdry/wind/wettolerant.Itwill readilyestablishitself onpasture land and prefersrichmoist non-alkaline soil.
The totara is dispersed by nativebirds which eatthe fruitandexcrete the seed.
USES:
Totara wood isverydurable and canbe used for outdoor landscaping
timber and itisalsofamousforitscarving propertiesmaking itthe primarywood used for Maoricarvings.Before Totara forests
were depleted, itwasalso valuedfor bridge and wharf construction.
Tui and Bellbird
Endemicpasserinebirdsof NZ that
primarilyfeed onnectar, fruitand insects.Theyare examplesof
mutualisticcoevolutionand pollinate manynative plants(suchasmistletoe, fuchsia and
kowhai).
Related NativePlants
Cabbage trees, miro,ax, kowhai, NZfuchsia, mistletoe,Kahikatea, kaka beak,
matai, karamu
Wet Plains Ecosystem - Focus Stream
Totara ecosystem
Kereru ( New ZealandPigeon)
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
Large, enedmicbird of NZthat
primarilyeats fruitsfrom nativetrees.This makesthe Keruru acrucial link inecosystem nutrientcyclesasitsupportsmanynative
treesthatrelysolelyonnative birdsfor distribution.Breeding dependsonthe availability of fruit.
Keruru feed on podocarp speciessuch as Totara and distribute the
seeds.
The populationof Keruru havedeclined since humanoccupation
buttheycanbe found incitygardensand parks.
Common plum tree
The Kereru love toeat the leavesfrom the commonp lum tree whichisanintroduced speciesof plant.Whenavailabilityof fruitisscarce,Kereru relyonleavesas a large partof their diet.
Plum trees grownwell in fertile, welldrained soil. Plumsare versatilefruitthat are enjoyed bymany people. (Fruit, jam, jellies, dried plum,
sauces, desserts)
totara seedtotara bark
maori carving
Bellbird
Kereru
Tui
Native bird species sightings in
Christchurch
Indicatesurbanhabitatand existingbushare suitable for survival
Appropriate ecosystem
Kowhai TreeSophora microphylla
Kowhai tree grow inmild temperate
maritime climatesand are nativetreestoNZ.Theyare partof the dryplainse cosystem, butare a food for
grownShining Cuckoo; especially,attractive tothem for their Kowhaimothslarvae and caterpillar.
Kowhai MothUresiphita polygonalis maorialis
Kowhai Mothisa NZnative insect,
whose caterpillarsfeed onKowhai,brooms, lupin, gorse and clover.
Magpie MothNyctemera annulata
Magpie Mothsare endemictoNZ
whichfeed particularlyonragwort.
Akeake ecosystemDroughty waikuku soils
AkeakeDodonaea viscosa
Meaning forever and everin Maori,referring tothe strengthand durabilityofthe wood, itis a tree capable of growing
up to4m and rarely9m.
Inthe Christchurchcontext, Akeake isan
importantpart of the dune ecosystem -located inthe Coastal plainsregion- as itestablishes eective shelters tosupportlife.Akeake is capable of growing quickly
and withlittle maintenance; and isevencapable of growing inpoor soil conditions.The rapidlyspreading canopyand rootsare the basisof its sheltering abilities
providing bothshade to the dryduneclimate aswell aseectivelystabilisingthe surrounding soil; thus, resisting dune
erosions.
Onthe dunes, itcangrow in the centraland peripherial areas.Thisispossible toits
tolerance to saltsprayunlike manyothertrees.Seedsare propagated bywind.
USES:
The Akeake tree isuse ful inmanyaspectsb eyond itsb enecial impactonthe ecosystem. Itshard and durable
wood makesitsuitable for partsinthe boatindustryand astimber forsmall construction.Leaves of the treeare alsoused in making medicinesfor
bone-fracture and the treatmentofrheumatism.
Grey WarblerGerygone igata
Abird endemictoNew Zealand feeding oinsects, their larvae and spiders.The Grey
warbler or Riroriro, hasbeen able toadapttocivilizations and settlements; hence,being able tobe independentof its natural
habitat, the bush.Thishas beenbenecialtofarmersfrom aneconomicpointof viewdue toit catching insects, rather thanfruit.Theyare active hunterswho are never idle
astheyperchfrom tree totree.
Their special pear-shaped nestshung fromtrees.These nests are protective and are
usuallyenclos ed exceptfor one hole facingawayfrom the prevailing wind.
Interestingly, the Shining Cuckoosneaksinan egg during the second batchof eggs.The GreyWarbler, therefore, raises theShining Cuckoosyoung inits nests.
Shining Cuckoo, PipiwharauroaChrysococcyx lucidus
Parasiticin thatitdoesnot raise itsyoung,the Shining Cuckoolaysits egg inthe nestof a GreyWarbler asitreturnstoNZ.It
migratesfrom New Zealand to the Tropicsand returnsto layitseggs.
The Shining Cuckooisan importantbird
incurbing the numbers of the larva of theblack and white magpie-moth(Nyctemeraannulata) and the Kowhai moth(Uresiph ita
polygonalismaorialis) asmostother birds
avoid them.
Coastal Plains Ecosystem - Focus Stream
Appropriate ecosystem
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SANDWITHFERN, FLAX& GRASS
SWAMP& RAUPO
GRASS
ROCKS
TREES
FLAX
FLAX & GRASS
GRASS & FERN
FERN REGIONAL PARK CEMETERY IMPROVED PASTURE
UNIMPROVEDPASTURE
REGIONAL PARK WATER
URBANAREA
ORCHIDS OR VINEYARDS& PASTURE
HORTICULTURAL CROPS &PASTURE
EXOTICFOREST
GARDENANDCITYHERITAGE
SPORTS PARK
LOCALPARK
FERN& FLAX
RIVERS ORSTREAMS
CHRISTCHURCHCBD
CATHERDAL
CHRISTCHURCHCBD
1856 MAP OF VEGETATION IN CHRISTCHURCH
Map before European settlement showing Christchurch
PRE-EARTHQUAKE MAP OF VEGETATION IN CHRISTCHURCH
Map showing what exists after settlement in by about year 2000
Note:all plantsareindigenous
Changes to the Landscape of Christchurch
Improved Pasture:Well-maintained grassland communitywithme-dium tohighstock densityfor producing mainlywool, fatlambs, beef, dairyproductsand deerfarming.
ExoticForests:Forestplanted where exoticspecies, in particularconifersand broadleaved treesdominate.Theseforestsare mostlymonocultures, withabout200-400 treesper hectare.Growthisfor timber.
Parkswith signicantnative plants:WithinChristchurchthe parksRiccartonBush,TravisWetl and, Horseshoe Lake, Cockayne Reservehave the mostnative plants.Of these, Riccartonbushhasa dense forestof Kahikatea trees.Parksallow for walking, jogging, leisure sportsand sh-ing for the puiblic.
Regional Parks:These parkscontaina varietyof indigenousandexoticvegetationsof whichsome are of special cul-tural importance asithasties withBritishhistory.Parksare mainlyfor walking, jogging, leisuresportsand shing for the public.
Regional Parks(estuary):Containsestuariesand rivers.For publicuse andconservation, activitiessuchas shing and leisureare allowed.Indigenousand exoticspeciesofplantscohabit.
Unimproved Pasture:Low rainfall, poor soilsand more relaxed pastoralmanagementproducing low stock densities, forwool, sheep meatand beef production.Some riskof reversiontoshrub and forest.
Local Parks:Parkswithmixed indigenousand exoticspeciesof vegetation.These are mainlyfor the publictoengage inasciviccentresfor activitiessuchaswalks, jogging, playing (children), relaxing, cyclingand leisure.
SportsParks:Parkswhichare mainlyfor lesiure activitiesofsportsand camping.These sitesmaintainvegeta-tionaccording toneedsof the function, and there-fore, containmostlycontrolled exoticplants.
CityGardens& Heritage:Adiverse range of exoticand indigenousspeciesmaintained intensivelyfor the purpose of viewingand less-physical activitiessuchaswalking.
Cemetery:Gardensarticiallymaintained for the sole purposeof honouring those whohave leftthisworld.Theseplantsvaryand are usuallyexotic.
Orchards/Vineyards and Pasture:Avarietyof tree and vine cropsusuallyproducedcloselywithpastoral farming.The mainfruitsgrownwere apples(pip fruit), pears(pip fruit),plums(stone fruit) and nectarines(stone fruit).
Horticultural Cropsand Pasture:Cropsare mainlyinconjunctionwithpasture lands(hence, having similar vegetationaspastures)producing bothdiaryand eld crops.Cropsareprimarilypeas, beansand sweetcorn.
Ryegrass(Lolium Perenne)Pine
(PinusRadiata)Douglas-r
(Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Eucalyptus(Eucalyptusspp.)
Kahikatea Tree
(Dacrycarpusdacrydioides)
Willow Tree(SalixAlba)
SaltGrass(Distichlisspicata)
Oak Tree(QuercusRobur)
NgaioTree(Myoporum laetum)
Browntop(AgrostisCapillaris)
Cocksfoot(DactylisGlomerata)
Danthonia(Rytidosperma spp.)
SweetCorn(Zea maysconvar.sac-
charata var.rugosa)
Peas(Pisum Sativum)
Beans(Phaseolusvulgaris)
White Clover(Trifolium Repens)
Apples(MalusDomestica)
Plums(Prunuscerasifera)
Pears(Pyruscommunis)
Peach(Prunuspersica)
SweetVernal(Anthoxanthum odoratum)
Yorkshire Fog(HolcusLanatus)
Yorkshire Fog(HolcusLanatus)
Timothy-grass(Phleum Pratense)
Chewing Fescue(Festuca Nigricans)
Red Clover(Trifolium Pratense)
Public Use
Conservation Farming
Map of Pre-Earthquake Christchurch
wheat
Crop RotationCropsare rotated toeliminate pestsand diseases
associated withcertaincropsand tomaximise prots.
VegetablesPasture
Pre-Earthquake Vegetation Study
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Exploration of vegetation in relation to soil/land and the inherent structure of the vegetation itself for amaterials investigation
Formal Investigation
Plant-Ground Studywoomin lee
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Rootstructuresare importantpartsof plants.Rootsinteractwiththe ground conditionestablishing another complexenvironmentbelow inthe soil.Thisiscalled the rhizosphere:the habitatof rootsinsoils,along withother microbessuch asbacteria and fungi which interactintimately withthe roots.The presence of a rhizosphere changesthe soil conditionsdue tothe physicochemical interactionswithin the soil.
Rootsgrow based ontwoprinciple s:its inherentge neticsand the soil conditions.Geneti csare inner organising principles, where asso il conditionsare contextual factorssuch asthe ssures and cracks,availabilityof minerals and water.Rootstructures have multiple purposes:not onlyare rootsresource-seek ing bottom partsof the plant(as opposed tothe shoots), butthey are required for anchoring andstabilising the entire plant.Rootsare therefore ecientbiological structures, utilising a geometryin a varietyof ways.
Root Functions
Toabsorb water and mineral saltsfrom the soil Tostore food from the shootsystem Toform a passage wayfor water and dissolved substancesfrom the rootinto the stem
Tostructurally hold the plantin place from uprooting and overturning
Rootsare vascular meaning thatthey containtwo tubular pathwaysallowing for transporting toand fro heat, water, mineral and food for the plantto function.Roots have dierentfunctions from the shoots:shootsare the top partof the plant(above the ground) whichphotosynthesize and transpire and are the site of sexual reproduction.However, rootsand shootsdo have relationshipsas bothare required for a
plantto grow.That is, rootsand shootsrespond toeachothers eectiveness inobtaining resourcesfrom their respective environments.
Root Structures Investigation
Shootborne rootCotyledon
Tap root
Lateral roots
Basal root
Seminal roots
Firstseminal roots
Soil Surface
Shoot
Dicotyledonous PlantRootTap rooted species
MonocotyledonousPl antRootFibrousrooted species
Tap rootscontai none large primaryvertical rootwith manysmaller horizontal lateral rootsstructures.The long primaryrootdigs deep intothe soil toprovide stabilityand store nutri-
ents.Fibrousrootson the other hand are those thatcontaina lotof seminal roots(lateral rootswhichare assignicantasthe rstroot) and spread widely.These are good for plantstabilisationaswell aserosionresistantmechanisms.
Main Root Types: Tap-roots vs Fibrous-roots
Rhizosphere
Water + Nutrients
Life system established where plant
sets its roots (rhizosphere)
Bulk soil which has all the chemical
nutrients but no life
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Root Structures Reacting to Availability of Resources
Phaseolusvulgaris(shownleft) have dierentrootshapesdepending onthe availabilityof resourcesinthe soil.Thisshowsthatroots
are notonly geneticallydened as tap-rootsor brous-rootsbutare essentiallyshaped byseeking outresources- thatis, theyarecontextuallyse nsitive tothe soil conditions.
Kahikatea Tree Ake ake TreeTotara Tree
Totara tree rootsare essentially tap rootswith manybranchescreating inter-connected networks.There are alsolateral brancheswhichare asthick asthe mainroottap rootalong withmany
secondaryroots.
Kahikatea tree rootsare extremely linear inthat there isa very
long tap rootwith lesser amountsof branching inthe rootsystem.Thisis probablyto stabilise the tree from overturning and toexplore water deeper inthe soil system.
Ake ake tree rootsare brouswithmainstrandsspreading outradiallywithaboutequal thickness.Thismakesthe rootsystemconnectto one central pointand eventuallyspreadsoutto smaller/
thinner points.Additionally, the broussystem hasgreater surfacearea and therefore able todraw more water inand alsobe able tocompactthe surrounding soilsmore.
Christchurch Tree Roots Existing Study
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Root Systems Component Breakdown (ROOTMAP generated)
Single axisand rstorder laterals Single axisand three order laterals Multi-axisand rstorder lateral Nodominantaxiswithmanybranching
Generating 3d Branching System
Single AxisGeometry:
Distributive propertyof one primaryaxisbreaking downintosmal ler branches(or alternatively, manystartingpoints all joining up toone primaryaxis).
Tap-RootAxisGeometry:
Strong linear focuswithfewe r brancheschanneling all toone directpathalong withsome sub-pathswhichexitoutof the system.
Multi-AxisGeometry:
Multi-directional focusin particular radiallys preadsout.One centre pointwhi chall things either converge toordiverge from; along withsub-centres inwhich all come
together.
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Site & Program
Investigation in Christchurchwoomin lee
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Christchurch
CBD
Burnside
Cashmere
Heathcote
Ouruhia
Redwood
Sydenham
Woolston
BurwoodSaint Albans
Lyttleton
New Brighton
Site Analysis & Program
Site Location:Christchurch, SouthIsland of New Zealand
Located withinthe CBD area.
UrbanArea (Chch):452 km2Population:380,900
PopulationDensity: 840/km2Maineconomic sector:Agriculture
ProposalTypology:Plantand food research centre witha publicex hibitionand learning centre - todevelop and promote New
Zealandsa griculture sector.
Siteno.3
AngelaHannah
Siteno.2
Siteno.1
Potential Sites
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ChristsCollege
ChristsCollegeResidence
BotanicGardens
HagleyPark
CrammerSquare
Siteno.1
ChchArt Gallery
CanterburyMuseum
Arts Centre
Chester St
Armagh St
Gloucester St
CrammerSq
MontrealSt
Park Space
Schools
Residental
Arts and Culture
Sporting
Accomodation
Crammer Sq
Siteno.3
AngelaHannah
Siteno.2
Siteno.1
CPIT
Hi ghS t
Green Spaceproposal
(theFrame)
Bus interchangeproposal
Innovation Precinct proposal
Retail
Car park
Religious
Education
Siteno.2
Siteno.2
Potential Sites: Site1 vs Site2
Three siteswere selected due tothei r proximitytoei ther greenspaces, educational zones,innovative sectorsand proximityto bothAngelas and Hannahsarchitectural proposal sites.Then, the siteswere observed more closelyto see if there were anyother benets of the sitelocations- such asaccomodation, retail and other attractive social-cultural and environmental
benets.
Site no.2 hasmany potentials: connection to a proposed bus interchange, innovationprecinctand partof the frame.However, Site no.2 asan existing site isthe car-retail zone onthe fringe ofthe city. Althoughif the CBD plans are considered there are attractive locations,
during itsconstruction phases the new will have tocompete hard tore-vitalise the site.Alsothe site is very far fromHannah and Angelas proposed sites making itharder torelate andtherefore utilise their ideas.
Site no.1hasconnectiontothe verylarge greenspace: Hagley Parkand the Botanic
Gardens.However, these greenspaceswill be hard to develop to their already establishedpresence.HagleyPark also hasgolf courses.Additionally, the site isheavilyoccupied bysecondaryschools ; whichare programsthat are harder toreplace.
Accomodation & Housing
Green Space& Public Space
ParkingSpaces
Retail,Business and Oces
Cultural and Social Spaces
Institutional Spaces
Religious Spaces
Educational Spaces
Angelas Proposed Site
Chosen Site
Gloucester St
Worcester St
Hereford St
ManchesterSt
Cathedral Sq
MadrasSt
Lati
merSq
Lat
imerSq
Chosen:Site no.3
Site no.3hasthe mostpotential:- Relates toAngelas project- allow for nearbyaccomodation for researchcentre workers;
- Extremelycentral and close toCBD;- Proposal canchange the mainlyresidential-retail based economiesto incorporate more intellectual and benecial workbase;- Achance tore-vitalise Latimer Square, the silentstreet of Worcester St;
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Accomodation & Housing
Green Space& Public Space
ParkingSpaces
Retail,Business and Oces
Angelas Proposed Site
Chosen Site
Gloucester St
Worcester St
Hereford St
ManchesterSt
Cathedral Sq
MadrasSt
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
Accomodation & Housing
Green Space& Public Space
ParkingSpaces
Retail,Business and Oces
Cultural and Social Spaces
Institutional Spaces
Religious Spaces
Educational Spaces
Angelas Proposed Site
Chosen Site
Gloucester St
Worcester St
Hereford St
ManchesterSt
Cathedral Sq
MadrasSt
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
Site no.3 Context: Existing vs Proposed Blueprint
Existing Programs:The site being inclo se proximityto Latimer Square isa bonusas well asthere being plentiful accomodation.
Thiscould potentiallymeanthatthere canbe reductionsintransportationaspeople are allowed tocommutevia walking aswell asbeing able to house internationalscientists.
There are manyretail and institutional sitesalong withannearby central square where the CBD convergesto.
Proposing a researchand development maybreakdownthe retail do minance and provide a more mixedeconomyto CBD.If successful, the proposal canactivateLatimer Square asa new public space.
Proposed CCDU Blueprint Programs:Along withthe advantagesof being close toeverything inthe CBD, there are especiallymany moreopportunitessuchas:being embedded intothe green
Frame; the promixityto the central library; betterpublicex posure and therefore capable of appealing topublicinteres t.Performance& Arts Precinct
Green Space& Public Space
ParkingSpaces
Site isclose to residential zones(reduce trac/international scientistresidences)
Site isan integral partof the Frameand Latimer Square(canbe the researchlab for developingthe greenspaces)
Site isclose toretail(accessible shoppingareasfor workers)
Site relatestoAngela
and HannahsProjects(housing &oces)
Site hasgood publicexposure(educational for all)
Site isclose totheCentral library(exchange ideas/resources)
Site no.3: Context Next to Latimer sq.
There are manyadvantages of placing the site nextto Latimer Square:the close proximityto the CBD, good publicexposure, embedded intothe proposed Frameand nallyit isstrategi callyplaced for the researchcentre to enhance and develop the citysgardens and ecologies.
0
100m
N
N
0
100m
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LatimerSq
LatimerSq
MadrasSt
ManchesterSt
Gloucester St
Worchester StCathedral Sq
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
MadrasSt
ManchesterSt
Gloucester St
Worchester StCathedral Sq
Pre-quake vs Post-quake
Pre-quake Site Plan
Post-quake Site Plan
Demolished/Destroyed buildings
Surviving buildings/Will remain
Latimer Square
Demolished buildings
Pre-quake vs Post-quake
Manyof the buildingsare gone due tothe earthquake. Latimer Square especiallyhas verylittle
buildingson it.This will form the GreenFrame.
Before the earthquake site photo
Panorama of the siteselevation Photoshowing the demolished and destroyed buildingsof Chistchurch
0
100m
N
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LatimerSq
i
Gloucester St
Worchester Stl
Area= 15,954m2
Volume = 335,034m3
Building Max Area & Volume
MaximumBuildable Volume
Based onChristchurchsdevelopment blueprint, the maximum heightof a building onthe sitecanonly be 21m.Along withthe available area from all the demolished buildings, anarea of
15,954m2, givesa total volume for the building to be 335,034m3.Thisamountsto a building of max 6standard storeys.
Building HeightRestrictions for the CCDUBlueprint
The ChristchurchCBD blueprintrestricts the heightsof thebuildingsinorder toincrease density.Thisis because the
existing CBD containtall buildingswithan inconsistentoorarea space leaving large gapsin between.
The maximum area iscalculated bysubtracting the remaining buildings.It isassumed thatthe entire demolished area is
capable for use for the new researchcentre.(However, mayneed car park spaces).
Building heightres trictionsacross the CBDBuilding heightrest rictionsacross the CBD
Research Facility Industry Breakdown
What is the built proposition? Plant, food and agriculture researchcentre for the storage of native plant seeds, the geneticresearchand alteration of plants, plantsfor the general landscape (of NZ).
Who is it servicing?Trying toattract the intellectual sector, especiallyscientists whocan use the CBD asa meeting point/research& businesshub tomarketproductstothe international and domesticmarket.Itisalso for the publicto learnabout
growing plantsand the researchoutcomes ingeneral (as there are publicde mand).
Seed Researchand Improvement
PlantResearch
FarmsSeed Distributor
Engineering seedsfavorablefor productionintodays
climate.
Other usesfor plants,suchasnative species
and their uses.
Massproductionof seeds
Farmersuse togrow
better produce
Native PlantsResearch&
Conservation
Research facilitywill incorporate thispart of the
chainof the agricultural industry.The improved
seedswill thengo toa seed-distributor
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Plant GrowingFacility
Storage
Security
Labs
Oces
Research Space(library/lecturetheatre)
Public Exhibition Space 21%
11.5%
25%
12%
5%
2%
2%
Services 11.5%
~4,800m2
Area= 15,954m2
If the requirementsof the builtarea isabout
4800m2, thenthatis about30% of the maximum
buildable area on the site.Thismeansthatmore
ideascanbe used.
Functions Associated with Resarch Facility
Functionsfor the Research Facility& relative areas Area of the site
Arrangement of the Programs (initial)
Based uponthe rooting system, the functional diagram intentionis tocreate a centralised space whichbrings together all the elementsfrom the researche ld.Around the central areasare more growing facilities alongwithservicesfor resting and to have the workershave a place to relaxwhennotworking.Labsare connected to the practical parts, and oce spacesare givento scientistsfor an enclosure towork on other documents/presentations.
Initial arrangementof the programs diagram
Researcher-staffareasPublic access areas Public access areas
PublicExter ior Gardens
Security
Retail (cafes) StorageFacility
Labs
Services(Restarea)
Services(Restarea)
PublicExhibitionSpaces(informationstands/semi-exterior plantsh owcase)
SpecialistPlantGrowing Facility
SpecialistPlantGrowing Facility
SpecialistPlantGrowing Facility
ResearchSpace (library, lecturetheatre)+ Meeting/conference
Administration
PublicExterior Gardens
Security
Retail (cafes)StorageFacility
Labs
PublicExhibitionSpaces(informationstands/semi-exterior plantsh owcase)
SpecialistPlantGrowing Facility
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Design Specication
Purpose ofthe building
- Aresearchand development facilitybas ed around studying native plants, storage of seedsand the developmentof agricultural/pastoral seeds.Thisbuildi ng isto be embedded heavilyintothe public realm of the green-frame.Hence, the building will be embedded intothe publicpark, which will exhibitnative plants along witha possible visitor attractionand infocentre and cafes/restaurants.- Partof a three-tier process:a) researchinto plants/seeds and producing more favourable crops, b) selling these toseed-growerswho thenmass-produce seeds, c) whichare thensold tofarmers.
Expected users:- Building userswill include scientists(the main researchers) of bothdomestic and international origins, servicing sta(cleaners, security, administrationsta, guidesto the park), publicpe ople for bothinte restsin plantsandthose whowant a nichearea for leisure, gardeners.
Cultivatorsand plantgrowers inspecial ised greenhouse places.Associated investersand businesssector.Cafe/Restaurantworkers.
Approximate number ofusers guide and durations:- About100 scientistsworking from 9-5pm.- About5 restaurant/cafe workersfrom 9-5pm.- About20 cultivatorsof plants/gardenersto maintainp ublicpark &greenhouse from 8-4pm.
- About20 stamembersf or tending tobusines s/reception/information services9-5pm.- 5 securitymembers (around the clock), 10 cleaners, 5 guides tothe park/information centre people.
Spaces and their accomodation:
- Provide immediate physical connectionsbetween the laboratoryand itss urroundings.All working areas(labs, oces etc) were incorporated ontoa single oor toencourage communication and improve relationshipsbetweenfunctional areas.- Allow spacesto maximise natural lighting.
- The building should foster a sense of communityand conviviality:A lotof what modernscience is aboutis people working together.Its aboutteams of people, interactions, collaborations.Scientistsdontgoup and downstairs; theyprefer tointeracthorizontally.Putting people on one oor is the bestway of making people communicate.- Accommodate for the needsof scientists for private thought, experimentation, discussionand debate along withexchange and social needs.- Flexible enoughto accommodate as-yet-unforeseenchanges inthe nature of plants cience.
Relations between spaces:- Maximise exposure toprograms and the landscape/public park.
- Allow for private areasfor private thoughtbut make them jointo spaces of livelysocial/informal/communal spaces.- Allow circulationto provide for opportunitiesof exchange bykeeping building ashorizontal as possible (i.e.on one plane).
Functions +Space requirements:
- Visitor attractionce nter - info+ cafe/restaurant(10m by 10m for cafe, 100m2)- Greenhousesfor growing plants/producing seeds(10m by 19m, 190m2)- Seed bank vault
- Labs- twocategories: highlyspe cialised interior environments, storage facility, normal labs.(l ab:3.6m by 6m, 21.6m2; support:40m2)- Auditorium (15m by17m, 255m2)- Library+ studyspace- Conference/smaller meeting rooms(5m by5m, 25m2)
- Lobby, informal butsheltered areas- Services- toilets, coee machines/small microwave/sinks- Stafacilities: maintenance, security, oces- Oce spacesfor scientists(5m by 5m, 25m2)
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Lecture Theatre/Library
VisitorsCentre/Exhibition
PlantGrowingSpace
ResearchLabs
Offices
OverallApproach:The conceptis inherentlysymmetrical toreach outfor the four surrounding urbanblocks.Here, the rooting system istaken ini tsmost literal form, utilising the four branchessyste m.
Massesare ineectformationsof branches, thatreachoutto draw people in.There isa publicfront, represented bythe four major branches, thenas you godeeper insider, you gettothemore specialised scientistarea.
Analysis:Conceptis veryimposing and doesnotretainthe greenframedesignation.Thatis, thebuilding is toolarge and the publicspaceshave been heavilycompromised.Perhapsitcouldthe building could allow for people towa lk through.
Fig 1.Functional arrangementof massing concept Fig 3.Side viewof the massing concept
Fig 4.Programsequences fromside
Fig 2.Exterior viewof the massing concept
Concept Designsfour-axis root system
Public
Auditorium Auditorium
PublicResearch ResearchAdmin
The Design Proposal
Plant Science Parkwoomin lee
C D i C D i
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OverallApproach:Thisconceptutilisestwotap-rootswithsingle order branching asa wayof organisingthe spaces.The rootbecomes a long corridor of oces, whereasthe branchesare labs
and planting spacesfor dierenttype sof research.It formsa strong linear connectiontoCathedral square, and relatesto the neighbouring green-frame withpla nting.
Analysis:
Conceptis lower and more dispersed; however, there isstill the issue of the architectureoverwhelming the gardenspace. Additionally, itforces a single route/pathwayfo r people andtherefore onlyallowstwosides toengage withpublictoenter intothe building whereastheother twosid esare reectiveformally.
Fig 5.Functional arrangementof massing concept
Fig 6.Exterior view ofthe massing conceptalong with green integrated into it
Fig 7.Interior layout
Concept Designstwo main tap root system
PlantingLabs(Public can view fromOutside)
Garden/Green space
LatimerSquare
GloucesterSt
DesignatedGreenFrame
DesignatedGreenFrame
WorcesterSt
Lab Oces
Public ArcadeSpace(Exhibitions/Cafe)
Allow for ow directly in space
Oces
Oces
Public
Labs Labs
LabsLabsLabs
Labs
Concept Designsmulti-axis root system
Lab Space
Exhibitionof
Plantsresearched
Interconnected withanother
module of lab-exhibition
(Like rootstangling)
Artificial treeswhichshelter plants
Lab Spaces
Wondering Space/Publicpark space
Zonesof Pavilions:
Containsone clusterof Canopies
PublicPark integrated
intothe ResearchSpaces
OverallApproach:Incontrast tothe other twoconcepts, I thoughtit would be better if somehow the
architecture was integrated tightlyintothe idea of the park.Thisway, itcanretainitsresearchfacilityal ong withrelating tothe other green-frame parks.Multi-axisroots have beenconsidered where dierentroots are planted ontothe site and form clustersof pavilion-like
spacesof labs, plantgrowing placesnearbywhile alsoallowing the publictowalk by.
Analysis:Conceptis verypromising:itallowsfor the park-like qualitytoexist.People are able to
wonder intothe spaces, justas ina forest or park.Noroutes are forced, therefore, allowspeople tomake their ownchoices. These spatial qualities, along withthe site strategy ofdistributing fragmentsof functionsa crossthe site isappe aling.
F ig 8 . P la n o rg an is at io n o f o ne m ul ti -a xi s r oo t F ig 9 . Pl an o rg an is at io n o f th re e mu lt i- ax is r oo ts F ig 1 0. S i te o rg an is at io n
Fig 11.Spatialquality ofwhatit mightbe like inside
C t D iis
n
frst
r
rlt
r
k
n
D l i C t
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Concept Designsevaluation/comparisons
n f v i l i n :
n t i n n c l u t rf n i
u l i c r k in t r ti n t t h r c h
c
Single-Axis RootSystemMassing:
+: Interior and exterior owfor public
Strong linkto the city centre
Alot ofexhibition space available for people
- :Strong in one direction butnot so on allthe other directionsArchitecture overpowers the public idea ofthe CCDU plan even
though itis more spread outthan the four-axis rootsystemCorridor ofoces may notbe the bestway of arranging spaces
Single-Axis RootSystemMassing:
+: Strong relationship between the 4 adjacentspaces
Strong potentialrelation between park/public
spaces and the laboratory spacesSpatially works better than the other two, due to it
being more related to the idea of green frame
- : Harder to formalise the relationships
Four-Axis RootSystemMassing:
+: Reaches outto the public through four roots
Simple symmetries facilitate for researchers and public
spaces
- :Massing is v ery imposing on the siteNo park-like quality and therefore lackofintegration
into the green frame
in
l
is
n
frst
r
rltrls
in
l
is
n
thr
r
rltrls
ulti-
is
n
frst
r
rltrl
min
nt
is
ithm
ny
rnchin
r
t
t
c
n
nt
r
n
T
n
rt
17
in
l
i
n
fr
r
rl
rl
in
l
i
n
hr
r
rl
rl
uli-
i
n
fr
r
rl
rl
min
n
i
ihm
n
rnchin
in
l
is
n
frst
r
rltrls
in
l
is
n
thr
r
rltrls
ulti-
r
c
n
n
r
n
r
PlantingLabs(Public can view fromOutside)
Garden/Green space
LatimerSquare
GloucesterSt
DesignatedGreenFrame
DesignatedGreenFrame
WorcesterSt
Lab Oces
Public ArcadeSpace(Exhibitions/Cafe)
Allow for ow directly in space
Lecture Theatre/Library
VisitorsCentre/
ExhibitionPlantGrowing
Space
ResearchLabs
Offices
Developing Conceptmulti-axis root system
OverallApproach:
Producing a tree ongrasshopper thenat the end of the branching, pointswe re produced.These were thenconnected to producespla nes(g 14.) .These were tomimic the clustersidea and each dome-like space was tohold a dierentenvironmentfor dierentplantsto
grow and be exhibited inthe park.
Analysis:The idea of enclosing the whole park mayremove the spatial qualities withinthe spaces. It
producesan extremelya rticial interior experience whichgoes againstthe idea of the nature.However, the wayin whichlaboratories (indicated inred ing 12.) are scattered along withthe idea of having the park ow along isinteresting. Additionally, the idea of having treeshapescould be applied tothe facade.
Fig 12. Spatial quality of tree-made dome Fig 13. Site organisation of the tree-dome
Fig 14.Generation of the tree dome:tree was generated on grasshopper, then the endofeach branch was joined together to create a fragmented planar surface.The treewas then later removed.
D l i C t D l i C t
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OverallApproach:
Adopting the idea of magneticelds, the laboratoryspaces are located atthe equipotentialpoints.Then, root-like structuresa re planted tocreate more tower-like working environment:separating the work tothe above ground and the park tothe below ground.Connections are
made onthe upper storeyfor workersto circulate.
Analysis:Having the working space dierentiated by heightisa logical move as itallowsfor better
working environmentwithi nthe park.However, considerationmust be takento the avoid acomplete dissociation:science must still engage withthe public.Additionally, these are tootall for ittobe practical and still remainas a large partof the park.Magneticeldswhilstinteresting do notprovide a wayof organising the park/plantsonthe
park.
Developing Conceptmulti-axis root system
Fig 14.Planted-roots spatiality Fig 15.Overview ofplanted-roots
Fig 16. Magnetic eldlines with blue indicating root-structure
Developing Conceptmulti-axis root system
OverallApproach:Randomlyplanted rootsare placed onsite where the grid isdistorted. Thismakes the
column-likespacesfor labs and oces; and gapsfor the gardensand exhibition.Eachrootalsoreactstoeachother and jointocreate interesting forms.
Analysis:Rootsdistortthe grid, and itworksinplan.However, itdoesntwork inthree-dimensions:problemsraised previously are exist.Toomuch roof dominating the park spaces and alsothe formscollide witheachother.From Cross-crit, itwaspointed out thatscale wasa major
factor along withcle arlydening programs.This and the previousthings could inuence mydirectionfor the nextconce pt.
Fig 16. Distorting the grid where plants are rooted Fig 17. Spatiality of the distorted grid
Fig 18.Randomly plotted roots aecting the grid
Pre Earthquake CCDU Blueprint and the ProposalPrograms on Site
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Accomodation& Housing
GreenSpace& Public Space
ParkingSpaces
CulturalandSocialSpaces
InstitutionalSpaces
Religious Spaces
EducationalSpaces
ChosenSte
GloucesterSt
WorcesterSt
ManchesterSt
CathedralSq
MadrasSt
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
Retail, Business andOffices
Accomodation& Housing
BuildingZones
GreenFrame
ChosenSite
GloucesterSt
WorcesterSt
ManchesterSt
CathedralSq
MadrasSt
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
PlannedPrecincts
ParkArea
Accomodation& Housing
BuildingZones
GreenFrame
ChosenSite
GloucesterSt
WorcesterSt
ManchesterSt
CathedralSq
MadrasSt
LatimerSq
LatimerSq
PlannedPrecincts
Park Area
PRE-EARTHQUAKE
SITE
CHRISTCHURCH
CITY DEVELOPMENT
BLUEPRINT
PROPOSED GREEN FRAME
PLANT SCIENCE PARK
Pre-Earthquake, CCDU Blueprint and the ProposalPrograms on Site
Programsdist ributed onSite
Programsand their Relative Area
AGRICULTURAL/PASTORAL SEEDSRESEARCH LABS
NATIVE PLANTS RESEARCH LABS
SEEDS STORAGE AND RESEARCHLABS
AUDITORIUM
OFFICES + MEETING ROOMS
(COMPANY ADMINISTRATION)
LIBRARY + VISITORS CENTRE
CAFE + RESTAURANT
0
0
5m
10m
100m
N
N
Circulation on Site Plan of the Site
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48 49
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 13.
14.
15.
16.
16.16. 17.
18.
12.
12.
A A
1.Meeting/RestArea
2.Computer/Write Up Area
3.DryLab
4.WetLab
5.Storage
6.Greenhouse
7.Auditorium
ONE BUILDING
Dierent programs are enclosed in one building and publiccirculation is limited to the peripheral area
NETWORK OF BUILDINGS
Fragmenting programs across the site allows for spaces in between for thepublic to interact with programs
APPLYING THE ROOT SYSTEM
Not only are the programs fragmented, but the paths start to take the role of shaping the forms/volumes for greater interaction
between public and researchers. It additionally retains the park-like quality.
Public
Researcher
Circulation on Site Plan of the Site
0
1m 10m
N8.Projector Room9.Reception
10.Meeting Oce
11.Oce
12.Bathrooms
13.Cafe
14.Kitchen
15.Visitors Centre
16.Library
17.Help Desk
18.Public Computer AccessPoint
Planof all the buildingsonSite
Site Section Inside the Lab
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Laboratory Laboratory LaboratoryAuditoriumCafe Oce GreenHouse
0
1m 10m
Site Section
Interior of a Laboratory
Inside the Lab
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52 53Exploded Axoof One Oce Space
Steel Portal Frames
Timber RainScreen
Plywood Lining
Storage
DryLab
Dek Cradle Timber Joist
Fume Hoods(WetLab)
Meeting/RestArea
Timber RainScreen
FLOOR FOUNDATIONJUNCTIONDETAIL (1:10 SCALE)
Using Dek Cradle system whichallowsfor a more comfortable oor tostand onas well asproviding a exible service area underneath.
Timber Rainscreen
Rigid Insulation
I-Beam Column
Dek Cradle Floor System
I-Beam withservice
Concrete Rafter 800x400
Sand
Timber Floor Joists
Inside the Oce One Lab Cluster
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Interior of the Oce Space inthe PlantScience Park
Inside the Oce One Lab Cluster
VIEW INSIDE THE SCIENCE PARK NEXT TO THE LABS
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Plant Science Park in the Urban Context
Urban Context