Bicol University

College of Nursing

Legazpi City

Potential Insecticidal Activity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium Sativum Linn

(Bawang), and Nepeta Cataria (Catnip) against Periplaneta Americana (American

Cockroach)

Researchers:

Jayne Ann V. Yap

Julie Ann Collantes

Karissa R. Gentica

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Over the centuries, human beings have encountered different kinds of problems

in dealing the growing population of pests at the environment, fields or even at home. A

pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or

livestock production)1. Alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance

and epidemic disease associated with high mortality (specifically: plague). In its

broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity.2 Examples of these include those

organisms which is a vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry the

plague disease, mosquitoes which carry vector malaria, ticks which carry Lyme

disease, and cockroaches brought dysentery, typhoid, gastroenteritis, as well as

poliomyelitis. Though there were already researches conducted to minimize it, but still it

becomes undefeatable.

Health is responsible for the promotion of healthy environmental conditions and

prevention of environmental related diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies.

Cleanliness in the house means health in the whole family. Environmental sanitation is

still a health problem in the country. This includes sanitation of public places and food

sanitation as well. Environmental sanitation is still a health problem in the country today.

Diarrheal diseases still rank in the leading causes of morbidity among the population.

Other sanitation-related diseases are intestinal parasitism, infectious hepatitis, and

dengue or hemorrhagic fever which can be controlled or eradicated by health programs

on proper environmental health sanitation. Diarrhea occurs when insufficient fluid is

absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is

mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to

reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a

semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited,

and watery stools result. It is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial

toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an

otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few

days and at most a week.

Sanitation is very important to reduce cockroach infestations. Cockroaches need

water and food to live. By limiting their access to these resources, you reduce their

ability to survive and reproduce. It is difficult to make your home and other buildings

completely unacceptable for cockroaches and rats, but you can minimize an existing

infestation when improving sanitation. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases (NIAID) conducts and supports basic and applied research to better

understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.

For more than 50 years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostic

tests, and other technologies that have improved the health of millions of people in the

United States and around the world.

Bacteria and virus is transmitted through pest’s feet, other body parts or their

urine and stool. If the pest makes contact with the host’s food, pathogens can be

transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host. Another mode of transmission is

when the disease agent or bacteria enters the body through cuts in the skin and through

the linings of the eyes, nose and throat. Insects and other pest are known to be a carrier

of viral infections and bacteria.

One of the major responsibilities of public health system is to ensure the safety of

food supply. Recently, professional organizations have emphasized the need to

enhance public education about environmental sanitation. Public health is the effort

organized by society to protect the health of its members. On all levels-local, national,

and international-the major concerns of public health agencies are the assurance of

wholesome food and clean water, adequate sanitation systems, the prevention or

control of epidemic and endemic diseases, the delivery of health care to needy

population groups, and the formulation of laws regarding health.

This research was conducted to discover plant-derived product with pesticidal

property that helps in minimizing and eradicating the proliferation of this pests. Pest

control is the term used for it. It refers to the regulation or management of a species

defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health,

the ecology or the economy.

In Philippines, there are many medicinal plants that are poisonous to insects and

pests. There is a necessity to find cheap pesticides for the diverse needs of agriculture,

destruction at house hold pests and prevention of vectors of diseases that are prevalent

to our country. It is an advantage to use botanical plants in creating a new pest-

management agent because it is obvious of its abundant resources in the Philippines.

On this ground work, we investigated the effects of GliricidiaSepium (Kakawate),

Allium Sativum Linn (Bawang), and NepetaCataria (Catnip) for their insecticidal effect

against cockroaches based also in some studies internationally and locally.

Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is

an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May.  It was

determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away

insects and pests. Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thorn less tree which

usually attains a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal

diameters reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish

grey to deep red-brown. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub opposite or

opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3

cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Flowers bright pink to

lilac, tinged with white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the

standard petal, calyx glabrous, green, often tinged red. Fruit green sometimes tinged

reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2

cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly

round.

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus,

Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive [3] andrakkyo.[4] Allium

sativum is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. The Garlic plant have 6-12

long, narrow and flat like grass leaves. The most important part of this plant for

medicinal purposes is the bulb. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets, known as

'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a

sac. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves, and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The

flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. Allium sativum has an annual life

cycle.

Nepeta Cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known

as catnip. Other common names include catmint, field balm, and true catnip. Nepeta

cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants. It

is a herbaceous perennial, growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. It

resembles mint in appearance, but with grey-green foliage. The coarse-toothed leaves

are triangular to ovate. Besides being appealing to cats, members of the genus have

been used by humans for food, medicine, and psychoactive effect. It has long been

known that living Nepeta Cataria plants are effective at repelling insects. 

The effectiveness of these plants as insecticide is widely accepted and is proven based on other studies. Hence, this study aims to validate the insecticidal activity of these plants when combined together and applied to cockroaches, using another methodology. This study can be useful to the public through practicality and natural way of killing cockroaches.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the insecticidal property of Gliricidia sepium

(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip).Specifically it

answers the following questions:

1. What is the effect of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.

(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extraction on cockroach if treated with

the following varying concentrations:

a. T0 10 ml/g of distilled water (negative control)

b. T1 25ml/g (25% 25% of Kakawate, 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf

extract Ethanolic extract + 75% distilled water)

c. T2 25ml/g (50% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf

Ethanolic extract + 50% distilled water)

d. T3 25ml/g (25% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf

Ethanolic extract)

e. T4 Baygon 25ml/g (Positive Control)

2. Which among the concentration is the most effective insecticidal agent?

3. How long do the cockroaches can sustain the effect of the insecticidal agent?

Scope and Delimitation

The study focused on the potential insecticidal activity of Gliricidia sepium

(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide

to Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach) at different concentrations. Another is

the degree of effectiveness using the mature leaves, the duration of how long the

pesticide will have an effect on the identified pest.

The Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta

cataria (Catnip) mature leaves were obtained within the locality of the researchers. The

mature leaves also were manually collected, washed by distilled water and were cut into

1 inch long. The extraction of the plant was conducted in the laboratory of Bicol

University College of Science Building 3 with the use of a Soxhlet apparatus.

The study limits its coverage only in the potential effect of Gliricidia sepium

(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide

not including some specific chemicals found in the plant.

Hypothesis

The study will test the potential activity of different concentrations of Gliricidia

sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as

insecticide against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach).

Null hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has no insecticidal effect against Periplaneta

Americana (American Cockroach).

Affirmative hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has insecticidal effect against Periplaneta Americana

(American Cockroach).

Significance of the study

The present health status of our country must be given attention for a proficient

and productive Filipino people who would help in constructing a secure, unified and

well-ordered Philippine Republic. This study will benefit many people especially those

who cannot afford expensive insecticides and this study can also be a big help to those

people who have Kakawate, Bawang and Catnip plant in their place. The findings and

outcome of this study will be highly significant to the following.

Households. This study will provide knowledge in the effectiveness of

Kakawate, Bawang and Catnip as an alternative insecticide.

Community. This study will help in developing awareness about using available

resources in the locality to control pests. This study will also guide the community in the

preparation and utilization of these three plants.

Nursing Students. As future health care givers this will provide knowledge in

the utilization of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts as an insecticidal agent in combating pests. It will be of

great help to students, in search of better insight to experimental design of research.

This will serve as reference in their undertaking.

National Government. The said research will make them fully aware of the

importance of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta

cataria (Catnip) as potential insecticides upon further research. Therefore, they may be

more aware and provide through additional budget for the study of different alternative

insecticides that can be used for the maintenance of the environment.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This study will help this

department through giving information on the utilization of available plants more

effective than expensive pesticides, therefore contributing in the improvement of the

environment in the Philippines.

Department of Health. This study will help this department to make the people

informed about recent updates on alternative insecticide that can be used to reduce

pest related diseases therefore conducive in promoting the health status of the Filipino

people.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a foundation of further studies on

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) as a potential insecticide.

Gaps Bridged by the Study

In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium

(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves

extraction as a cockroach insecticide. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the

extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta

cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. The gender of the test organism was

disregarded.

The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would

eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.

(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide.

Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests, only

few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide.

Thus, the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia

sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants

were easily found within the locality. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people

to use the plant at lower or no cost at all.

Notes:

1. ^Mirriam-Webster dictionary, accessed 22 August 2012.

2. ^http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest

3. ^ a b c d e f g h Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the

Science. Royal Society of Chemistry.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.

4. ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Retrieved 2010-04-

14.

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter intended to present the related literature and studies that have

some bearing on the present pursuit of knowledge. The thoughts process and

techniques acquired from this chapter provided the researchers worthy insights to

support the present investigation.

Furthermore, this chapter brought forth a clearer view of background of studies in

order to link past researches to the present one for a more profound result.

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is

an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May. It was

determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away

insects and pests. Ethylene, a toxic gas that is responsible in death of pests when

sprayed as liquid mixture in rice farms. They are excellent bio fertilizers because they fix

nitrogen in their roots and they synthesize such chemicals and store them in leaves.

Many other chemicals were also discovered and they all contributed to the synergistic

effect as a botanopesticide.1

Related Literature

Botany:

Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thorn less tree which usually attains

a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters

reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish grey to deep

red-brown. The stem and branches are commonly flecked with small white lenticels.

Trees display spreading crowns. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub

opposite or opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm

long, 1-3 cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Inflorescences

appear as clustered racemes on distal parts on new and old wood, 5-15 cm long,

flowers borne singly with 20-40 per raceme. Flowers bright pink to lilac, tinged with

white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standard petal, calyx

glabrous, green, often tinged red. Standard petal round and nearly erect, approximately

20 mm long; keel petals 1520 mm long, 4-7 mm wide. Fruit green sometimes tinged

reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2

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cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly

round.2

Constituents:

Phytochemical studies have yielded a formosin (an isoflavan, reportedly with

anti-tumor capacity), formononetin (isoflavan), gliricidin-6a, gliricidol-9A, medicarpin

(pterocarpan, reportedly antifungal), 7,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyisoflavin, 2′O-

methylsepiol, tannin (considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,

antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal) and a

trihydroxyflavonone.From the heartwood were isolated stigmastanol glucoside and 3′,4′-

dihydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid octacosylester 2 along with three other known

constituents.3

Properties:

Tannins are considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,

antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal.4

Uses:

Gliciridia Sepium has many uses according to the different folklores. It is used for

skin itching such as Dermatitis by applying the juice or decoction of leaves, bark or roots

on the the skin as antipruritic. Fresh leaves are also applied to the skin an insect

repellent. It is also used as counterirritant by crushing the leaves and applying it as

poultice for rheumatic pains, sprains and closed fracture. Sap of bark, leaves and roots

have been used for wound healing. In Guatemala, the bark and leaves are used to treat

skin diseases.

In many folkloric regimens of other countries, used for headache, bruises, burns,

colds, cough, fever, fatigue, gangrene, gonorrhea, skin itches and sores; as antidote,

insecticide, insect repellent.

Aside from promoting healthy body, Gliceridia S. has other uses. The leaves of it

have a fetid smell and a crashed leaves can be used to get rid of fleas and ticks of dogs

and cattles. The juice from leaves is applied daily for one week to areas affected by

external parasites. In Latin America, Gliceridia S. is used as an insect repellent. Leaves

are ground up, mixed with water, and the resulting paste is use to bathe the animals,

and repeated every 7-14 days, decreasing the infections from topical warble fly.5

Toxicity:

Tannins: In South America, in times of scarcity, the forage is fed to livestock.

Although goats can consume large quantities of plants with tannins, some animals, like

cattle and sheep may not tolerate it due to a salivary protein binding factor

that binds the tannins.

Allium sativum Linn, commonly known as Garlic, is a species in the onion

genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive,6 and

rakkyo.7 With a history of human use of over 7,000 years, Garlic is native to central

Asia,8 and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent

seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has

been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.9

Botany:

Allium sativum Linn is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. The Garlic

plants have 6-12 long, narrow and flat like grass leaves. The most important part of this

plant for medicinal purposes is the bulb. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets, known

as 'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a

sac. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves, and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The

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flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. Allium sativum Linn has an

annual life cycle.10

Constituents:

Allium sativum Linn contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds

are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of

Garlic. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropl,

diallyl, trisulfide, sallylcysteine, vinyldithiines, S-allylmercaptocystein, and others.

Besides sulfur compounds, Garlic contains 17 amino acids and their glycosides,

arginine and others. Minerals such as selenium and enzymes like allinase, peroxidases,

myrosinase, and others. Garlic contains a higher concentration of sulfur compounds

than any other Allium species. The sulfur compounds are responsible both for Garlic’s

pungent odor and many of its medicinal effects. The odor is formed by the action of the

enzyme allinase on the sulfur compound alliin. This enzyme is inactivated by heat,

which accounts for the fact that cooked Garlic produces neither as strong odor as raw

Garlic nor nearly as powerful physiological effects. Aged Garlic products lack allicin, but

may have activity due to the presence of S-allycysteine. The bulb of the Garlic contains

allicin; volatile oil, 0.9% - allyl disulfide, allypropyl disulfide; inulin; protein; fat, 1.3%;

carbohydrates, 0.2%; ash, 9.4%; choline, 0.7%; myrosinase.11

Properties:

Allium sativum Linn is an antibacterial, antihelminthic, antimycotic, antiviral,

antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, fibrinolytic, hypotensive, promoting

leucocytosis, lowering lipids and inhibiting platelet aggregation.12

Uses:

Many marvellous effects and healing powers have been ascribed to Garlic. It

possesses stimulant and stomachic properties in addition to its other virtues.

As an antiseptic, its use has long been recognized. In the late war it was widely

employed in the control of suppuration in wounds. The raw juice is expressed, diluted

with water, and put on swabs of sterilized Sphagnum moss, which are applied to the

wound. Where this treatment has been given, it has been proved that there have been

no septic results, and the lives of thousands of men have been saved by its use.

It is sometimes externally applied in ointments and lotions, and as an antiseptic,

to disperse hard swellings, also pounded and employed as a poultice for scrofulous

sores. It is said to prevent anthrax in cattle, being largely used for the purpose.

In olden days, Garlic was employed as a specific for leprosy. It was also believed

that it had most beneficial results in cases of smallpox, if cut small and applied to the

soles of the feet in a linen cloth, renewed daily.

It is stated that during an outbreak of infectious fever in certain poor quarters of

London, early last century, the French priests who constantly used Garlic in all their

dishes, visited the worst cases with impunity, whilst the English clergy caught the

infection, and in many instances fell victims to the disease.

Syrup of Garlic is an invaluable medicine for asthma, hoarseness, coughs,

difficulty of breathing, and most other disorders of the lungs, being of particular virtue in

chronic bronchitis, on account of its powers of promoting expectoration. It is made by

pouring a quart of water, boiled hot, upon a pound of the fresh root, cut into slices, and

allowed to stand in a closed vessel for twelve hours, sugar then being added to make it

of the consistency of syrup. Vinegar and honey greatly improve this syrup as a

medicine. A little caraway and sweet fennel seed bruised and boiled for a short time in

the vinegar before it is added to the Garlic, will cover the pungent smell of the latter.

A remedy for asthma, that was formerly most popular, is a syrup of Garlic, made

by boiling the bulbs till soft and adding an equal quantity of vinegar to the water in which

they have been boiled, and then sugared and boiled down to a syrup. The syrup is then

poured over the boiled bulbs, which have been allowed to dry meanwhile, and kept in a

jar. Each morning a bulb or two is to be taken, with a spoonful of the syrup.

The successful treatment of tubercular consumption by Garlic has been

recorded, the freshly expressed juice, diluted with equal quantities of water, or dilute

spirit of wine, being inhaled antiseptically.

Bruised and mixed with lard, it has been proved to relieve whooping-cough if

rubbed on the chest and between the shoulder-blades.

An infusion of the bruised bulbs, given before and after every meal, has been

considered of good effect in epilepsy.

A clove or two of Garlic, pounded with honey and taken two or three nights

successively, is good in rheumatism.

Garlic has also been employed with advantage in dropsy, removing the water

which may already have collected and preventing its future accumulation. It is stated

that some dropsies have been cured by it alone.

If sniffed into the nostrils, it will revive a hysterical sufferer. Amongst physiological

results, it is reported that Garlic makes the eye retina more sensitive and less able to

bear strong light.

The juice of Garlic and milk of Garlic made by boiling the bruised bulbs in milk is

used as a vermifuge.13

Crushed Garlic or cut clove crosswise was also used for insect bites by rubbing it

directly to the affected area.

Precautions:

Anticoagulant Use: Reports have suggested that Garlic may decrease platelet

aggregation and have antifibrinolytic activity; therefore, should be used with caution in

patients on anticoagulant therapy.

Induction of Cytochrome P450-34A: Concern for patients on cyclosporine and

protease inhibitors may increase the effects of hypoglycemic drugs. 14

Nepeta cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known

as Catnip. Other common names include catmint, field balm, and true Catnip. Nepeta

cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants.

Besides being appealing to cats, members of the genus have been used by humans for

food, medicine, and psychoactive effect. It has long been known that living Nepeta

cataria plants are effective at repelling insects.15

Botany:

This is a perennial wildflower about 1-4' tall that branches occasionally. The light

green stems are finely pubescent and 4-angled. The opposite leaves are up to 4" long

and 2" across. In shape, they are cordate with blunt tips or ovate with a cordate base.

Their margins have large crenate teeth. The upper surface of the leaves is canescent

(very finely pubescent) and a reticulated network of veins is clearly visible. The light

green petioles are about 1" long, finely pubescent, and 4-angled. The upper stems

terminate in dense whorls of flowers on spike-like racemes about 1-6" long. Each flower

is about 1/3" (8-9 mm.) long. The corolla is tubular, 2-lipped, and usually dull white; on

rare occasions, it is light blue-violet. The upper lip is small and consists of 2 rounded

lobes, while the lower lip is large and has 3 lobes. The middle lobe of the lower lip is the

largest with a frilly outer edge, while the 2 lateral lobes are much smaller. Usually the

lower lip of the corolla has small pink or purple dots. There are 4 stamens that are about

the same length as the upper lip, to which they are adjacent. The tubular calyx is light

green and finely pubescent. It has 15 nerves along its length and 5 triangular teeth. The

blooming period occurs during the summer or early fall, and lasts about 1-2 months.

The flowers don't have a noticeable fragrance, although the foliage has a pungent

aroma that resembles a combination of thyme and oregano. Each flower is replaced by

a seed capsule containing 4 ovoid nutlets. Each nutlet has a smooth curved surface that

is lacking in sharp angles. The root system produces abundant rhizomes. This plant

often produces clonal colonies from the rhizomes.16

Constituents:

Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes are abundant in the plant, and

nepetalactones and beta-caryophyllenes have been identified by various methods,

including gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Nepetalactones may possess the main cat-attractant activity, as well as being

structurally similar to the valeprotriates from valerian. The major constituents elucidated

from Catnip essential oil include geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, citronellol, geraniol,

cineol, pinene, and humulene. Other compounds include camphor, thymol, carvacrol,

nerol, nepetaside, tannins, iridoids, and numerous other components.17 

Properties:

The herb has a camphor-like scent and is bitter, astringent and cooling, relaxing

spasm, increasing perspiration and is carminative and sedative. It contains a volatile oil

which is high in nepetalactone as well as nepetalic acid, epinepetalactone,

caryophyllene, citral, citronellol, linonen and camphor. The nepetalactone and related

compunds are the ingredients that have the calming effect on humans and are used to

induced sleep.18

Uses:

Nepeta cataria is diaphoretic and carminative in warm infusion; tonic when cold.

It is also antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diuretic. In warm infusion it is used

in febrile diseases as a diaphoretic, and to promote the action of other diaphoretics, as

well as to allay spasmodic action and produce sleep; it is also given as a carminative

and antispasmodic in the flatulent colic of children; and as an emmenagogue or uterine

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tonic, it has proved decidedly beneficial in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea, and has

likewise been successfully employed in nervous headache, hysteria, and nervous

irritability. The leaves are reputed beneficial in toothache, when masticated and applied

to the decayed tooth. A warm infusion of saffron and Catnip is a very popular and

beneficial remedy in colds, febrile and exanthematous diseases to which infants and

young children are subject. The infusion is very efficient in allaying

the irritability and nervousness of dyspeptics. A fluid extract of Catnip, valerian, and

skullcap forms an excellent agent for the cure of nervous headache, restlessness, and

many other nervous symptoms. The expressed juice of the herb, given in doses of a

tablespoonful 2 or 3 times a day, is decidedly a superior remedy in amenorrhoea, often

restoring the menstrual secretion after other means have failed. The leaves are

frequently used in fomentation as a local application to painful and inflammatory

affections. Of the dried leaves in powder, 2 drachms may be given for a dose in some

liquid, as cold or warm water; the infusion (1 ounce of the recently dried herb to 1 pint of

boiling water) may be drunk warm as freely as the stomach will permit. Specific Nepeta

cataria, 2 to 60 drops.19

Toxicity:

Although there are no known side effects or health hazards associated with

recommended dosages of Catnip preparations, pregnant women, women who

breastfeed and individuals with chronic medical conditions should consult with their

healthcare professional before taking Catnip or any other herb.20

Excessive use of the herb may produce stupor and convulsions in domestic

house cats, if they are over exposed. So even if your cat loves a bit of Catnip- keep the

amount they get well controlled.21

An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides

and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are

used in agriculture, medicine, industry, and general home use. The use of insecticides

is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity

in the 20th century.22Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter

ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain.

The classification of insecticides is done in several different ways:

Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the

insecticide while feeding on the plants.

Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is often

related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such as aerosols)

often improving performance.23

Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts are made by

plants as defenses against insects. Nicotine-based insecticides are still being widely

used in the US and Canada though they are barred in the EU.24

Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by

plants after genetic modification.25 For instance; a gene that codes for a

specific Baccilus thuringiensisbiocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's

genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is

incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound,

are not required.

Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and

include arsenates, copper compounds and fluorine compounds, which are now

seldom used, and sulfur, which is commonly used.

Organic insecticides are synthetic chemicals which comprise the largest numbers of

pesticides available for use today.

Mode of action—how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest—is another way of

classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in predicting whether an

insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.

Insecticides are available in many different forms. These include wettable and

dustable powders, sprays, gasses, granules, oil solutions, emulsifiable concentrates,

seed dressings, oil-based liquid sprays, fogging concentrate, ultra-low volume (ULV)

liquid and ultra-low volume sprays.

Insects killed by insecticides are ants, cockroaches, mosquitoes, flies, lice,

moths, beetles, fleas, wasps, silverfish, ticks, snails, slugs, aphids, spider mites,

caterpillars, thrips, white flies, parasitic worm infections, moths, beetles and other pests.

It also is important to note that some insecticides are harmful to other animals such as

bees, which are beneficial to the ecosystem.

Insecticides are used in home gardens, farms, greenhouses, households,

buildings, industrial plants, warehouses and food storage sites. Insecticides are used on

a wide variety of crops such as rice, fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, tobacco and potatoes

and on horticultural plants. Insecticides also sometimes are used to control termites.26

A pest is "a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as

agriculture or livestock production)";27alternative meanings include organisms that cause

nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality. In its broadest sense, a

pest is a competitorof humanity.28 'Pest' is a generic word for other terms such as: insect

pests (of agriculture or human disease vectors), vermin, weeds and plant pathogens.

Often animals are derided as pests as they cause damage to agriculture by

feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock, such as codling moth on apples, or boll

weevil on cotton. An animal could also be a pest when it causes damage to a

wild ecosystem or carries germs within human habitats. Examples of these include

those organisms which vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry

the plague disease, mosquitoes which vector malaria, and ticks which carry Lyme

disease.29

Cockroaches are known carriers of serious diseases, such as, salmonella,

dysentery, gastroenteritis and other stomach complaint organisms. They adulterate food

and spread pathogenic organisms with their feces and defensive secretions. Cockroach

pests and their eggs are spread throughout the community in food and other packaging.

Although sanitation and hygiene are important deterrents, even the cleanest homes

become infested with cockroaches due to minute deposits of grease, sugar and other

food deposits in difficult to get at places, such as, in drains, behind refrigerators and

dishwashers, inside cracks and crevices in kitchen cupboards. Cockroaches are

omnivorous by nature so they will eat almost any organic matter no matter how rancid.

Once inside the home, they will seek out food scraps, unsealed food containers, sugar

and grease deposits, pet food, rancid meat, glue and even book bindings. If left

unchecked a cockroach infestation can rapidly expand its numbers in a few weeks or

months to become major risk to health and safety.

There are several cockroach pest species that infest domestic and commercial

premises. The identification of each species is necessary to best determine likely

harborage areas and an effective pest control program.

German cockroach (Blatella germanica)

The body of an adult German cockroach is about 1/2 inch in length, beige to light

brown in color, with two dark stripes on back of head. It is the most widely transported

insect pest in the world. Infestations even occur in Alaska, in larger installations with

central heating or around machinery that produces heat. In warmer climates, it is

commonly found in homes, apartments, restaurants, food processing plants,

supermarkets and warehouses. Their eggs arrive in food containers, cartons, fridges,

stoves and other appliances or materials brought into a building. German cockroach are

unable to survive in locations away from humans or human activity. German cockroach

infestations usually occur in bathrooms and kitchens. They like to hide-out during the

day in tight secure places. Their daytime harborage areas are usually near a food and

moisture source, such as, inside wall cavities, behind baseboards, cracks and crevices

in pantry, kitchen and bathroom cupboards and under electrical, heating and cooking

appliances. The German cockroach is the most prolific breeder among all cockroaches.

The normal life span of a female German cockroach is up to six months. She carries an

egg capsule containing 30 to 40 eggs. Development from egg to adult can occur in 45

days, during which they molt 6 times. The German cockroach will breed rapidly

throughout the year, but favors a humid environment of around 80F or warmer. A small

initial infestation can become a major problem in a few months.

American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)

The American cockroach is largest of the cockroach pest species. The body of

an adult American cockroach or "water bug" is 1.5 to 2 inches in length, reddish brown

in color with a yellowish band behind the head. Their preferred daytime habitat locations

include the sub-floor, basement, in sewers and other warm, dark, moist locations. They

avoid cold areas but will thrive outdoors in temperatures above 80F. Indoors they often

congregate around hot water pipes, fridge motors, boilers and other heating appliances.

The American cockroach will feed on a wide variety of plant and animal material.

The female life span up to 1.5 years; incubation period of eggs 6 to 8 weeks; in ideal

conditions they quickly reach plague proportions.

Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis)

The body of an adult oriental cockroach is about 1 inch in length, dark brown to

black in color. Most often found in dark basements or cellars, but can also climb

garbage chutes, sewer and water pipes to the upper floors in high-rise buildings.

Oriental cockroaches prefer to feed on starchy foods. The female lives up to 2 years;

deposits up to 18 egg-sacs in lifetime; each egg sac contains 16 eggs; incubation period

is 1 to 2 months; development period is 12 months, undergoing 7 molts. An infestation

will rapidly expand in ideal conditions, particularly during the warm summer months with

temperatures regularly above 80oF.

Australian cockroach (Periplaneta

The Australian cockroach is reddish brown and looks similar to American

cockroach but is smaller at 1.25 inches (35mm) in body length. The Australian

cockroach has yellow strips on the outer edge of the front wings. This worldwide specie

prefers a vegetarian diet. It is known to eat holes in clothing and even book covers.

These cockroaches are generally prevalent in areas where winters are relatively mild.

However, in colder climates they are prevalent in greenhouses and near large heating

apparatus, air-conditioners or other equipment emitting heat constantly. They are

opportunistic fliers and will infest anywhere adequate heat, humidity and food supply is

available. Prime areas of interest are often pet food bowls and food waste storage

areas. The female cockroach lives up to 6 months; incubation period of eggs 40 days.

An infestation can rapidly expand in ideal conditions, particularly during the warmer

climates when temperatures are regularly above 80F. Chronic household infestations

usually emanate from the roof void, attic or sub-floor areas of the building.30

Related Studies International

In 2006, Schultz, Peterson and Coats, in their on Natural Insect Repellents:

Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches in Iowa, United States of America

research found out that extracts from the Catnip plant (Nepeta cataria) and the Osage

orange (Madura pomifera) fruit have repellent properties. Their research contains the

result on German cockroach (Blattella germanica), and house fly (Musca domestica)

contact irritancy to Catnip essential oil, and its major components, Z,E-nepetalactone

and E,Z-nepetalactone, compared with the commercial standard, N,Ndiethyl-m-

toluamide (DEET). Both species showed high percentage repellency values when

exposed to filter paper treated with Catnip essential oil or the individual nepetalactone

isomers. Of the two nepetalactone isomers evaluated, German cockroaches were most

responsive to the E,Z isomer. House flies showed similar trends in contact irritancy,

responding to surfaces treated with the predominant Catnip isomer, Z,E-nepetalactone,

more intensely than to the Catnip essential oil. Catnip and Osage orange essential oils,

and a sesquiterpene found in Osage orange, elemol, were evaluated for repellency to

the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens) and are presented here. Two mosquito

bioassays were used to measure percentage and contact repellecy. Mosquitoes

responded initially with high percentage repellency to surfaces treated with Catnip

essential oil. From the residual repellency study, this trend in repellency by the Catnip

oil significantly decreased over the 180-minute test period. Elemol, and DEET initially

had lower percentage repellency values than Catnip essential oil, but did not show the

negative relationship between percentage repellency and time, retaining excellent

repellency throughout the 3-hour bioassay. Solutions with elemol and DEET exhibited

greater significance in contact repellency compared to Catnip essential oil. These

results show that Catnip essential oil is a potent mosquito repellent, but does not

provide the same residual effects as the commercial standard, DEET, Elemol, a

sesquiterpene extracted from the fruit of the Osage orange, shows excellent promise as

a mosquito repellent with comparable activity to DEET in contact and residual

repellency.31

Schultz, Peterson and Coats study is related to the present study because the

latter has the same plant that is being used. Both study used cockroach as the test

organism but not the same specie (Blatella germanica) compared to this study

(Periplaneta americana).

Nazli, Akhter, Ambreen, Solangi, and Sultana (2008) conducted a study on the

Insecticidal, Nematicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Gliricidia sepium inKarachi,

Pakistan. They found out that the Ethanolic extract of Gliciridia sepium has nematicidal

and antibacterial property. Nematicidal property of extract was observed in different

concentration against Meloidogyne incognita nematode showing 60% mortality.

Mosquito’s repellent activity has been studied against Aedes aegypti, the maximum

repellency was 78% compared with the citronella oil, the repellency was 74%. Using

well diffusion method the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract against E.coli,

S.aureus, Pseudomonas spp., S.typhi, Klebsillia spp., showed the best result against

Escherichea coli.32

Nazli, Akhter, Ambreen, Solangi, and Sultana study is also related to the present

study because it also uses the same plant. Both study aims to terminate the pests.

In 2010, Denloye in his study on Bioactivity of Powder and Extracts from

Garlic, Allium sativum Linn (Alliaceae) and Spring Onion, Allium fistulosum L.

(Alliaceae) against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (Leguminosae) seeds in Lagos, Nigeria focused

their research on by investigating bioactivity of powders, extracts, and essential oils

from Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae) and A. fistulosum L. (Liliaceae) against adults, eggs,

and larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). They found out on

the basis of 48 hr median lethal toxicity (L C5 0), test plant powders and extracts from A.

sativum were more toxic to C. maculatus adults than those from A. fistulosum. The 48 

hr L C5 0 values for the powder against the test insect species were 9.66 g/kg and

26.29 g/kg for A. sativum and A. fistulosum, respectively. Also the 48 hr L C5 0 values

obtained show that aqueous extracts of the test plant species, 0.11 g/L (A. sativum) and

0.411 g/L (A. fistulosum) were more toxic to C. maculatus than the corresponding

ethanol extracts. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of vapours from the

two test plant species against C. maculatus, although A. sativum gave lower values.

The study shows that A. sativum and A. fistulosum have potentials for protecting stored

cowpea from damage by C. maculatus.33

Denloye study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same

plant.

Hincapié, López, and Torres (2008) conducted a study on Comparison and

characterization of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) Bulbs extracts and their effect on

mortality and repellency of Tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Chile.

The Allium sativum extract were obtained using as solvents CO2in supercritical

conditions (CSC), ethanol and petroleum ether using soxhlet and soaking methods and

soaking in water. The supercritical fluid extraction technique allows for obtaining

extracts at low temperature using high pressures, avoiding compound degradation and

making possible solvent separation by exposing the extract at room temperature. Mites

were bred on bean plants (Phaseolusvulgaris  L.) in a laboratory environment in

Laureles Campus, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia. Mortality was

evaluated putting 10 mites in P. vulgaris 3 cm diameter leaf discs previously submersed

in the extract. The lowest mean lethal concentrations (LC50) were obtained with the CSC

method (8.1188, 5.4105, 2.8206 mg g-1 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively). Extracts were

characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), finding vinyl

dithiins (63.11%), diallyl disulfide (10.88%) and diallyl trisulfide (10.4%) as the main

compounds in the CSC extract. The main conclusion is that, in comparison with other

techniques of extraction from Garlic bulbs used in this study, supercritical fluids allow for

obtaining extracts with a higher concentration of biologically active compounds

against T. urticae.34

Hincapié, López, and Torres study is also related to the present study because it

also uses the same plant. Both study use the same process of extraction which is

soxhlet extraction. Another similarity of this study is that it also aims to terminate the

pests.

In 2010, Kalu, Ofoegbu, Eroegbusi, Nwachukwu and Ibeh, in their study on the

Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) against the filarial

vector, Culex quinquefasciatus in Nigeria found out that Garlic exhibited significant

activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent. The Ethanol extract

of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) was evaluated for larvicidal activities against the filarial

mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h

treatment. The LC50 values calculated for the second, third and fourth larval instars were

144.54 ± 2.3, 165.70 ± 1.2 and 184.18 ± 0.8 ppm respectively.35

Kalu, Ofoegbu, Eroegbusi, Nwachukwu and Ibeh study is also related to the

present study because it also use the same plant.

Related Studies Local

Lao (2011) conducted a study on the efficacy of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) decoction

on the treatment of scabies among selected residents of Titay in Zamboanga Sibugay.

He found out that the application of Kakawate reveals a significant efficacy after using it

for 4 weeks. The pre-treatment and the post-treatment scores after 1 week shows a

decreasing the number of scabies with p value of 0.000. However, the increased on the

number of scabies lesions were noted after two (2) weeks and four (4) weeks is also

significant with a p value of 0.000. Hence, the decrease of scabies lesion after one (1)

week reveals that this decoction has an anti- inflammatory property which cannot be

ruled-out.36

Lao study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same

plant. Both study aims to protect the environment and also the health of the people.

In 2000, Rabena conducted a study on the Isolation, characterization,

identification and antimicrobial assay of the active components of Kakawate (Gliricidia

sepium) leaves in Los Baños, Laguna. In his study, he isolated the active component of

the Kakawate leaves and made it a suitable pesticide. Kakawate leaves are macerated

and soaked overnight. Using petroleum ether as solvent, percentage recovery yielded

5.35% of the total fresh weight. Findings showed that column chromatography of crude

petroleum ether extract yielded two pure compounds, MWF1 and PEF2. While MWF1

was not effective in killing termites, PEF proved to be 100% effective. Bioassay of pure

PEF2 compound at 0.02 g/mL caused 95% termite mortality 4 hours after feeding and

100% mortality after 8 hours. Further tests confirmed that PEF2 is cyclic ester, a lactone

named coumarin, with the structure - C9H6O2. Coumarins isolated from Kakawate

leaves using petroleum ether show bioactivity. Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus

Tricophyton mentagrophytes. The cost of extracting Coumarins from Kakawate is

P31.10/g. This was actually more expensive than synthesizing the compound in the

laboratory which only costs P24.50/gram. 37

In 2007, Gacusan conducted a study on the Antibacterial activity of Kakawate

[Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] leaves against wound pathogens in Muñoz, Nueva

Ecija. His study showed that Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. could be potential sources

of new antimicrobial agents. The ethanol extract of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. was

active against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci B hemolytic and did not show

antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The

antimicrobial activity of the Kakawate extract is not comparable with that of the

antimicrobial activity of the chloramhenicol. This in vitro study substantiated the

antimicrobial activity of Kakawate plants used in folkloric medicine. The plant extract

was effective against the two grain positive bacteria. However, they were ineffective

against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their medicinal use in

infections associated with these two species is not recommended. The antibacterial

activity of the plant extract is not as good as that of the positive control.38

Cadag, and Mateo (1995) conducted a Preliminary screening on the efficacy of

Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) and alagaw (Prema odorata) against poultry lice

(Gonoides dissimilis) in Sorsogon, Philippines. Their study used the coumaphos

(Asuntol) as drug reference and as expected it had a 100 percent officacy in controlling

chicken lice. The alagaw extract (Treatment 1) gave a promising response compared to

the other preparations. The response to the Kakawate extract (Treatment 3) although

lower in efficacy compared to the alagaw extract, the difference may not be significant.

The powder form of application of both medicinal plants was not as effective as the

decoction applied as spray. Based on their preliminary screening, it could be concluded

that both alagaw and Kakawate exhibited some promise as potential insecticide for

poultry. However, further trials, using a larger population of experimental animals should

be conducted to establish the efficacy of both medicinal plants against poultry lice.39

In 2011, Garcia conducted a comparative study on the antifungal effects of

tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana

anthracnose in Laguna. Her study was conducted to investigate and compare the

antifungal activity of tam tamarind and Garlic extracts against anthracnose in bananas.

Using the 100mg: 1 L ratio, extracts of the plants were prepared as T1 – tamarind and

T2 – Garlic while T3 – commercial pesticide, and T0- no treatment served as the

controls. After inoculation with Colletotrichum sp. spores, five (5) banana samples were

dipped in all the treatments and were observed for nine (9) days. Statistics revealed that

VQR, Firmness, DDI, degree of shrivelling, aroma, off-odor, incidence of disease,

marketability, color index, off-flavor, and sweetness are significantly different. T2 was

found to be the best treatment, even better than T3 and much better than T1. For the

peel quality and pulp quality ratings, T2 was comparable to T3 in terms of off-odor and

color index, while the rest of the parameters showed that T2 was still the best treatment.

After the nine days of treatment, the anthracnose which started to develop on the third

day was least in T2 next in T3 and T1 while T0 showed the highest incidence of the

disease. Generally, for all the tests used, the samples treated with T2 were the best,

followed by T3 and T1. Likewise, T2 had the best quality banana samples. Based on

these results, it can be concluded that the treatment with Garlic (T2) is better than the

treatment with tamarind (T1) in preventing anthracnose in bananas. Moreover, T2 was

found to be comparable or even better than the commercial fungicide (T3). In terms of

cost and a negative effect on the environment, these plant extracts may be used by

farmers as substitute to commercial fungicides in the natural prevention of the

postharvest diseases of bananas. However, it is recommended that a study on the

specific concentrations of Garlic and tamarind which are best for treating the disease be

made as well as considering naturally occurring diseases of bananas.40

The study conducted by Rabena, Gacusan, Cadag & Mateo, and Garcia were

also related to the present study because it also use the same plant.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-art

The above mentioned related literature and studies indeed provided meaning in

making the present study significant for it added background knowledge and serves as

the basis of the study.

Furthermore, these related literatures and studies served as a guide in the

present study, which provided considerations in the data collection, analysis and

interpretation of findings.

Gaps Bridged by the Study

In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium

(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves

extraction as a cockroach insecticide. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the

extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta

cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. The gender of the test organism was

disregarded.

The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would

eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.

(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide.

Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests, only

few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide.

Thus, the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia

sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants

were easily found within the locality. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people

to use the plant at lower or no cost at all.

Theoretical Framework

This study adapts Leininger’s Sunrise model: Cultural Care Diversity and

Universality Theory. Providing culturally congruent care was the primary goal of this

care theory. Folk beliefs are co-existent and inseparable from religion and both are

responsible in molding the personality and character of their respective community

believers. Folk beliefs are ancient and like the Philippines, we are still in grip of the

traditional culture. Many of these old beliefs still prevail in the thinking of the rural folk no

matter whether we argue that they become modern in orientation and outlook.

Change agents could sufficiently introduce innovations if they knew the

folkways and mores which control the philosophical, ethical, religious and political

systems including the tradition and custom of the people. Nurses must work towards

explications of care use and meanings so culture, care, values, beliefs and literature

can provide accurately reliable basis for planning effectively implementing culture-

specific care to identify any universal or common features about care. Indeed, this

theory emphasizes the importance of discovery of generic (folk, local, indigenous) care

from the cultures and comparing it with professional care.

Leininger states that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant,

distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. She emphasizes that human caring, although

a universal phenomenon varies among the culture it its expression, culture, process and

patterns; it is largely culturally derived. Leininger’s model depicts that health and care

are influenced by elements of the social structure such as technology, religious and

philosophical factors, kinship and social systems. These social factors are addressed

within environmental contexts, language expressions, and ethno history. The Sunrise

model presents three intervention modes- Culture care preservation and maintenance;

culture care accommodation, negotiation or both; and culture care restructuring and

repatterning.

Leininger’s Sunrise model:

Cultural care Diversity and Universality Theory

Conceptual Framework

Directed by the theory of Transcultural and the problems of the study, conceptual

framework was established. With the new studies nowadays, researchers were

becoming cognizant in the importance of available resources within our locality in order

to maintain health to prevent cure, illnesses and rehabilitation of life of the people.

Herbal medicines had long relied on animal studies to establish the science of its

treatment modalities. Philippine alternative medicine provided another contrast herbs,

long established in the folklore of healing has found new interest in its application to

animal health with ongoing ethno veterinary studies and projects on livestock and small

animals. People have utilized the medicinal value of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate),

Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants for years as herbal

plant. Aside from the above findings, the researchers found out the effectiveness of

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) leaves extract as a pesticide through the abomination of cockroaches and roof

rats, varied concentration and its toxicity.

The study used fresh leaves that were manually collected. The leaves were

washed by distilled water. By the use of Soxhlet apparatus we were able to extract

mainly the content of the leaves. The extracts were placed on a sterile bottle. Fresh

extracts were prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure consistency of

the treatments. The evaluation was done by knowing the chemical components and the

certain concentration of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang)

and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) that has a higher effectivity level on the cockroaches. The

extracts with different concentrations were divided into four treatments. With this, the

effectiveness of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves extract was evaluated as a potential insecticide for

cockroach.

Comparison of effects of the Gliricidia

Sepium, Allium sativum Linn. and

Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach.

Difference between the effects of

Gliricidia Sepium, Allium sativum Linn. and

Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach.

Potential insecticidal activity of

Gliricidia Sepium, Allium sativum Linn.

and Nepeta cataria leaf extracts

against Periplaneta Americana.

Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

Bawang- a low herb, 30 to 60 cm high. Bulbs are broadly ovoid, 2 to 4 cm in diameter,

consisting of several, densely crowded, angular and truncated tubers. Leaves are linear

and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered. Sepas are oblong, greenish white, slightly

tinged with purple.41

Catnip- is a herbaceous perennial, growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. It

resembles mint in appearance, but with grey-green foliage. The coarse-toothed leaves

are triangular to ovate. The small two-lipped flowers are white and finely spotted with

pale purple. They are showy and fragrant. The plant blooms from late spring through

autumn.42

Cockroaches -are insects of the order Blattaria or Blattodea, of which about 30 species

out of 4,500 totals are associated with human habitats. About four species are well

known as pests.43

Ethanolic extract- A substance is extracted from a raw material oten using a solvent

such as ethanol.

Extract -is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using

a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or in powder

form.44

Gliridia Sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) extract- it is a juice obtain through the the use of Soxhlet apparatus using

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) leaves.

Insecticides-are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

destroying, repelling or mitigating any insect or pest.

Kakawate- is a smooth, deciduous tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are 15 to 25

centimeters long with 13 leaflets which are opposite, oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters

long, with a pointed tip and rounded base. Racemes are numerous on leafless

branches, containing many flowers. Flowers are pink, 2 centimeters long, with a

truncate calyx. The standard is reflexed and pale-yellow in the median part. The pods

are narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 10 to 14 centimeters long, about 2 centimeters

wide, containing 6 to 8 seeds.45

Potential Activity- The inherent ability or capacity for growth and development of an

effective concentration of a substance in a chemical system.

Pest- is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or

livestock production) alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance and

epidemic disease associated with high mortality.46

Notes:

1. http://www.neda.gov.ph/knowledge-emporium/details.asp?DataID=549

2. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e07.htm

3. http://www.agripinoy.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.html

4. http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kakawati.html

5. http://www.agripinoy.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.html

6 ^ a b c d e f g h Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the

Science. Royal Society of Chemistry.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.

7 ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Retrieved 2010-04-14.

8 ^ Ensminger, AH (1994). Foods & nutrition encyclopedia, Volume 1. CRC Press,

1994. ISBN 0-8493-8980-1. p. 750

9 ^ a b Simonetti, G. (1990). Schuler, S.. ed. Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs

and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.

10 http://www.Garlic-source.com/

11 http://www.herballegacy.com/Motteshard_Chemical.html

12 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html

13 http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/Garlic06.html

14 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html

15 http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=116265#ixzz2MLy38LnU

16 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/Catnip.htm

17 http://www.drugs.com/npp/Catnip.html#ref2

18 http://www.ageless.co.za/herb-catmint.htm

19 http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/nepeta.html

20 http://naturalspedia.com/herbsremedies/Catnip/toxicity.htm

21 http://www.ageless.co.za/herb-catmint.htm

22 ^ a b "Nepeta cataria information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved

2008-04-07.

23 ^ a b c d Missouri Botanical Garden: Nepeta cataria(Catmint) . accessed 1.10.2013

24 ^ "DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent Catnip extract".Instructables. June 3, 2007.

Retrieved February 14, 2009.

25 ^ a b Kingsley, Danny (September 3, 2001). "Catnip sends mozzies flying". ABC

Science Online. Retrieved February 14, 2009.

26  http://www.ehow.com/about_5581590_insecticide_.html#ixzz2MM7adEaJ

27 ^ Mirriam-Webster dictionary, accessed 22 August 2012.

28 ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest

29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)

30 http://www.termite.com/cockroach-pest-control.html

31 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2006-0927.ch013

32 http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/40(6)/PJB40(6)2625.pdf

33 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2010/958348/

34 http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?cj08033

35 http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr/abstracts/abstracts/abstracts2010/18Mar/

Kalu%20et%20al.htm

36 http://som.adzu.edu.ph/research/abstract.php?id=410

37 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2001/PH/

PH01003.xml;PH2001100554

38 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2008%2FPH

%2FPH0810.xml%3BPH2008C00039

39 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1997%2FPH

%2FPH97001.xml%3BPH9710921

40 ^Garcia, L. 2011. A comparative study on the antifungal effects of tamarind

(Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana

anthracnose. Journal of Nature Studies. 10 (2): 96-107

41 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html

42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepeta_cataria

43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroach

44 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extract

45 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kakawati.html

46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the different steps used in the study. This includes the

research design, collection and extraction of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium

sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves, preparation of

cockroaches, and administration of the extracted solution, data gathering procedure and

the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

Experimental Design was used in the study, specifically a Completely

Randomized Design (CRD). This experimental design used a group of test animals as

substance of the study which were studied once but subsequent treatment applied were

replicated to determine the course of change. The experimental setup was prepared in

the house of the researcher. The substance in the study had undergone random

process.

The laboratory conditions were controlled to unsure homogenous experiment

through the use of cockroach as an experimental insect. Test insects were randomly

selected with identical sizes. Five treatments were used in the study with concentration

in dilution as the focus to the effectivity of the leaf extract as an insecticide for

cockroaches.

Treatments will be made as:

Treatment 0- No treatment

Treatment 1- 25% of Kakawate, 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf extract plus

75 ml distilled water

Treatment 2- 50% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf extract

plus 50 ml of distilled water

Treatment 3- 25% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf extract

plus 50 ml of distilled water

Treatment 4- Baygon

Preparation of Gliricidia sepium , Allium sativum Linn. and Nepeta cataria Leaf

extract

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) leaves that were used in the study were collected manually and locally in the

morning at 8:00 am. Fresh and mature Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum

Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves were gathered and were removed

from the different stems. The leaves were checked with some parasites or worm

stepping on it. Dirt and other extraneous material were thoroughly removed first by

washing it with distilled water. These extracts were obtained by using a Soxhlet

apparatus. Then, the extract was transferred into a sterile bottle. Fresh extract were

prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure homogeneity of the treatments.

Preparation of the Test Organism

Cockroaches with any age were used as the test pests in the study and with the

same sizes produced. The sex of the organisms is not used as a preference in selecting

these pests. Fifty cockroaches were randomly treated with the treatments. The test

organisms were housed in a aquarium-like container for cockroaches. Then, the

organisms were divided into five groups, so, each cage was consisting of ten pests.

Moreover the aquarium-like container was cleaned to maintained sanitation. After

assortment they were randomly allotted to different treatment group.

Table 1. Experimental Layout

R1 R2 R3

T0 T0R1 T0R2 T0R3

T1 T1R1 T1R2 T1R3

T2 T2R1 T2R2 T2R3

T3 T3R1 T3R2 T3R3

T4 T4R1 T4R2 T4R4

Administration of Treatment

The prepared extract of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.

(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) would be used in 50 cockroaches. Different

concentrations of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and

Nepeta cataria (Catnip) were sprayed by means of sprayer. Time interval from the start

of spraying until the death of the test animal was recorded. Other reaction of the test

organism to the sprayed solution was also recorded. The calibration was made by

spraying first the distilled water for testing, the next was the different concentration of

Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria

(Catnip) extract into medicine glass then measured it through a medicine dropper, in

order to be sure that you have a constant volume every spray. Each spray is equivalent

to 1ml extract.

Statistical Treatment Analysis

To analyse and interpret the data gathered, suitable statistically tools namely.

1. The mean

2. Analysis of variant (ANOVA)

3. And Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

The means, the time the cockroach and the rats died to different extract into

different treatment were treated through the mean technique after it were quantified.

The formula was:

M=∑ X/N

Where: M = mean

∑ = Summation

X = time the cockroach and/or rats died

N = total number of observation

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), this statistical tool was used to determine

whether the sample mean treated vary from the grand mean which was expected due to

varying single cases from the sample.

1. Group the data and the sample block total, treatment total, and the treatment

means.

2. Outline the analysis of variance

3. Determine the degree of freedom of difference (df) from each other source of

variation

Total of = Total number of observation

Error of = total of- treatment of

4. Using X’s to designate the individual measurement for each plot, as the

number of replication, calculate the sum of squares (ss) as follows:

Correction Factors (CF) = grand total

Total number of observation = ∑ x2

Rt

Total ss = Ex2 - c.f.

Treatment MS = Treatment ss

T (r-1)

Error MS = Error ss

T (r-1)

DMRT. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was a test intended to guide groupings means

that were not significantly different among them. It belongs to the several class of

multiple comparison procedure to use range statistics and to compare set of means.

This procedure based in the comparison of the range subset of the sample means with

a calculated least significant range. This least significant range increases with the

number of sample means in the subset.

All the data was analysed using ANOVA to determine the difference among the

test concentrations. DMRT was used in comparing treatment means.