12th annual cmas, chapel hill, nc, 2013 litao wang, zhe wei, jing yang, pu zhang, xiujuan zhao, yang...

12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013

The 2013 Severe Haze over the Southern Hebei, China:

Source Apportionment and Policy Implications

Litao Wang, Zhe Wei, Jing Yang, Pu Zhang, Xiujuan Zhao, Yang

Zhang, Fenfen Zhang, Jie Su, Chenchen Meng, and Qiang Zhang

Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and

Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, ChinaNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Tsinghua University, Beijing , China


Where is Hebei

Domain 2

BBeeiijjiinngg

SShhiijjiiaazzhhuuaanngg

TTaaiiyyuuaann

ZZhheennggzzhhoouu

TTiiaannjjiinn

XXiinnggttaaii JJiinnaann HHaannddaann


January 27, 2013, Shijiazhuang

Why the southern Hebei cities

Source: http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2013-01/10/c_124213096.htm

http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2013-01/10/c_124213096.htm


Top 10 polluted cities in

China (MEP) in Jan.

2013: Xingtai (Southern Hebei)

Shijiazhuang (Southern Hebei)

Baoding (Hebei)

Handan (Southern Hebei)

Langfang (Hebei)

Hengshui (Hebei)

Jinan

Tangshan (Hebei)

Beijing

Zhengzhou

Why the southern Hebei cities


Jul.-Sep, 2013

◦ Xingtai

◦ Shijiazhuang

◦ Tangshan

◦ Handan

◦ Jinan

Top 5 polluted cities in China

Jan.-Jun., 2013

◦ Xingtai

◦ Shijiazhuang

◦ Handan

◦ Baoding

◦ Tangshan


Emissions

1 1

2 2

5 5

7 7

1

3

6

8

8

1

4

5

1

2

4

10

1

4

6

15 1

2

4

5

8

2

3

4

4 Province total： 28% 25% 28% 24% 29% 28%

30% 24%

INTEX-B， 2006. (Zhang et al., 2009., ACP)


Monthly total number of hazy days occurred in the seven cities:

Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou and Jinan,

from 2001 to February 2013.

Haze frequencies

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10020

01-0

220

01-0

620

01-1

020

02-0

220

02-0

620

02-1

020

03-0

220

03-0

620

03-1

020

04-0

220

04-0

620

04-1

020

05-0

220

05-0

620

05-1

020

06-0

220

06-0

620

06-1

020

07-0

220

07-0

620

07-1

020

08-0

220

08-0

620

08-1

020

09-0

220

09-0

620

09-1

020

10-0

220

10-0

620

10-1

020

11-0

220

11-0

620

11-1

020

12-0

220

12-0

620

12-1

020

13-0

2

No.

of h

azy

days

Wang et al., 2012. Atmos. Environ.


Comparison of Dec 2007, Jan and Feb, 2013

No.

of d

ays

Dec.2007, fog

Dec.2007, haze

Feb.2013, fog

Feb.2013, haze

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Shijiazhuang Xingtai Beijing Tianjin Taiyuan Zhengzhou Jinan Average

Jan.2013, fog

Jan.2013, haze

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Shijiazhuang Xingtai Beijing Tianjin Taiyuan Zhengzhou Jinan Average

Visi

bilit

y (m

)

Dec. 2007 Jan. 2013 Feb. 2013


CMAQ 4.7.1 MM5 3.7 Period: Jan. and Feb., 2013 Horizontal:

◦ Domain 1: 36*36 km

◦ Domain 2: 12*12 km Vertical: 14 layers Gas phase: SAPRC-99 Aerosol: AERO4 Emission: MEIC (http://www.meicmodel.org/)

Model Configuration

http://www.meicmodel.org/


Emission Scenarios Sectors

Regions

All

sectors

(AL)

Powerplants

(PO)

Industrial

(IN)

Domestic

(DO)

Transportation

(TR)

Agriculture

(AG)

Southern Hebei

(SHB)√ √ √ √ √ √

Northern Hebei

(NHB)√ √ √ √ √ √

Beijing & Tianjin

(BJTJ)√ √ √ √ √ √

Shanxi

(SX)√ √ √ √ √ √

Shandong

(SD)√ √ √ √ √ √

Henan

(HN)√ √ √ √ √ √

Brute Force Method


Dataset Data type Variable Data frequency Site

number

Time period

NCDC Meteorology T2, RH2, WD10,

WS10,

Every 1 or 3-hour 371 Jan. 1 – Feb.

28, 2013

Precipitation Daily

CNEMC Air quality PM2.5, PM10Hourly 496 Jan. 13 –

Feb. 28, 2013

HEBEU Air quality PM2.5, PM10Hourly 1 Jan. 1 – Feb.

28, 2013

Evaluation database

CNEMC- China National Environmental Monitoring Center


Model Performance Evaluation- 36km

1

1

January

February


Model Performance Evaluation- 12km

(a)

(b)

1

January

FebruaryConcentratio

ns

NMBs


Model Performance Evaluation

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Urban (Century Park) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Urban (Central Hospital) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5 co

nce

ntr

atio

n (μ

g/m

3 )

Date

Rural (Fenglong Mountain) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5 co

nce

ntr

atio

n (μ

g/m

3 )

Date

Rural (Northwest Headwater) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Urban (Normal Senior High School) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5 co

nce

ntr

atio

n (μ

g/m

3 )

Date

Rural (Dahuoquan) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5 co

nce

ntr

atio

n (μ

g/m

3 )

Date

Urban (Handan EPB) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Rural (East Wastewater Treatment Plant) Obs. Sim.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Urban (HEBEU) Obs. Sim.

Time series of PM2.5 concentrations. (a-d) are for Shijiazhuang, (e-f) are for Xingtai, (g-i) are for Handan.

Urban RuralUrban

UrbanUrban

UrbanRural Rural

Rural

(i)

1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

PM

2.5

con

cen

trat

ion

(μg/

m3 )

Date

Urban (HEBEU) Obs. Sim.


Even with the same emission, the southern Hebei cities may experience heavier

air pollution than the other cities.

The convergence and confrontation of the stable air blowing from the Taihang

Mountain and the air blowing from the south or east over southern Hebei, result

in a very stable atmosphere.

Comparison of PBL height 1

Dec, 2007 Jan 1-13, 2013 Jan 14-31, 2013

Feb, 2013

1


Contributions by Region

(a)

(b)

(c)

1

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

NHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

BJTJ

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SX

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SD

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

HN

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

NHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

BJTJ

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SX

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SD

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

HN

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

NHB

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

BJTJ

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SX

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

SD

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

HN

25%

75%50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

Dec. 2012 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130

20

40

60

80

100 SHB

1

Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

HN25%

75%50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

Dec. 2012 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130

20

40

60

80

100 SHBSouthern Hebei

Northern Hebei

Beijing &Tianjin

Shanxi Shandong Henan

Shijiazhuang

Xingtai

Handan


Contributions by Region and Sector

(a)

(b)

(c)

1

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60SHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60NHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30BJTJ

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SX

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SD

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30HN

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60SHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60NHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30BJTJ

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SX

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SD

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30HN

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60SHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60NHB

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30BJTJ

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SX

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30SD

C

ontr

ibut

ion

Ran

ge (%

)-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30HN

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

25%75%50%90%10% 25%75%50%90%10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%

25%75%50%

90%

10% 25%75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%

50%

90%

10% 25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Contribut

ion Range

(%)

PO,J an PO,Feb IN,J an IN,Feb DO,J an DO,Feb TR,J an TR,Feb AG,J an AG,Feb

25%75%50%90%10%

25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%

10%25%75%50%90%10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%

90%

10%25%75%50%

90%

10%

-10

0

10

20

30

Contributio

n Range (%

)

PO,Jan PO,Feb IN,Jan IN,Feb DO,Jan DO,Feb TR,Jan TR,Feb AG,Jan AG,Feb

1

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30HN

Con

trib

utio

n R

ange

(%)

25%75%50%90%10% 25%75%50%90%10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%

25%75%50%

90%

10% 25%75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%

50%

90%

10% 25%

75%

50%

90%

10%

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Contribut

ion Range

(%)

PO,J an PO,Feb IN,J an IN,Feb DO,J an DO,Feb TR,J an TR,Feb AG,J an AG,Feb

25%75%50%90%10%

25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%

10%25%75%50%90%10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%

75%50%

90%

10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%

90%

10%25%75%50%

90%

10%

-10

0

10

20

30

Contributio

n Range (%

)

PO,Jan PO,Feb IN,Jan IN,Feb DO,Jan DO,Feb TR,Jan TR,Feb AG,Jan AG,Feb

Southern Hebei

Northern Hebei

Beijing &Tianjin

Shanxi Shandong Henan

Shijiazhuang

Xingtai

Handan


Even in the top two most polluted months, i.e., Jan 2013 and Dec 2007, a

large faction of PM2.5 may originate from quite different regional sources.

Domestic and industrial sources in northern Hebei, Beijing & Tianjin, and

Shanxi are the two most important contributors. But the top two largest

contributors in Shandong and Henan to Xingtai and Handan are domestic

and agricultural emissions.

The special locations, huge amounts of emissions, and highly complex

emission environment, pose a significant challenge to mitigate air

pollution in southern Hebei to meet the national standards for PM

concentrations.

Conclusions


This study was co-sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation

of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, the State

Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air

Pollution Complex, the Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Hebei

Education, and the China Scholarship Council at HEBEU, China and the

U.S. DOE climate modeling programs at NCSU, U.S.A.

This study used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific

Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the Office of Science

of the U.S. Department of Energy.

Acknowledgement


Thank you for your attention!

12th annual cmas, chapel hill, nc, 2013 litao wang, zhe wei, jing yang, pu zhang, xiujuan zhao, yang...

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