13 june 2011 ista germination seminar germination ... · of flower species germination...

GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS

OF FLOWER SPECIES

GERMINATION GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS

OF FLOWER SPECIESOF FLOWER SPECIES

13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR

RITA ZECCHINELLI - ISTA FLOWER SEED TESTING COMMITTEE Luca

13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI

Flower species in the ISTA Rules:

352 species 192 genera 55 families

Flower species in Flower species in the ISTA Rules:the ISTA Rules:

352 species352 species 192 genera192 genera 55 families55 families


22Poaceae

11Liliaceae

11Asphodelaceae

21Asparagaceae

11Amaryllidaceae

N°speciesN°generaFamily

MONOCOTYLEDON FAMILIES

43Hydrophyllaceae

22Gesneriaceae

22Geraniaceae

11Gentianaceae

84Fabaceae

21Dipsacaceae

31Crassulaceae

52Convolvulaceae

11Cistaceae

11Chenopodiaceae

166Caryophyllaceae

11Capparidaceae

133Campanulaceae

2211Brassicaceae

106Boraginaceae

21Begoniaceae

21Balsaminaceae

8649Asteraceae

11Asclepiadeaceae

22Araliaceae

11Apocynaceae

43Apiaceae

63Amaranthaceae

11Aizoaceae

11Acanthaceae


DICOTYLEDON FAMILIES

31Violaceae

42Verbenaceae

11Valerianceae

31Tropaeolaceae

159Solanaceae

2210Scrophulariaceae

11Saxifragaceae

11Rutaceae

32Rosaceae

11Resedaceae

207Ranuncolaceae

11Proteaceae

123Primulaceae

11Portulaceae

11Polygonaceae

53Polemoniaceae

84Plumbaginaceae

73Papaveraceae

42Onograceae

11Nyctaginaceae

76Malvaceae

41Linaceae

2114Lamiaceae

11Iridaceae

11Hypericaceae


What flower species have in common?What flower species haveWhat flower species have in common?in common?

for seed testing laboratories for seed testing laboratoriesfor seed testing laboratories

ornamental use fast changing trends in the market ornamental useornamental use fast changing trends in the marketfast changing trends in the market

- less experience in standardized methods- lower number of samples/species

than for agricultural species and vegetable- accreditation: all flower species in one crop group

-- less experience in standardized methodsless experience in standardized methods-- lower number of samples/specieslower number of samples/species

than for agricultural species and vegetablethan for agricultural species and vegetable-- accreditation: all flower species in one crop groupaccreditation: all flower species in one crop group


Only one temperature for germination:

Agricultural species: 172 species/326 (53%)Flower species: 35 species/352 (10%)

Three temperatures for germination:

Agricultural species: 18 species/326 (5,5%)Flower species: 54 species/352 (15%)

Only one temperature for germination:

Agricultural species: 172 species/326 (53%)Flower species: 35 species/352 (10%)

Three temperatures for germination:

Agricultural species: 18 species/326 (5,5%)Flower species: 54 species/352 (15%)

Flower species: higher variability within the specieslower degree of standardizationlower degree of knowledge and experience

Flower species: higher variability within the specieslower degree of standardizationlower degree of knowledge and experience

GERMINATION METHODS IN THE ISTA RULESGERMINATION METHODS IN THE ISTA RULES


Fabaceae (Latyrus), TropaeolaceaeTropaeolaceaeA-2-2-2-2G

Fabaceae (LupinusLupinus)A-2-1-2-2F

Primulaceae (CyclamenCyclamen)A-2-1-4-3

Balsaminaceae, MalvaceaeA-2-1-1-2

Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Asclepiadeaceae, AsteraceaeAsteraceae, Begoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Crassulaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae (Galega, Mimosa), Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Hypericaceae, LamiaceaeLamiaceae, Linaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Onograceae, Papaveraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulaceae, Primulaceae(Anagallis, Primula), Proteaceae, Ranuncolaceae, Resedaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Valerianceae, Violaceae

A-2-1-1-1

AmaryllidaceaeA-1-1-1-1

E

PoaceaeA-1-2-3-1D

AsparagaceaeAsparagaceaeA-1-2-2-1C

AsphodelaceaeA-1-2-1-1B

LiliaceaeA-1-1-1-1A

Seedling GroupSeedling Type

SEEDLING EVALUATION ACCORDING TO GROUPS (ISTA HANDBOOK ON SEEDLING EVALUATION)

SEEDLING EVALUATION ACCORDING TO GROUPS (ISTA HANDBOOK ON SEEDLING EVALUATION)


Type CType CSeedling Group ASeedling Group A--11--22--22--11

MonocotyledonsHypogeal germination

Epicotyl elongationPrimary root essential

The seedling part that grows towards the lightand turns green is the epicotyl

with the terminal bud

A. densiflorus

Asparagus spp.(Asparagaceae)

A. setaceus

A. densiflorus

A. setaceus


ISTA Germination methods

35

Final (d)

First (d)

Soak in water for 24 h7-142030; 20TP; BP; S

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature

(°C)Substrate

Asparagus: development of the seedling during the test•Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat, followed by a short hypocotyland the basal part of the cotyledons (the upper part remains in the seed coat and absorbsreserves from the endosperm) - A. setaceus: has a very stout primary root; secondary roots don’t normally develop (A)

- A. densiflorus: secondary roots normally develop; one of them serves as a water storage organ (B)

•The epicotyl emerges from the basal part of the cotyledon;it bears several small scale-leaves, the top ones form the terminal bud

1 413 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI

primary root

secondary roots(one serving as a

water storage organ)

basal partof cotyledon

epicotyl

small scale-leaves

terminalbud

hypocotyl

B

A

2 3

B

Normal seedling Abnormal seedlings

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 - 12/01 Secondary root serving as water storage organ weak or missing2 - 3 - 11/04 Primary root missing4 - 5 - 21/05 Epicotyl missing6 - 12/01; 21/05 Secondary root and epicotyl missing7- 9 - 11/03; 11/04 Primary root retarded or missing10 - 00/09 Seedling as a whole decayed as a result of primary infection

Asparagus Asparagus densiflorusdensiflorus: abnormal seedlings: abnormal seedlings


Type EType ESeedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--11--11--11

DycotiledonsEpigeal germination

Without epicotyl elongationPrimary root essential

The seedling part that grows towards the lightis the hypocotyl with two cotyledons

attached that turn green

Dahlia pinnata

Asteraceae

21

Final (d)

First (d)

Prechill4-72030; 20; 15TP; BP

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature

(°C)Substrate



Dahlia: development of the seedling during the test

•Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat (1)•The primary root elongates rapidly (2)•The hypocotyl elongates and raises the cotyledons (3)•The cotyledons become green and start photosynthesis (4).

During the test period, the seedling rarely develops secondary roots. The epicotyldoesn’t develop and the terminal bud is hardly visible between the cotyledons.

1 2 3 4


Dahlia Dahlia pinnatapinnata: abnormal seedlings: abnormal seedlings

Normal seedling

1 2

3 4 51 - 11/04 Primary root missing 2 - 11/03 Primary root is retarded 3 - 31/05 Cotyledons are discoloured 4 - 31/05 Cotyledons are necrotic5 - 00/01 The seedling as a whole is deformed


Coleus blumei

Lamiaceae



21

Final (d)

First (d)

Light5-72030; 20TP; BP

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature

(°C)Substrate


DycotiledonsEpigeal germination

Without epicotyl elongationPrimary root essential



Coleus: development of the seedling during the test

•Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat (1)•The primary root elongates rapidly (2)•The hypocotyl elongates and raises the cotyledons (3)•The cotyledons become green and start photosynthesis (4).

During the test period, the seedling rarely develops secondary roots. The epicotyldoesn’t develop and the terminal bud is hardly visible between the cotyledons.

1 2 3 4



Coleus Coleus blumeiblumei: abnormal seedlings: abnormal seedlings

Normal seedling Abnormal seedling

1 2 3

1 - 11/03 Primary root retarded 2 - 11/12 Primary root decayed as a result of primary infection3 - 11/04 Primary root missing

Cyclamen persicum


DycotiledonsEpigeal germinationTuberous hypocotyl

Several seminal roots, instead of a primary root



13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINARRITA ZECCHINELLI

Primulaceae

35

Final (d)

First (d)

KNO3; soak in water 24 h14-2120; 15TP; BP; S

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature

(°C)Substrate


(germination in the dark is suggested)

Cyclamen: development of the seedling during the testThe seed of Cyclamen contains a small, straight embryo embedded in endosperm.•Start of germination: the seed coat is pierced (1)•The hypocotyl forms a tuber (2)•Several seminal roots develop at the base of the hypocotyl (3)•When the hypocotyl has completely emerged, it is followed by the petiole of onecotyledon (4)

The blade of the cotyledon (A) seldom occurs during the test period.The terminal bud takes place on the top of the tuber, at the base of the cotyledon (B).The first foliage leaf needs time to start the development.

1 2 3 4

AB


NORMAL SEEDLINGS: examplesNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples

Unusual, but normal


ABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examplesABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples

Normal seedling

00/01 – Seedling deformed

11/02 Primary root stubby

Normal seedling

Primary root with negativegeotropism

Normal seedling

11/08 Primary root shows negativegeotropism 21/02 Hypocotyl not

forming a tuber

Normal seedling


31/07 Cotyledon decayed as a resultof primary infection

Attention must be paid to sign of decay at the point wherethe cotyledon petiole leaves the seed coat

ABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examplesABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples


Tropaeolum spp.

Tropaeolum majus

Tropaeolum peltophorum

Tropaeolumperegrinum

Tropaeolaceae


Tropaeolumspp.

Tropaeolum majus

Tropaeolum peltophorum

Tropaeolum peregrinum


Type GType GSeedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--22--22--22

DycotiledonsEpigeal germinationEpicotyl elongation

The primary root may be replaced by secondary roots

The seedling part that grows towards the light and turns green is the epicotyl with the primary leaves


21

Final (d)

First (d)

Prechill4-720; 15

(and 2030 T. majus)

TP; BP; S

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature(°C

)

Substrate

Tropaeolum majus: development of the seedling during the test

•Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat (1)•The primary root elongates rapidly (2)•Secondary roots soon develop (3)•The hypocotyl is hardly discernible, the epicotyl elongates rapidly (4)

The buds in the axils of the cotyledons are usually dormant except if the terminalbud is damaged.

1 2 3 4


Normal seedling

TropaeolumTropaeolum majusmajus: abnormal seedlings: abnormal seedlings

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

1 - 00/01 Seedlings deformed2 - 00/09 Seedling decayed as a result of primary infection3 - 11/03 Primary root retarded 4 - 11/04 Primary root missing5 - 21/01 Epicotyl short and thick6 - 21/03 Epicotyl deeply cracked7 - 21/12 Epicotyl decayed as a result of primary infection


Lupinus spp.

Lupinus hartwegii

Lupinus hybrids

Lupinus nanus

Lupinus polyphyllus

Fabaceae


Lupinus spp.(flower species)


Type FType FSeedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--11--22--22

DycotiledonsEpigeal germinationEpicotyl elongation

The primary root may be replaced by secondary roots

The seedling part that grows towards the light and turns green is the hypocotyl with two cotyledons

And the epicotyl with the primary leaves

Lupinus hartwegii

Lupinus nanus Lupinus polyphyllus21

Final (d)

First (d)

L. hartwegii: pierce seed; or file

fragment off testa at cotyledon end;

prechill

4-72030; 20

TP; BP; S

Breaking dormancy

CountsTemperature(°C

)

Substrate


?


Lupinus polyphyllus: development of the seedling during the test

•Start of germination: the primary root breaks through the seed coat (1)•The primary root elongates rapidly (2) and soon produces numerous secondary roots•The hypocotyl elongates and the cotyledons are freed from the seed coat (3)•The cotyledons become green and start photosynthesis (4).

1 2 3

4

?

1

Substrate: paper

Lupinus polyphyllus (flower)

Lupinus polyphyllus vs Lupinus albus

Lupinus albus (vegetable)Type FType F - Seedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--11--22--2: secondary roots soon produced?2: secondary roots soon produced?

YES

secondary roots produced

NOany secondary roots produced

(or only a few and very late)


Substrate: sand

Lupinus polyphyllus

Type FType F - Seedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--11--22--22Dycotiledons → YESEpigeal germination - Epicotyl elongation → YESThe primary root may be replaced by secondary roots → ?

The seedling part that grows towards the light and turns green is the hypocotyl with two cotyledons and the epicotyl with the primary leaves

Change to:

Type FType F - Seedling Group ASeedling Group A--22--11--22--1 (new) ?1 (new) ?

Change only the description of the

Development of the seedling during the test?Development of the seedling during the test?

The other flower species of Lupinusshould be also investigated.

Looking for seeds!



LupinusLupinus poliphylluspoliphyllus: abnormal seedlings: abnormal seedlings

1 - 11/04 Primary root missing2 - 42/03 Primary leaf shredded or otherwise deformed3 - 00/09 Seedling decayed as a result of primary infection

1 2 3

Flower species: there is some work to doFlower species: there is some work to do

Anyone willing to co-operate is welcome!Anyone willing to co-operate is welcome!

ISTA Flower Seed CommitteeISTA Flower Seed CommitteeISTA Flower Seed Committee


WORKING GROUPS

1) ISTA Flower Seed Testing Handbook 2) Validation study for Felicia heterophylla

(germination method/s)3) Validation study for Alcea rosea

(germination method in sand) 4) Sample size for flower species (Tab. 2A

part 3) 5) Identification of Helianthus species by

seed… Seedling evaluation in flower species of

Lupinus (NEW! To be still discussed)

WORKING GROUPS

1) ISTA Flower Seed Testing Handbook 2) Validation study for Felicia heterophylla

(germination method/s)3) Validation study for Alcea rosea

(germination method in sand) 4) Sample size for flower species (Tab. 2A

part 3) 5) Identification of Helianthus species by

seed… Seedling evaluation in flower species of

Lupinus (NEW! To be still discussed)

And thank you for your attention!And thank you for your attention!

Photos of seeds and seedlingsPhotos of seeds and seedlingsSylvie DucournauZita RipkaDigital Atlas of Economic Plants (http://www.plantatlas.eu/) USDA Plant Database (http://plants.usda.gov/java/) Digital collection of INRAN-ENSE Laboratorio Analisi Sementi, ItalyISTA Handbook on Flower Seed Testing 1st Edition 2008 ISTA Handbook on Seedling Evaluation 3rd Edition 2003 ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions 3rd Edition 2010

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsFabio Ferrari, Alessandra Arioli and colleagues Sylvie DoucournauJoël Léchappé

and

Luca Frigerio, the young artist of the drawing ‘Germination of a seed of violet’

13 june 2011 ista germination seminar germination ... · of flower species germination...

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