13.1 native american cultures in crisis objective: to understand conflicts that occurred during...

13.1 Native American Cultures in Crisis

OBJECTIVE: To understand conflicts that occurred during

settlement of the Western frontier.

Opening Questions

• 1). Which Act allowed for settlers to move Westward?

• 2). What was the role of the US Army in dealing with Native Americans? Ex?

What forces were behind the conflicts that occurred during

settlement of the Western frontier?

REACTION

ACTION

US Govt. and Settlers

Native Americans

OUTCOME

Westward Push

Assimilation

Ghost Dance

ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS

Broken PromisesAmerican Indians

• Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game

• Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents

armed struggle and conflict

GREAT PLAINS NATIVE AMERICANS

Two cultures:

Osage and Iowa = Farmers

Sioux and Cheyenne = Nomadic Tribes

HORSE MOBILITY DEPENDENCE ON BUFFALO CONFLICT

The Plains Indians

• Hunter/warrior societies form w/ horse and gun

• Different war tactics– Coup, truces, etc.

• Buffalo central to life• Independent, highly

organized societies

http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/scans/uses.jpg

ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE END OF AMERICAN INDIAN

WAY OF LIFE

15 million buffalo reduced to 1,000 by 1885

Less Buffalo Less food for American Indians

Scarcity Conflict among tribes and with Settlers

Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

The Eventual Push

• The land ownership debate – White=legal claims/Indian=open for all to use

• Legal system manipulated to give whites reason to move west to “unclaimed” land

• Gold rush led to mass migration/towns forming. (1849 on)

Mining – pp. 394, 395• Railroads were the means to expand western

settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west.

• Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles:1849 –California1858/59–Colorado1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode

NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first:

1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri)

Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890

Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.


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Miners, Settlers,

Ranchers

Buffalo Over-hunted

Barb-wire and Fences

Buffalo lose habitatIndians lose Buffalo

Indians weakenedConflict with Whites

#1Railroad

REACTION

ACTION


Native Americans

OUTCOME

Westward Push

Assimilation

Ghost Dance


Homestead Act of 1862160 acres for free IF

1. improve the land

2. pay $30

3. live there for 5 years

OR

1. live there for 6 months

2. pay $1.25 an acre

• 500,000 families attempt homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed.• Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs.• Exodusters – Af. Americans leave south & settle in Kansas

SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior.


Indian “Pacification”• US Govt. signs treaties with Native Americans

Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries)

PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers

BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

Treaty of 1868

• "This war was brought upon us by the children of the Great Father who came to take our land from us without price."

• Outcome?

Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)

Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868


Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890

Western Indian Reservations, 1890Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation.


1868-1890 : period of Indian Wars1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and

children at Sand Creek, CO

1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT

1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail

1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Littl Big Horn

1877: Nez Perce lands appropraited for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease.

• Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West.

NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

Sand Creek

• Col. John M. Chivington, Courtesy of the Colorado Historical Society. "Colonel John Milton Chivington of the Colorado Militia, previously a Methodist minister, regarded the Indians with hatred. "I have come to kill Indians," he is known to have said, "and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians."

http://www.buffalosoldier.net/Col.JohnMiltonChivingtonL.jpg

“Civilizing” the Indians

• 1887 Dawes Act Forced Assimilation policies– Reward good behavior with land and citizenship

• 1879: Carlisle Indian School,

- “Kill the Indian and Save the man”

- separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways

- Jim Thorpe

Indian population slowly rises after 1890’s.

Indian School

Dawes Act 1887

• Assimilation

• Breakup of reservations to agriculture/take best land for whites

• Schools (“kill the Indian, save the man”)

• Buffalo wiped out on purpose

• Battle of Wounded Knee after Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

REACTION

ACTION


Native Americans

OUTCOME

Westward Push

Assimilation

Ghost Dance


Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906

The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm.


Ghost Dancehttp://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visuale.html

1890: Battle of Wounded Knee

GHOST DANCE:The whole world is coming,A nation is coming, a nation is coming,The eagle has brought the message to the tribe.The Father says so, the Father says so.Over the whole earth they are coming,The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,The crow has brought the message to the tribe,The Father says so, the Father says so

MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

Wounded Knee

• Sitting Bull’s death stems from Ghost Dance hysteria.

• Systematic wiping out pretty much complete by end of 19th century.

REACTION

ACTION


Native Americans

OUTCOME

Westward Push

Assimilation

Ghost Dance


Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Support your opinion with

information from the text.

Quiz

• 1). Custer lost at this location.• 2). This act offered whites 160 acres of free land

for cultivating it. • 3). List one of the 2 first railroad companies to

connect the U.S.• 4). This act looked to assimilate, or Americanize

Native Americans through schools, etc. • 5). Massacre of the Cheyenne in Colorado by the

U.S. Army.

13.1 native american cultures in crisis objective: to understand conflicts that occurred during...

Documents

western settlement

western mining

native american cultures

western frontier

comanaly impact of settlement

buffalo central

missourigold miners

idahogold miners