133 156 budden hoskins malovoz wu 1

25
133 The prehistoric tumuli complex of Purić–Ljubanj near Vrbanja in the Spačva Basin, Županjska Posavina Kompleks prapovijesnih tumula Purić–Ljubanj kraj Vrbanje u Spačvanskom bazenu,  župan jsk a Pos avina SANDY BUDDEN-HOSKINS University of Southampt on Higheld, Southampton, SO17 IBF United Kingdom [email protected] ANDREJA MALOVOZ Institute of Prehistory, Protohistory and Near-Eastern Archaeology, University of Heidelberg Marstallhof 4, 69117 Heidelberg Germany [email protected] MU-CHUN WU School of Archaeology University of Oxford 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG United Kingdom [email protected] Prethodno priopćenje Prapovijesna arheologija Preliminary communication Prehistoric archaeology UDK/UDC  903.5(497 .5 Vrbanj a)”6377” Primljeno/ Received : 29. 03. 2013. Prihvaćeno/ Accepted : 09. 12. 2013. Purić-Ljubanj consists of 116 pristine, and 1 damaged, prehistoric tumuli located in a wider ritual landscape in the Spačva Forest Basin in east- ern Croatia. Five seasons of eldwork have revealed that this tumuli complex can be condently identied as belonging to the Late Bronze Age  period, with ceramic nds that belong to the Belegiš II group. It is a place where complex depositions related to burial practic es took place. A survey of the wider landscape has revealed another 15 sites with tumuli that appear to be of a similar character to Purić-Ljubanj situated in the area of Županjska Posavina in the Spačva Basin. The numbers of tumuli at each site vary from just one to 178. At Purić-Ljubanj there are 117 tumuli, three of which have been subject to excavation. Key words: Bronze Age, Tumuli, Social Practices, Burial, Landscape, Belegiš II group Na Purić-Ljubnju nalazi se 116 netaknutih i jedan oštećeni prapovijesni tumul. Nalazište je smješteno u ritualnom krajoliku koji se na- lazi u spačvanskom šumskom bazenu na istoku Hrvatske. Pet sezona terenskog rada pokazalo je kako nalazište pripada razdoblju kasnoga brončanog doba, s keramičkim nalazima grupe Belegiš II. Ovdje su se odvijali složeni postupci depozicije vezani uz komemoraciju pokoj nika. Terenskim pregledom šireg krajolika otkriveno je još 15 nalazišta s tumulima sličnog karaktera kao Purić-Ljubanj, a koji se također nalaze na  prostoru spačvanskog bazena u županjsk oj Posavini. Broj tumula na nalazištima varir a od samo jednog do 17 8. Na Purić-Ljubnju nalazi se 117 tumula, od kojih su se na tri vršila istraživanja.  Ključne riječi: brončano doba, tumuli, društvena praksa, pokop, krajolik, Belegiš II grupa INTRODUCTION In 2008 investigations began by the Stjepan Gruber Mu- seum, Županja, and the University of Southampton (ZSAP project) to ascertain what the mounds at the site of Purić- Ljubanj, in the Spačva Basin in eastern Croatia, may be. The mounds were of unusual character for the region and are arguably consciously placed in an otherwise entirely at landscape. The strong possibility presented itself of the site UVOD U 2008. godini započelo je istraživanje u suradnji Za- vičajnog muzeja Stjepana Grubera iz Županje i Sveučilišta u Southamptonu (ZSAP projekt) kako bi se utvrdilo što predstavljaju tumuli na Purić-Ljubnju. Tumuli su neobičnog karaktera za regiju i očito svjesno smješteni u ovom inače ravnom krajoliku. Postojala je velika mogućnost da nalazi- šte predstavlja dosad nepoznat kompleks prapovijesnih

Upload: boris-frzovic

Post on 14-Oct-2015

17 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

malo o nečemu

TRANSCRIPT

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    1/24

    133

    The prehistoric tumuli complex of PuriLjubanj near Vrbanja in the Spava Basin,upanjska Posavina

    Kompleks prapovijesnih tumula PuriLjubanj kraj Vrbanje u Spavanskom bazenu,

    upanjska Posavina

    SANDY BUDDEN-HOSKINS

    University of Southampton

    Higheld, Southampton, SO17 IBF

    United Kingdom

    [email protected]

    ANDREJA MALOVOZ

    Institute of Prehistory, Protohistory and Near-Eastern

    Archaeology, University of Heidelberg

    Marstallhof 4, 69117 Heidelberg

    [email protected]

    MU-CHUN WU

    School of Archaeology University of Oxford

    36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG

    United Kingdom

    [email protected]

    Prethodno priopenje

    Prapovijesna arheologija

    Preliminary communication

    Prehistoric archaeology

    UDK/UDC 903.5(497.5 Vrbanja)6377

    Primljeno/Received: 29. 03. 2013.

    Prihvaeno/Accepted: 09. 12. 2013.

    Puri-Ljubanj consists of 116 pristine, and 1 damaged, prehistoric tumuli located in a wider ritual landscape in the Spava Forest Basin in east-ern Croatia. Five seasons of fieldwork have revealed that this tumuli complex can be confidently identified as belonging to the Late Bronze Age

    period, with ceramic finds that belong to the Belegi II group. It is a place where complex depositions related to burial practices took place. A

    survey of the wider landscape has revealed another 15 sites with tumuli that appear to be of a similar character to Puri-Ljubanj situated in thearea of upanjska Posavina in the Spava Basin. The numbers of tumuli at each site vary from just one to 178. At Puri-Ljubanj there are 117tumuli, three of which have been subject to excavation.

    Key words: Bronze Age, Tumuli, Social Practices, Burial, Landscape, Belegi II group

    Na Puri-Ljubnju nalazi se 116 netaknutih i jedan oteeni prapovijesni tumul. Nalazite je smjeteno u ritualnom krajoliku koji se na-lazi u spavanskom umskom bazenu na istoku Hrvatske. Pet sezona terenskog rada pokazalo je kako nalazite pripada razdoblju kasnogabronanog doba, s keramikim nalazima grupe Belegi II. Ovdje su se odvijali sloeni postupci depozicije vezani uz komemoraciju pokojnika.Terenskim pregledom ireg krajolika otkriveno je jo 15 nalazita s tumulima slinog karaktera kao Puri-Ljubanj, a koji se takoer nalaze na

    prostoru spavanskog bazena u upanjskoj Posavini. Broj tumula na nalazitima varira od samo jednog do 178. Na Puri-Ljubnju nalazi se 117tumula, od kojih su se na tri vrila istraivanja.

    Kljune rijei: bronano doba, tumuli, drutvena praksa, pokop, krajolik, Belegi II grupa

    INTRODUCTIONIn 2008 investigations began by the Stjepan Gruber Mu-

    seum, upanja, and the University of Southampton (ZSAPproject) to ascertain what the mounds at the site of Puri-Ljubanj, in the Spava Basin in eastern Croatia, may be. Themounds were of unusual character for the region and arearguably consciously placed in an otherwise entirely flatlandscape. The strong possibility presented itself of the site

    UVODU 2008. godini zapoelo je istraivanje u suradnji Za-

    viajnog muzeja Stjepana Grubera iz upanje i Sveuilitau Southamptonu (ZSAP projekt) kako bi se utvrdilo topredstavljaju tumuli na Puri-Ljubnju. Tumuli su neobinogkaraktera za regiju i oito svjesno smjeteni u ovom inaeravnom krajoliku. Postojala je velika mogunost da nalazi-te predstavlja dosad nepoznat kompleks prapovijesnih

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    2/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    134

    being a hitherto unknown complex of prehistoric mounds.Initial field-walking of the site in 2007 and a GPS survey sug-gested the presence of c. 104 mounds of varying sizes cov-ering an area of 51 291 m2. Local oral tradition suggests thatone of the mounds had been subject to unsystematic ex-cavation in the late 1920s by a group of engineers working

    on the construction of the Sava River levee, and that pot-tery had been removed. Initial walking of the site confirmedintrusive damage to the top of the second largest mound.As no other mounds had any such damage, this supportedthe oral history presented to us. In 2011 and 2012, analysisof GIS survey data allowed us to see that there are actually117 mounds at Puri-Ljubanj. Excavation on three moundshas confirmed them to be burial tumuli of Late Bronze Ageorigin with close affiliations to the Belegi II cultural group.

    In 2011 it came to light through informants from withinthe local community, that there were other sites describedas being of the same nature as Puri-Ljubanj lying in a po-sition running south-east toward the Serbian border. The

    2012 field-season saw the commencement of a programmeof ground reconnaissance and a systematic GPS survey ofthe region which has revealed 15 sites of apparently simi-lar character to Puri-Ljubanj; albeit of differing sizes andcomplexity. Exploratory test pits have been made at twosites (B and J, Map 1 and Tab. 1) to ascertain whether therewas evidence of parallel construction methods or materialremains. These proved positive with evidence in the formof construction layers and pottery that paralleled those dis-covered at Puri-Ljubanj. A comprehensive test pit surveywill be carried out after a full topographic survey of select-ed sites; planned for 2014 and 2015.

    The research aims of the ZSAP project since 2008 have

    been to consider: the way that the Puri-Ljubanj complexsits within the wider landscape; the impact of this on the ar-chitecture and construction processes of individual tumuliand the complex as a whole; the relationships between tu-muli; and the role of material remains, in order to fully un-derstand the society that built and used them. Work carriedout thus far can only be considered as preliminary; however,it is clear that Puri-Ljubanj was a place where the memo-rialisationof the deceased took place with a complex andchanging tradition throughout the time span of the tumuliso far investigated.

    The burial process has long been acknowledged assomething that can deepen our understanding of the widersocial dynamics of later prehistory across Europe (i.e. Brad-ley 1984; 2002; Thomas 1991; Parker-Pearson 1999; Brck2006; Fontijn 2008; Srensen, Rebay-Salisbury 2009). Thesystematic interrogation of the Puri-Ljubanj tumuli com-plex and the wider Spava Basin may be considered a stepforward in addressing the cultural complexity present inthe Late Bronze Age in this region.

    THE GEOGRAPHIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CON-TEXT FOR PURI-LJUBANJAll the sites discovered by the ZSAP project, including

    Puri-Ljubanj, are situated in an area of the River Spava

    tumula. Poetno rekognosciranje terena u 2007. i snimanjeGPS toaka pokazalo je prisutnost oko 104 tumula razliitihveliina na povrini od 51 291 m2. Lokalna usmena predajasvjedoila je kako je jedan od tumula bio podvrgnut nesu-stavnom iskopavanju kasnih 1920-ih od strane grupe ine-njera koji su radili na izgradnji savskog nasipa te da je pritom

    uklonjen dio keramike. Poetno rekognosciranje terena po-tvrdilo je postojanje oteenja pri vrhu jednog od tumula,drugog po veliini. Kako ni na jednom drugom tumulu nisuprimijeena slina oteenja, ini se da injenice potvrujuusmenu predaju. U 2011. i 2012. godini analizom GIS poda-taka primijeeni su dodatni tumuli, to je podiglo njihovbroj na Puri-Ljubnju na ukupno 117. Iskop na tri tumula po-tvrdio je kako je rije o grobnim tumulima iz kasnoga bron-anog doba koji pokazuju blisku vezu s Belegi II grupom.

    U 2011. godini, kroz suradnju sa zajednicom, izalo je navidjelo postojanje jo nalazita iste prirode kao Puri-Lju-banj, a koja su smjetena jugoistono od Puri-Ljubnja pre-ma granici sa Srbijom. U sezoni 2012. zapoeo je program

    sustavnog istraivanja i GPS snimanja ireg podruja kojimje dosad potvreno jo 15 nalazita pod tumulima razliitihveliina i stupnja kompleksnosti. Probne sonde su iskopanena dva nalazita (B i J, v. kartu 1 i tab. 1) kako bi se utvrdilopostoje li dokazi o metodama gradnje tumula i materijalnimostacima slinim onima na Puri-Ljubnju. Ovo je potvre-no dokazima u obliku graevnih slojeva i keramikih nalazakoji se mogu usporediti s otkrivenima na Puri-Ljubnju. Sve-obuhvatnija probna istraivanja e se provesti nakon pot-pune topografske izmjere odabranih lokaliteta, koja e seprovesti u 2014. i 2015. godini.

    Istraivanja u sklopu ZSAP projekta od 2008. godineimala su za cilj utvrditi: nain na koji je grobni kompleks

    Puri-Ljubanj smjeten u irem krajoliku, utjecaj krajolikana arhitekturu i proces izgradnje pojedinih tumula i kom-pleksa kao cjeline, meusobne odnose izmeu tumula teulogu materijalnih ostataka, kako bi u potpunosti razumjelidrutvo koje je ove tumule izgradilo i njima se sluilo. Dosa-danja istraivanja mogu se smatrati preliminarnim, meu-tim, jasno je kako je Puri-Ljubanj mjesto odvijanja sloenihi promjenjivih postupaka komemoracije pokojnika, u raz-doblju koje predstavljaju do sada istraeni tumuli.

    Razumijevanje pogrebne prakse odavno je priznato kaonain unapreenja naeg razumijevanja ire drutvene di-namike kasnije prapovijesti diljem Europe (Bradley 1984;2002; Thomas 1991; Parker-Pearson 1999; Brck 2006; Fon-tijn 2008; Srensen, Rebay-Salisbury 2009). Sustavno istra-ivanje kompleksa tumula s Puri-Ljubnja i spavanskogbazena moe se smatrati korakom naprijed u promiljanjukulturne sloenosti ove regije u kasno bronano doba.

    GEOGRAFSKI I ARHEOLOKI KONTEKST PURI-LJUBNJASvi lokaliteti otkriveni u sklopu ZSAP projekta, ukljuu-

    jui i Puri-Ljubanj, nalaze se u umi na podruju spavan-skog bazena u upanjskoj Posavini u Vukovarsko-srijemskojupaniji na istoku Hrvatske (karta 1). upanjska Posavina za-uzima prostor uz rijeku Savu na granici Hrvatske s Bosnom

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    3/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    135

    Basin covered with the Spava forests in the region ofupanjska Posavina in the Vukovar-Srijem County in easternCroatia (Map 1). upanjska Posavina is situated along the Sa-va River at the borders of Croatia with Bosnia and Herzego-vina and Serbia. The River Ljubanj, which is immediately ad-

    jacent to the western boundary of the Puri-Ljubanj, flowsinto the Spava, which in turn flows into Bosut and then theriver Sava; this flows into the Danube which ends its coursein the Black Sea. This water course would have played animportant role in east west / north south interaction inthe Bronze Age.

    Puri-Ljubanj is situated within managed forestry land;as a result of the work undertaken by the project, the siteis now protected by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. Puri-Ljubanj is situated north of Vrbanja Village and south of theZagreb Lipovac highway in the 75thsection of the BokLjubanj (Sjeverno BoljkovoLjubanj) forest. On the westlies the river Ljubanj, on the south a forest straight clearingbetween the 75thand 87thsection of the forest, and on theeast another forest straight clearing between 75c and 76asections of the forest.

    The Spava Forest is the largest oak forest in Croatia,and one of the largest European Oak forests, covering an ar-ea of 40 000 hectares in the interfluve of the Sava and Dan-

    i Hercegovinom i Srbijom. Rjeica Ljubanj, to se nalazi sazapadne strane nalazita Puri-Ljubanj, ulijeva se u Spavu,koja se pak ulijeva u Bosut koji je dio savskog toka, dok serijeka Sava ulijeva u Dunav koji zavrava svoj tok u Crnommoru. Ovaj rijeni sliv je u bronano doba igrao vanu ulo-gu u interakciji istok zapad i sjever jug.

    Puri-Ljubanj nalazi se na podruju umarije Vrbanja.Nakon poduzimanja radova na zatiti lokaliteta, nalazite

    je zatieno od strane Ministarstva kulture RH. Nalazite jesmjeteno sjeverno od mjesta Vrbanja i juno od autocesteZagreb Lipovac, u 75. odijelu ume BokLjubanj (Sjeverno

    BoljkovoLjubanj). Sa zapada nalazite je omeeno rijekomLjubanj, s juga umskom prosjekom izmeu 75. i 87. odijelaume, a s istoka umskom prosjekom izmeu umskih odje-la 75c i 76a.

    Spavanska uma najvea je hrastova uma u Hrvatskoji jedna od najveih europskih hrastovih uma, a obuhvaapovrinu od 40 000 hektara u meurijeju Save i Dunava.Spavanski bazen iznosi oko 51 000 hektara i obuhvaadio savske holocenske aluvijalne bosutske zaravni, koja sepostupno uzdie s june strane rijeke Save prema jugu, asa sjeverne prema vukovarskoj zaravni. Hrastove ume za-uzimaju krajolik doline, ravnica i okolnih terasa. Sredinji inajdui (40 km) vodotok je rijeka Spava. Spavanski bazen

    Map 1 Position of cemeteries with allocated site codes (map by: Mu-Chun Wu 2012)Karta 1 Poloaj groblja s oznaenim iframa nalazita (izradio: Mu-Chun Wu, 2012.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    4/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    136

    ube. The Spava Basin amounts to c. 51 000 hectares andincludes a part of the Sava Holocene alluvial Bosut plain,which gradually rises in the south of the Sava, and north-ward towards the Vukovar plain. Oak forests occupy thevalley landscape, plains and peripheral terraces. The centraland longest (40 km) watercourse is the River Spava. The

    Spava Basin sits in an area predominately created in theHolocene and is characterised by later marsh sediments,clayey silt and clay derived from quaternary sedimentaryrock (Herak 1997: 155160). The akovo-Vinkovci-VukovarPlateau stabilised in the transition from the Pleistocene tothe Holocene. Meanwhile in the Slavonia-Syrmia valley awetland-marshy environment was retained with BosnianRivers carrying an influx of sand and somewhat rarer grav-el; the bed of the Sava was formed at this time. Betweenthe Sava and Vinkovci plateau water was retained throughfloods and river flows. Peneplanation of loess from higherareas occurred and clayey silt with fine calcareous concre-tions became sedimented (Osnovna geoloka karta:100000,

    tuma za list Vinkovci L 3498, 1989). The resulting sub-soilfound across the region is clay with a subsoil of granularochre clay and sand with nodules of iron rich limestonecaused by constant semi-flood conditions and ensuingground water percolation.

    Environmental conditions in Bronze Age Europe areknown to have fluctuated constantly (Harding 2000: 15)and there is little previous regionally specific work fromwhich to ascertain probable environmental and landscapeconditions during the Late Bronze Age at Puri-Ljubanj.The environmental background given above cannot be ex-trapolated as representing the Late Bronze Age landscape

    which can only be fully described after appropriate envi-ronmental analysis; to be commenced in 2014. At this stagewe can confidently say limestone, iron rich nodules are pre-sent across the site within the sub-strata and, in the case ofTumulus 2, were deliberately manipulated to become partof the construction process of the burial area. We can alsosay that the dense oak forest was not present as it standstoday and that the river courses and tributaries of the Savaand Danube were present; if not following exactly the samecourse as today.

    The area of upanjska Posavina has not been extensive-ly explored by archaeologists. However, given its strategic

    position along the Sava river basin on the routes towardsthe ore rich Bosnian Mountains it is reasonable to supposethat this region would be rich in settlements and cemeter-ies related to the Late Bronze Age. So far in this regiontwo major groups belonging to the beginning of the LateBronze Age have been identified. These are Belegi II andBarice-Greani. It is understood that the Belegi II originat-ed in Srijem at the end of Br C2 and spans all of Br D and HaA1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: 28; Tasi 1974: 241). At its west-ern border the Belegi II group is understood to meet theBarice-Greani cultural group (Marijan 2010: 145; LonjakDizdar 2005: 3435, Potrebica 2003: 171).

    Of these two groups, the ceramic finds from Puri-

    smjeten je u podruju uglavnom nastalom u holocenu, akarakteriziraju ga kasniji movarni sedimenti, glineni mulj iglina nastali iz kvartarnih sedimentnih stijena (Herak 1997:155160). akovako-vinkovako-vukovarski plato stabili-zirao se na prijelazu iz pleistocena u holocen. U meuvre-menu, u slavonsko-srijemskoj dolini zadralo se barsko-

    movarno okruje, dok su bosanske rijeke donosile priljevpijeska te neto rjee ljunka. U ovo vrijeme formiran jevodotok rijeke Save. Izmeu Save i vinkovakog platoa krozpoplave i rijene tokove zadrala se voda. Peneplenizacijomlesa iz viih podruja dolo je do taloenja glinastog muljas finim vapnenim konkrecijama (Osnovna geoloka karta 1 :100 000, tuma za list Vinkovci L 3498, 1989.). Ovo je rezulti-ralo glinenim tlom sa slojem zdravice koji se sastoji od gra-nula oker gline i pijeska s konkrecijama vapnenca bogatimeljezom, a koje su nastale zbog podzemnih voda i stalnihpolupoplavnih uvjeta na ovom podruju.

    Ekoloki uvjeti u okoliu bronanodobne Europe esto

    su oscilirali (Harding 2000: 15), a zbog nedostatka prethod-no objavljenih regionalno specifinih podataka, teko jeutvrditi tone ekoloke uvjete u krajoliku tijekom kasnogabronanog doba na Puri-Ljubnju. Gore spomenuti ekolokikontekst ne moe se primijeniti i na krajolik kasnoga bron-anog doba, koji e se moi bolje opisati nakon odgovara-

    jue analize prapovijesnog okolia, koja e zapoeti u 2014.godini. U ovoj fazi moemo pouzdano rei da su vapnene,eljezom bogate konkrecije bile prisutne u slojevima zdravi-ce nalazita te da su iste, u sluaju tumula 2, namjerno kori-tene u procesu izgradnje tumula. Takoer, moemo rei dagusta hrastova uma nije bila prisutna u dananjem oblikudok su rijeni tokovi i pritoci Save i Dunava bili prisutni, iako

    nisu nuno slijedili svoje dananje tokove.

    Podruje upanjske Posavine arheoloki je nedovoljnoistraeno. Meutim, s obzirom na strateki poloaj du slivarijeke Save na pravcima prema rudama bogatim bosanskimplaninama, moe se pretpostaviti kako e ova regija bitibogata naseljima i grobljima kasnoga bronanog doba. Dosada su u upanjskoj Posavini definirane dvije glavne grupes poetka kasnoga bronanog doba. To su Belegi II i Barice-Greani. Belegi II je nastao u Srijemu, krajem Br C2 i obu-hvaa itav Br D i Ha A1 period (Vinski-Gasparini 1983: 28;Tasi 1974: 241). Uz zapadnu granicu svog prostiranja grupaBelegi II susree se s kulturnom skupinom Barice-Greani(Marijan 2010: 145; Lonjak Dizdar 2005: 3435, Potrebica2003: 171).

    Od ove dvije skupine keramiki nalazi sa Puri-Ljubnjapokazuju afinitet s grupom Belegi II. Kulturna skupinaBelegi (Belegi I i II Br A2/B1 Br D/Ha A1), nastaje prikraju srednjobronanodobne vatinske grupe (Tasi 1974:233234; 2003: 192; Dizdar 1999: 34; Lonjak 2002: 65). Gru-pa Belegi II je, stoga, istovremena grupi Barice-Greani (BrD Ha A1). Znaajno je da unato kronolokoj i geografskojblizini ovih grupa Puri-Ljubnju, te iako su obje grupe kre-mirale ostatke svojih pokojnika, ni jedna od njih nije po-kapala svoje umrle pod tumulima. Najblie usporedbe usmislu smjetanja kremiranih (ali i kosturnih) ostataka pod

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    5/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    137

    Ljubanj show an affinity with the Belegi II group. TheBelegi cultural group as a whole, both Belegi I and II (BrA2/B1 Br D/Ha A1), emerges at the end of the Vatin MiddleBronze Age group (Tasi 1974: 233234, 2003: 192; Dizdar1999: 34; Lonjak 2002: 65). The Belegi II is therefore con-temporary to the Barice-Greani group (Br D Ha A1). What

    is notable despite the proximity of these groups chronolog-ically and geographically to Puri-Ljubanj is that althoughboth groups cremated the deceased, neither buried theirdeceased under mounds. The closest such parallels in termsof the depositional practice of placing cremated (as well asskeletal) remains under tumuli in the Late Bronze Age are inwestern Serbia (Zotovi 1985: 3546) and in the Glasinac ar-ea in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (ovi 1983: 413433).

    Based on this information, it can be suggested thatPuri-Ljubanj, along with the entire spread of tumuli com-plexes, defines a western boundary for the Belegi II groupin upanjska Posavina. The fact that we are now witness-ing yet another variant of remembering and memorialising

    the dead in this region suggests a complexity even greaterthan previously understood. There are many debates thatremain open with regard to later prehistoric society/-ies inthis region and we hope the interrogation of this landscapewill contribute to explanations as to the ways of life alreadyknown for this region.

    SURVEY, GEOPHISICS AND GEOREFERENCING ATPURI-LJUBANJ

    Clearance and Field-walking of the excavation areaIn the 2008 season, an area incorporating 3 of the tu-

    muli to be excavated was cleared of forest ground cover

    and made ready for survey and excavation. This area wasdetermined by inclusion of the tumulus identified as hav-ing been unsystematically excavated in the 1920s, to benamed Tumulus 1, and two adjacent tumuli (Tumulus 2 andTumulus 3). Tumulus 1 was selected for excavation on thegrounds that not only could we explore the deep past asso-ciated with it but also clarify the nature of the unsystematicexcavation that has taken place and corroborate or refutelocal oral history with archaeological evidence; a matterof some importance to the local community. Tumuli 2 and3 were, meanwhile, selected on pragmatic and methodo-logical grounds. Pragmatically their close physical relation-ship to each other and the relative proximity of Tumulus 1made it possible to open a single excavation area. Each ofthe three tumuli to be excavated were of different sizes andslightly different forms; this was thought to be a potentialindicator of some difference in date or determination of so-cial use. These decisions resulted in an excavation area of25x100 meters. The excavation area sits at the southern endof the Puri-Ljubanj site (Fig. 1). Systematic field walking us-ing a grid system of 2 meter squares of the cleared excava-tion area resulted in little evidence of past activity. Therewas a very light scattering of un-diagnostic pottery sherdsand some charcoal. None of this material could be said toform any sort of clustering that would have any effect onour excavation strategy.

    tumule u kasno bronano doba nalaze se u zapadnoj Srbiji(Zotovi 1985: 3546) te u glasinakom podruju u istonojBosni i Hercegovini (ovi 1983: 413433).

    Iz ovih podataka mogue je zakljuiti da Puri-Ljubanj,zajedno s ostalim nedavno rekognosciranim kompleksimatumula, definira zapadnu granicu skupine Belegi II u u-

    panjskoj Posavini. injenica da smo sada svjedoci jo jed-noj varijanti komemoracije i naina prisjeanja na mrtveu regiji, upuuje na sloenost jo veu nego to se prijesmatralo. S obzirom na kasnije prapovijesno drutvo regije iistraivanje ritualnog krajolika ostaju otvorena mnoga pita-nja, a propitivanje ovog krajolika e, nadamo se, doprinijetiotprije poznatim objanjenjima naina ivota u ovoj regiji.

    TERENSKI PREGLED, GEOFIZIKA ISTRAIVANJA IGEOREFERENCIRANJE TERENA NA PURI-LJUBNJU

    ienje i rekognosciranje podruja iskopaU sezoni 2008. dio nalazita na kojem se nalaze tri tumu-

    la predviena za istraivanje oien je od umskog po-krova i pripremljen za rekognosciranje i iskopavanje. Ovopodruje je odreeno uzimanjem u obzir tumula za koji jeutvreno da je 1920-ih bio podvrgnut nesustavnom iskopa-vanju, a koji je sada nazvan tumul 1, te dva susjedna tumu-la, sada tumuli 2 i 3. Tumul 1 je odreen za iskop ne samokako bi se istraila njegova duboka prolost, nego i kako bise razjasnila priroda nesustavnog iskopavanja te arheolo-kim dokazima potkrijepila ili opovrgnula lokalna usmenapredaja, to je lokalnoj zajednici bilo od posebne vanosti.Tumuli 2 i 3 su, u meuvremenu, odabrani na pragmatinoji metodolokoj osnovi. Njihov blizak fiziki meuodnos i re-lativna blizina tumula 1 omoguili su istraivanja na jednoj

    cjelovitoj povrini, ali takoer sva tri tumula predviena zaistraivanje su razliitih veliina i donekle razliitih oblika,to se smatralo potencijalnim pokazateljem razlike u vre-menu nastanka ili razlike u njihovoj svrsi. Ove odluke rezul-tirale su iskopom na podruju 25x100 metara, koje se nalazina junom kraju nalazita Puri-Ljubanj (sl. 1). Sustavno re-kognosciranje pomou sustava mree 2x2 metra na oie-nom podruju iskopa rezultiralo je s vrlo malo povrinskihnalaza. Pronaena je tek lagano rasprena koncentracija ne-dijagnostikih ulomaka keramike i neto ugljena. Pronaenimaterijal nije formirao bilo kakve koncentracije koje bi nampomogle u utvrivanju strategije iskopa.

    Geofizika istraivanjaPrije poetka iskopavanja uinjena su etrdeset dva

    transekta georadarom, a u etiri transekta je izmjeren ot-por geoelektrine energije kako bi se utvrdilo postojanjepodzemnih struktura i drugih poremeaja (sl. 2). Georadar-sko istraivanje je provedeno na dvama povrinama unutarmrea od 26x20 metara i 20x10 metara, pomou pulseEKKOPRO instrumenta s 400 V odailjaem i antenskim setom od500 i 200 MHz. Za georadarskih istraivanja tumul 1 je pre-gledan u smjeru sjever jug, a tumuli 2 i 3 su pregledani usmjeru sjeverozapad jugoistok. Skenirana je dubina izno-sila 5 metara. Rezultati su pokazali poremeaje i jae pojedi-nane anomalije na nekim dijelovima nalazita. Zbog pore-

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    6/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    138

    Geophysical SurveyPrior to excavation, forty two transects were made for

    purposes of geo-radar and four transects for geo-electricity(resistivity) in order to try and view subterranean structuresor disturbances (Fig. 2). A geo-radar survey was conductedin 2 grids 26x20 meters and 20x10 meters, using the pul-seEKKO PRO instrument with a 400 V transmitter and a500 and 200 MHz antenna set. For the geo-radar surveyTumulus 1 was transected in a north-south direction whileTumuli 2 and 3 were transected in a north-western/south-

    eastern direction. The scanning depth was 5 metres. Resultsshowed some areas of disturbances and stronger individualanomalies across the site. There are problems interpretingthe data for Tumulus 1 owing to the disturbance causedby unsystematic excavation in the 1920s and the ensuingdisturbance from wildlife; we cannot be sure that this dis-turbance is not the cause of the high number of individualanomalies on the eastern side of Tumulus 1. The resultsshowed a possible subterranean structure close to Tumulus2, as a consequence of this Trial Trench 2 (Fig. 3) was dug toa depth of 1.2 meters; only one small, undiagnostic potterysherd and some charcoal fragments were found.

    The geo-electrical (resistivity) survey was carried out

    meaja uzrokovanih iskopavanjima 1920-ih i potom nasta-lih oteenja uzrokovanih umskim ivotinjama, naili smona probleme pri tumaenju podataka za tumul 1, te nismomogli biti sigurni da spomenuti poremeaji nisu uzrok veli-kom broju pojedinanih anomalija na istonoj strani ovogtumula. Rezultati su pokazali moguu podzemnu strukturuu blizini tumula 2, posljedica ega je bilo postavljanje prob-nog rova 2 na to mjesto (sl. 3). Ovaj rov iskopan je do dubineod 1,2 metra, ali su u njemu pronaeni tek jedan mali nedi-

    jagnostiki ulomak keramike i neto ugljena.

    Ispitivanje geoelektrinog otpora provedeno je u e-tiri transekta preko tumula 2 i 3, te podruja izmeu njih.Tumul 1 nije bio predmet ovog postupka zbog prije spo-menutih oteenja. Jedan presjek je uinjen u smjeru sje-ver jug, dva u smjeru sjeverozapad jugoistok i jedan usmjeru jugozapad sjeveroistok. Rezultati su pokazali ja-sniju anomaliju izmeu tumula 2 i 3 (sl. 2), sukladno emu

    je ovdje smjeten probni rov 1 (sl. 3). Manja koncentracijavrlo dijagnostike Belegi II keramike s meusobno spoji-vim ulomcima (nalaz 4011, kontekst 402, sl. 4) pronaena jeu sjevernom presjeku na zapadnoj strani ovog rova dajuiprvi nagovjetaj kasnobronanodobnog datuma za teren.U vezi s ovom keramikom takoer je pronaena i koncen-

    Fig. 1 Excavation area in relation to the tumuli complex of Puri-Ljubanj (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2012)

    Sl. 1 Poloaj iskopa u odnosu na ritualni kompleks Puri-Ljubanj (izradio: Mu-Chun Wu, 2012.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    7/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    139

    by taking four transects across tumuli 2 and 3 and the areabetween them. Tumulus 1 was not subject to this processdue to the intense disturbance of the 1920s activity. Onetransect was taken in a north-south direction, two in anorth-western/south-eastern direction and one was takenin a south-western/north-eastern direction. The results didshow a clearer anomaly between Tumuli 2 and 3 (Fig. 2),consequently a Trial Trench 1 (Fig. 3) was placed betweenthem. A small spread of highly diagnostic Belegi II potterywith conjoining sherds was discovered (Finds No. 4011, Con-text 402, Fig. 4) in the north baulk at the western side ofthis trench giving us our first hint as to a Late Bronze Agedate for the site. A spread of cremated bone (Finds No. 4010,Context 402) was found in association with this pottery andhas since been identified as being the crania fragments of achild (Laboratory of the Department of Archaeology, Croa-tian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010).

    tracija kremiranih kostiju (nalaz 4010, kontekst 402), za kojuje u meuvremenu utvreno da je rije o fragmentima lu-banje djeteta (Laboratorij Odsjeka za arheologiju, Hrvatskaakademija znanosti, Zagreb, sijeanj 2010.).

    GPS snimanjaSnimanje GPS-om potvrdilo je postojanje skupine od

    104 tumula smjetene uz vodotok rijeke Ljubanj, dok no-vija topografska snimanja totalnom stanicom podiu brojtumula na ovom nalazitu na 117. U 2012. godini provedeno

    je daljnje sustavno GPS snimanje kako bi se potvrdili usmeniizvjetaji o novim skupinama tumula primijeenim u ostat-ku spavanske ume. Ovo je do danas omoguilo kartiranje

    jo 15 groblja (karta 1). Na svakom novootkrivenom nalazi-tu snimane su toke za svaki pojedini tumul. Broj tumulana pojedinim nalazitima znaajno varira, u rasponu od

    jednog tumula na najmanjem, do 178 tumula na zasad naj-

    Fig. 2 Geophysics at Puri-Ljubanj (figure by: A. Malovoz 2013)Sl. 2 Geofizika istraivanja na Puri-Ljubnju (izradila: A. Malovoz, 2013.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    8/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    140

    GPS SurveyThe GPS survey at Puri-Ljubanj confirmed the pres-

    ence of 104 tumuli positioned in a discrete cluster alongthe Ljubanj river bed in the Vrbanja Forest, while recent de-tailed total station measurements raise their number to 117.In 2012 a further systematic GPS survey was conducted inorder to clarify local oral reports of more cemeteries lyingacross the Spava Forest. This work has enabled 15 morecemeteries to be mapped so far (Map 1). Points were takenfor each tumulus on each newly discovered site. The num-

    bers of tumuli on each cemetery vary considerably, rang-ing from a single tumulus to 178 on the largest site (Tab. 1).Despite this variation the tumuli are visually very similar tothose of Puri-Ljubanj. Test pits have so far been placed ontwo sites. They have revealed yellow-ochre, levigated claycapping consistent with that found at Puri-Ljubanj andLBA pottery and charcoal recovered at a depth commensu-rate with the first finds from the Puri- Ljubanj site. Furtherdetailed topographic surveys of these sites are planned forfuture years.

    Topographic SurveyThe aim of the topographic survey was to confirm the

    veem nalazitu (tab. 1). Unato ovim varijacijama tumulisu vizualno vrlo slini onima s Puri-Ljubnja. Probna istra-ivanja dosad su provedena na dva nalazita. Probne sondedale su nalaze bronanodobne keramike i ugljena na dubinirazmjernoj poetnim nalazima s Puri-Ljubnja te tragove

    Fig. 3 Positions of trial trenches and trenches in Tumulus 2 (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2012)

    Sl. 3 Poloaj probnih rovova i sondi na tumulu 2 (izradio: Mu-Chun Wu, 2012.)

    Fig. 4 Black burnished pot with channelling, Belegi II group(drawing by: L . Waldock 2013)

    Sl. 4 Posuda crne glaane povrine s kaneliranjem, Belegi II grupa(nacrtala: L. Waldo ck, 2013.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    9/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    141

    pokrova od ute proiene gline, takoer u skladu s prona-enim na Puri-Ljubnju. Predstoji daljnja detaljna topograf-

    ska izmjera obaju nalazita.

    Topografska izmjeraCilj topografske izmjere bio je potvrditi broj tumula pri-

    sutnih na Puri-Ljubnju i odrediti njihove veliine, oblike imeuodnos. Detaljno snimanje pri rezoluciji od 1x1 metarprovedeno je na podruju iskopa i povezano TheoLT-om sAutoCAD-om ime je dobivena 3D slika podruja. Tri tumu-la na kojima se vre istraivanja snimljena su u rezoluciji 1x1m, ostali tumuli na nalazitu u rezoluciji 2x2 m, a prostorizmeu tumula snimljen je u rezoluciji 3x3 m. Dobiveni po-daci su interpolirani u digitalni model reljefa (DEM), kako zagroblje, tako i za okolni teren, pokrivajui 96 422 m2umske

    povrine (sl. 5). DEM je takoer proao kroz nekoliko razlii-tih aplikacija (ArcGIS, LandSerf, itd.) kako bi se matematikiutvrdio broj tumula. Rezultati izmjere pokazuju da se nala-zite Puri-Ljubanj nalazi na podruju nepravilna oblika kojepokriva povrinu od 51 291 m2 i sastoji se od 117 tumula.Dimenzije promjera baznih povrina tumula su u rasponuod 9,38 do 30,56 metara, dok im visina varira od samo 10cm do 1,6 metara, pa je vidno postojanje znatnih varijaci-

    ja. Naravno, ove dimenzije ne predstavljaju izvorne veliinetumula koji su graeni iskljuivo od gline te su s vremenombili podloni klizanju materijala. ini se da se dva tumu-la prilino razlikuju od ostalih, s izduenom, elipsoidnom,prije nego krunom bazom, a samo iskopavanjem moe seutvrditi priroda ovih anomalija. Svi ostali tumuli javljaju seu krunom obliku, iako istraivanje pokazuje da su se nekitumuli s vremenom meusobno spojili, to ostavlja prvi do-

    jam varijabilnosti (sl. 5).

    METODOLOGIJA I REZULTATI ISTRAIVANJA

    MetodologijaS obzirom na tumul 1 donesena je odluka da se otvore

    dvije sonde (sonde 1 i 2) koje bi pruile stratigrafski slijedpoevi od centra do izvan ruba tumula (sl. 6). Cilj je biopokriti podruje tete nastale 1920-ih i utvrditi prisutnostili odsutnost jarka koji bi okruivao tumul. Blizina grobnih

    numbers of tumuli present at Puri-Ljubanj and assess theirsizes, shapes and mutual relationships. The fine grained sur-

    vey at a resolution of 1x1 metre grids conducted across theexcavation area was linked by TheoLT to AutoCAD resultingin 3D imaging of the excavation area. The three mounds tobe excavated were surveyed in a 1x1 meter resolution whilethe remaining tumuli were surveyed in a 2x2 meters reso-lution and the low ground between them was surveyed ina 3x3 meters resolution. The resulting data was then inter-polated into a digital elevation model (DEM) for the cem-etery and the surrounding terrain, covering 96 422 m2of theforest surface in and around the site (Fig. 5). The DEM alsowent through several different applications (ArcGIS, Land-Serf, etc.) to mathematically identify the amount of tumuli.The results show that the site area has an uneven shape

    and covers 51 291 m2

    . The site of Puri-Ljubanj consists of117 burial mounds. The base diameters of the tumuli rangefrom 9.38 to 30.56 meters and heights range from just 10cm to 1.6 meters, showing that considerable variation ex-ists. Of course, these dimensions cannot be taken to repre-sent the original sizes of the tumuli which, being construct-ed entirely of clay, have been subject to significant slippagethrough time. Two tumuli appear to be quite different inshape with an elongated ellipsoid rather than circular base;only excavation can verify the nature of these anomalies.All other tumuli appear to be rounded in form although thesurvey shows that some have collapsed together giving afirst impression of variability (Fig. 5).

    EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS

    MethodologyWith regard to Tumulus 1 the decision was made to

    place two trenches (Trenches 1 and 2) that would providea stratigraphic sequence from the centre and extend-ing beyond the periphery of the tumulus (Fig. 6). The aimwas to cover the most extensive area of damage caused inthe 1920s and to determine the presence or absence of aditch. The proximity of Tumulus 2 and Tumulus 3 allowedfor the exploration of the relationship between them. Tothis end two slot trenches (Trenches 3 and 4) would start

    Nalazite / SiteBroj tumula na nalazitu /Number of tumuli on the site

    Nalazite / SiteBroj tumula na nalazitu /Number of tumuli on the site

    Puri-Ljubanj 117 H 31

    A 2 I 1

    B 1 J 80

    C 13 K 178

    D 17 L 35E 137 M 30

    F 18 N 87

    G 113 O 120

    Tab. 1 Size range of Tumuli complexes located in the Spava Forest to dateTab. 1 Raspon veliina kompleksa tumula pronaenih do danas u spavanskoj umi

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    10/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    142

    Fig. 5 Digital Elevation Model showing numbers and forms of Tumuli at Puri-Ljubanj (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2012)Sl. 5 Digitalni model reljefa koji prikazuje broj i oblike tumula na Puri-Ljubnju (izradio: Mu-Chun Wu, 2012.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    11/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    143

    at the centre point of Tumulus 2 (Trench 4) and Tumulus 3(Trench 3) eventually uniting at the mid-point between thetwo tumuli thus giving a picture not only of each tumulusbut of the ground between (Figs.1 and 3). The trencheswere deliberately planned to run from the centre points ofboth Tumuli 1 and 2 to extend beyond their circumference

    enabling investigation of the heart and periphery of eachtumulus and establish the presence or absence of ditchessurrounding the mounds. This was an important strategydesigned to establish where the building material (clay)that the tumuli are made of came from. It was consciouslyour aim to excavate the three tumuli simultaneously, mak-ing practices used, recording and interpretation holistic toall three tumuli in an effort to enhance final interpretation.The excavation method by single contexts within the Har-ris matrix was used. Where there was no specific new con-text to follow the ground was removed in spits varying indepth, from 5 mm to 20 cm depending on circumstances;this maintained vertical sections within each tumulus whilst

    maximising opportunities to explore fragile surface areas.For various reasons, i.e., to follow important features andcontexts trenches were extended as thought necessary.Also, due to the slippage of baulks over the winter monthssome trenches had to be extended.

    Excavation on Tumulus 1Initial excavation in 2008 on Tumulus 1 revealed the ex-

    tent of the damage from the 1920s disturbance. This tookthe form of a series of pits (Context 106) of various sizesdug into the tumulus cut through the topsoil, Context 100,and the original buildingmaterial of the tumulus,

    Context 101. This meansthat destruction is inter-mittent across the tumulusand that some areas remaincompletely undisturbedoffering the possibility ofproviding much useful in-formation. There were nofinds to speak of, just a fewfragments of un-diagnosticpottery and some charcoal.Excavation did provideevidence of a layer of blackclay (Context 101) whichcontinued into Trench 2and is considered to be themain part of the buildingmaterial of the tumulus.Despite taking Trench 2down to the sub-strata andout well beyond the pe-rimeter of what appears tobe the fullest extent of the

    tumula 2 i 3 omoguila je istraivanje njihova meuodnosa.U tu svrhu dvije sonde (sonde 3 i 4) zapoete su na sredi-njim tokama tumula 2 (sonda 4) i tumula 3 (sonda 3) da bise na kraju spojile u prostoru izmeu dva tumula dajui ti-me stratigrafski slijed, ne samo svakog od tumula, nego i te-rena izmeu njih (sl. 1 i 3). Ovim je omogueno istraivanje

    srca i periferije svakog tumula i utvrivanje prisutnosti iliodsutnosti jaraka oko njih. Ova strategija osmiljena je kakobi se utvrdilo odakle potjee graevinski materijal (glina)od koje su tumuli izgraeni. Cilj je bilo svjesno istodobnoistraivanje svih triju tumula, to ini iskopavanje, biljeenjepodataka i interpretaciju na sva tri tumula holistikom me-todom, a sve u svrhu unapreenja konane interpretacije.Koritena je metoda iskopavanja po kontekstima unutarHarrisove matrice. Gdje nije bilo mogue slijediti specifininovi kontekst, zemlja je, ovisno o okolnostima, uklanjanau slojevima razliite dubine (od 5 mm do 20 cm), ime suostvareni vertikalni presjeci svakog tumula i poveana mo-gunost za istraivanje osjetljivih povrina. Iz raznih razloga,

    npr. kako bi se slijedilo vane jedinice i kontekste, sonde suproirivane prema potrebi. Takoer, s obzirom na klizanjematerijala preko zimskih mjeseci neke sonde su nuno mo-rale biti proirene.

    Istraivanje tumula 1Poetnim istraivanjem tumula 1 u 2008. godini otkri-

    veno je u kolikoj je mjeri tumul oteen iskopavanjima iz1920-ih. Pronaen je niz jama (kontekst 106) razliitih ve-liina ukopanih u tumul kroz povrinski sloj (kontekst 100)i materijal od kojeg je tumul izgraen (kontekst 101). Ovo

    Fig. 6 Positions of trenches in Tumulus 1 (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2013)Sl. 6 Poloaj sondi na tumulu 1 (izradio: Mu-Chun Wu, 2013.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    12/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    144

    black clay building material (101) no ditch was found.In 2009 further excavation revealed firstly a layer of yel-

    low ochre coarse-grained clay, Context 104 and immediate-ly beneath a layer of burnt, oxidised clay (Feature 1/1, Con-text 103) in the very south-west corner of Trench 1. The na-ture of 103 strongly suggests deliberate and intense burn-

    ing of the clay surface (Fig. 7) with covering of the surfaceonly taking place once the ground was cold, or the groundwould not have remained oxidised (Rye 1981: 109). Part ofthis Feature was carbonised matting made from organicmaterial, potentially reed (Fig. 8). Radio Carbon dates forthis matting are cal. RC 1610 1430 BC, 3240 80 BP (OxCalcalibration programme, sample number Z-4362 B673 RuerBokovi Institute, Laboratory for Low-level Radioactivities,2010). Charcoal, bone fragments, microliths and undiagnos-tic pottery sherds were also recovered within context 103.Bone fragments (Finds No. 1027) were identified as beingthe well charred fragments of the diaphysis of the humerusof a child, while Finds No. 1029 were shown to be fragments

    of the diaphysis and of a joint surface of an adult; it was notpossible to determine the sex of the person (Laboratory ofthe Department of Archaeology, Croatian Academy of Artsand Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010).

    Finds have been limited to a few pieces of pottery of un-certain character and a concentration of charcoal which wastaken as a sterile sample for further 14C analysis. In additionto this, a red retouched stone (Finds No. 1039) was foundthat could be a piece of a honing stone. In 2011, a sub-rounded pit (Feature 1/2, Context 105), 1.2 m in diameterbecame visible cutting through context 103 and being be-neath the building material of tumulus 101. Small fragmentsof bone were recovered from this feature. After exposing,

    je pokazalo da su oteenja naizmjenina i da su neki dije-lovi ostali posve neoteeni, to je otvorilo mogunost zaprikupljanje mnogo korisnih informacija i iz ovog tumula.Poetno istraivanje dalo je tek nekoliko ulomaka nedija-gnostike keramike i neto ugljena. Iskopavanje je potvrdilopostojanje sloja crne gline (kontekst 101) koji se nastavio i

    u sondi 2 i smatra se glavnim materijalom koritenim za iz-gradnju tumula. Unato tomu to je sonda 2 iskopana dodubine zdravice te izvan dosega graevinskog materijalatumula, jarak oko tumula nije pronaen.

    U 2009. godini daljnjim iskapanjem otkriven je sloj kru-pnozrnate oker gline, kontekst 104, a neposredno ispodnjega, u jugozapadnom uglu sonde 1, nalazio se sloj pe-ene, oksidirane gline (jedinica 1/1, kontekst 103). Prirodakonteksta 103 predstavlja namjerno i intenzivno peenjeglinene povrine (sl. 7). Takoer je primjetno da je peenapovrina pokrivena novim slojem zemlje tek kada je tlobilo ohlaeno u protivnom ono ne bi ostalo oksidirano(Rye 1981: 109). U kontekstu 103 pronaen je karbonizirani

    preplet izraen od organskog materijala, mogue rogoza(sl. 8). Ovaj pleter je datiran u cal. RC 1610. 1430. god. pr.Kr., 324080 BP (OxCal kalibracijski program, broj uzorkaZ-4362 B673, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Laboratorij za mje-renje niskih radioaktivnosti, 2010.). Ugljen, ulomci kostiju,mikroliti i nedijagnostiki ulomci keramike takoer su pro-naeni u kontekstu 103. Ulomci kostiju (nalaz 1027) identifi-cirani su kao kremirani fragmenti dijafize humerusa djeteta,dok je nalaz kostiju 1029 identificiran kao fragmenti dijafizei zglobne povrine odrasle osobe iji spol nije bilo mogueutvrditi (Laboratorij Odsjeka za arheologiju, Hrvatska aka-demija znanosti i umjetnosti).

    Nalazi su se sveli na nekoliko komada keramike neizvje-

    Fig. 7 Deliberate burning of surface, Trench 1, Context 103 (photo by: A. Malovoz 2010)Sl. 7 Namjerno spaljivanje povrine, sonda 1, kontekst 103 (snimila: A. Malovoz, 2010.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    13/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    145

    recording and finally lifting the surface of 103 and removingseveral spits of barren material surrounding Feature 1/2, un-diagnostic sherds of two large vessels were lifted (Feature1/4, Finds No. 1068, Context 104b and Feature 1/5, Finds No.1069, Context 104b).

    Excavation on Tumulus 2Tumulus 2 is the smallest of the 3 tumuli to be excavatedand lies on slightly elevated ground, squeezed between Tu-mulus 1 to the north and Tumulus 3 to the south (Fig. 1). Thefirst finds from Tumulus 2 came as a result of an early trialtrench (Trial Trench 1) placed following geophysics. A ves-sel (Finds No. 4011, Fig. 4) emerged from the south end ofTrench 4 at the intersection with Trial Trench 1 (Fig. 3). Thisvessel is diagnostically characteristic of a Belegi II burialurn; being manufactured of coarsely tempered, loose clay,low fired and black burnished with the characteristic finger-tip channelling that emerges at this time (Forenbaher 1989:25, 1994: 5557; Tasi 1974: 245).

    Following this context 401 emerged which, as in Tumu-lus 1 (Context 101), was a layer of black clay used as finalbuilding material when the tumulus was closed. Withinthis there were several discrete depositions of pots withinshallow pits. The most notable of these was found withinFeature 4/1. This was a very small, fine black burnished cup(Finds No. 4054) lying in the fill of context 406, a shallowpit, with a carefully arranged group of limestone nodulesadjacent at the east side of the pot. As previously notedthese limestone nodules are only found in the sub-strataacross the site so the suggestion is that they were deliber-ately placed beside the pot. This cup is diagnostically char-acteristic of the Belegi II cultural group (Forenbaher 1991:

    56; Dizdar 1999: 108). The pot was incredibly friable and wastherefore photographed and drawn in situ(Fig. 9).

    After this, pottery also began to appear among thecharcoal and ash spreads. The first such spread, located inthe north-east end of Trench 4 was a cremation burial (Fea-ture 4/2) a whole urn with cremated bone within (Fig. 10)which was later found to be within Feature 4/8, Context 416,a layer of deliberately burnt oxidised clay (Fig. 11). Pottery(Finds No.s 4033, 4131, 4132, 4133, 4134 and 4135) from 4/2is diagnostically of a Late Bronze Age date. Cremated bonewas also removed from within Feature 4/2; Finds No.s 4015,4017, 4018. Analysis revealed fragments of the crematedcrania and diaphysis of a child and a tooth root with theapex open suggesting a child of 1012 years old at time ofdeath (Laboratory of the Department of Archaeology, Croa-tian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010).

    At the same level and south of 4/2, also on the easternside of Trench 4, another burial represented by diagnosti-cally Late Bronze Age pottery finds No.s 4043, 4044, 4045and 4047 (Fig. 12) and the cremated diaphysis (Find No.4042) of an adult of undetermined sex were found (Labora-tory of the Department of Archaeology, Croatian Academyof Arts and Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010).

    snog karaktera i koncentraciju ugljena koja je prikupljenakao sterilni uzorak za daljnju 14C analizu. Uz to, pronaen jecrveni retuirani kamen (nalaz 1039) koji bi mogao biti diobrusnog kamena. U 2011. godini otkrivena je poluzaobljena

    jama (jedinica 1/2, kontekst 105) promjera 1,2 m koja je oi-to bila usjeena kroz peeni sloj (kontekst 103), a nalazi seispod graevinskog materijala tumula (kontekst 101). U njojsu pronaeni sitni fragmenti kostiju. Nakon otkrivanja, istra-ivanja i konanog uklanjanja sloja 103 te uklanjanja neko-liko slojeva materijala koji okruuje jedinicu 1/2, pronaenisu nedijagnostiki ulomci dviju velikih keramikih posuda(jedinica 1/4, nalaz 1068, kontekst 104b i jedinica 1/5, nalaz1069, kontekst 104b).

    Istraivanje tumula 2Tumul 2 je najmanji od tri istraivana tumula i lei na bla-

    go povienom terenu, stijenjen izmeu tumula 1 na sjeve-ru i tumula 3 na jugu (sl. 1). Prvi nalazi iz tumula 2 pronaenisu u probnom rovu 1 postavljenom kao rezultat geofizikihistraivanja. Na mjestu krianja junog kraja sonde 4 i ro-va 1 (sl. 3) pronaena je posuda (nalaz 4011, sl. 4) koja nosidijagnostika obiljeja Belegi II posude. Nainjena je odkrhke keramike s grubim inkluzijama, slabo peena, crne iuglaane povrine s karakteristinim kaneliranjem koje se

    javlja u to vrijeme (Forenbaher 1989: 25; 1994: 5557; Tasi1974: 245).

    Kontekst 401 javio se, kao i kontekst 101 u tumulu 1, u

    obliku sloja crne gline koji predstavlja zavrni graevinskimaterijal tumula. U njemu je pronaeno nekoliko zasebnihkoncentracija keramike u plitkim jamama. Najistaknutija odnjih je jedinica 4/1, u kojoj se nalazio jedan mali, fini, crniuglaani pehar (nalaz 4054) u zapuni plitke jame (kontekst406) s pomno poslaganim vapnenim konkrecijama tik dopehara, s njegove istone strane. Kako je ve spomenuto,ove vapnene konkrecije mogu se pronai u okolnim sloje-vima zdravice te predlaemo da su namjerno smjetene uzpehar. Ovaj pehar dijagnostiki je karakteristian za BelegiII grupu (Forenbaher 1991: 56; Dizdar 1999: 108). Pehar je na-injen od vrlo tronog keramikog materijala, zbog ega jefotografiran i nacrtan in situ(sl. 9).

    Fig. 8 Carbonised matting, Feature 1/1, Context 103 (photo by: J.Jones 2009)

    Sl. 8 Karbonizirani preplet, jedinica 1/1, kontekst 103 (snimila: J. Jo-nes, 2009.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    14/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    146

    The next feature to emerge was Feature 4/3. This lays atthe south end of Trench 4 on an east-west orientation andspans the entire width of the trench; although the westernside of the feature is richer in finds than the eastern side.Feature 4/3 is made up of a concentrated spread of char-

    Keramiki nalazi su se takoer poeli javljati unutar ras-prenih slojeva ugljena i pepela. Prva takva koncentracija,smjetena na sjeveroistonom kraju sonde 4 je paljevinskigrob (jedinica 4/2, cijela urna s kremiranim kostima, sl. 10)za koju je poslije utvreno da se nalazi unutar jedinice 4/8,kontekst 416, sloj namjerno spaljene oksidirane gline (sl. 11).Keramika (nalazi 4033, 4131, 4132, 4133, 4134 i 4135) iz jedi-

    nice 4/2 dijagnostiki je kasnobronanodobnog datuma.Kremirane kosti takoer su pronaene u ovoj jedinici (nalazi4015, 4017, 4018), a njihova analiza je pokazala kako je rijeo kremiranim fragmentima lubanje, dijafize i korijena zuba sotvorenim apeksom koji upuuju na grob djeteta od 10 do12 godina u trenutku smrti (Laboratorij Odsjeka za arheolo-giju, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti).

    Fig. 9 Belegi II cup drawn in situ (drawing by: L. Waldock 2013)Sl. 9 Belegi II keramiki pehar nacrtan in situ (nacrtala: L. Wal-

    dock, 2013.)

    Fig. 10 Late Bronze Age bowl from Feature 4/2 (drawing by: L. Wal-dock 2013)

    Sl. 10 Kasnobronanodobna zdjela iz jedinice 4/2 (nacrtala: L. Wal-dock, 2013.)

    Fig. 11 Burning of clay surface Feature 4/8, Context 416 (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2012)Sl. 11 Oksidirani peeni sloj, jedinica 4/8, kontekst 416 (digitalizirao: Mu-Chun Wu, 2011.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    15/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET A L., KOMPLEKS PRAPOVIJESNI H TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPA VANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    147

    coal, ash, cremated bone, pottery and crushed, degradedpottery. Three main vessel types are present within feature4/3: Belegi II fine ware cups (Fig. 13), black burnished, elab-orately decorated vessels with exaggerated bosses (Fig. 14),carinated bowls with everted rims (Fig. 15) and either facet-ing or incised parallel lines decorating the carinated neck(Forenbaher 1989: 2530; 1990: 5861; 1994: 5459). Sterilecharcoal samples taken from immediately under, and adja-cent to the pottery recovered (Finds No.s 4128 and 4129)were sent for analysis and gave a date of cal. BC 1390 1010,2970150 BP (OxCal calibration programme, sample no.Z-4605 B810 (Ruer Bokovi Institute, Laboratory for Low-

    level Radioactivities, 2010).

    Beneath Features 4/8 and 4/2 earlier deposits emergedacross the western side of Trench 4 (Fig. 1617), Features 4/4ato 4/4s. The stratigraphy shows this layer precedes eventsassociated with the oxidised layer, Feature 4/8. It would

    seem that these features may represent several events; onlyfurther analysis will clarify how many events are represent-ed by the 4/4 features. In a strong visual contrast to Feature

    Na istoj razini, juno od jedinice 4/2 na istonoj stranisonde 4, pronaen je jo jedan grob s dijagnostiki kasno-bronanodobnim keramikim nalazima 4043, 4044, 4045 i4047 (sl. 12), te kremiranim kostima s dijafizom (nalaz 4042)odrasle osobe neutvrenog spola (Laboratorij Odsjeka zaarheologiju, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti).

    Sljedea otkrivena jedinica, jedinica 4/3, nalazi se na ju-nom kraju sonde 4 s orijentacijom istok zapad, a proteese cijelom irinom sonde. Zapadna strana ove jedinice bo -gatija je nalazima nego istona. Jedinica 4/3 sastoji se odkoncentracije ugljena, pepela, kremiranih kostiju, kerami-kih posuda te smrskane keramike. Tri glavna tipa posudaprisutna u jedinici 4/3 su: Belegi II fini keramiki pehari (sl.

    13), crne uglaane, bogato ukraene posude s naglaenimbradaviastim ispupenjima (sl. 14), zdjele kariniranog ra -mena s izvuenim rubom (sl. 15) te s ukrasom fazetiranja iliurezanih paralelnih linija na vratu; za usporedbu v. Forenba-her (1989: 2530; 1990: 5861; 1994: 5459). Sterilni uzorciugljena uzeti neposredno ispod i pokraj pronaene kerami-ke (nalazi 4128 i 4129) poslani su na analizu i dali datacijucal. RC 1390. 1010. god. pr. Kr., 2970150 BP (OxCal kalibra-cijski program, broj uzorka Z-4605 B810, Institut Ruer Bo-

    Fig. 12 Late Bronze Age vessel (drawing by: L. Waldock 2013)Sl. 12 Kasnobronanodobna posuda (nacrtala: L. Waldock, 2013.)

    Fig. 13 Fragments of Belegi II ne-ware cups (photo by: A. Malo-

    voz 1013)Sl. 13 Ulomci Belegi II pehara (snimila: A. Malovoz, 2013.)

    Fig. 14 Fragments of Belegi II vessels (photo by: A . Malovoz 1013)Sl. 14 Ulomci Belegi II posuda (foto: A. Malovoz, 2013.)

    Fig. 15 Bowl in Feature 4/3 (photo by: S. Budden 2011)Sl. 15 Zdjela u jedinici 4/3 (snimila: S. Budden-Hoskins 2011.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    16/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    148

    4/8, all the depositions associated with these features are

    covered with, and sometimes surrounded by compactedbuff/white, limestone nodules (Fig. 18) with iron at theircore. This material is used to produce a concrete like sub-stance and is only to be found in the sub-strata across thesite as part of the natural geology of the region caused byground water percolation at the transition from Pleistoceneto the Holocene (Osnovna geoloka karta:100000, tuma zalist Vinkovci L 3498, 1989). This suggests the deliberateuse of this material to delineate, and potentially protect,depositions of pottery, cremated bone, ash and charcoalmade during this horizon of activity. Meanwhile, the findssit within the 4/4 features in a fill of extremely fine, sandy,ochre coloured clay, that appears to have been levigated.Fills from all Features 4/4as are awaiting environmentaland chemical analysis.

    All the pottery recovered from these features is diag-nostically Late Bronze Age. The only cremated bone sam-ple (Find No. 4118) analysed to date from these features isfrom Feature 4/4i, Context 414. This sample was a fragmentof the diaphysis of the femur of an adult male (Laboratoryof the Department of Archaeology, Croatian Academy ofArts and Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010). Finds from 4/4irepresent a good example of Belegi II ceramics (Fig. 19). Ofall the 4/4 features, the burial 4/4n is the largest and mostcomplex with deposits of charcoal, pottery, cremated bone

    kovi, Laboratorij za mjerenje niskih radioaktivnosti, 2010.).

    Ispod jedinica 4/8 i 4/2 javili su se raniji depoziti na za-padnoj strani rova 4 (sl. 1617), jedinice 4/4a 4/4s. Strati-grafija pokazuje da ovaj sloj prethodi dogaajima poveza-nim s oksidiranim slojem, jedinicom 4/8. Ovaj sloj karakte-riziraju nepravilni pokrovi od kalcita (sl. 18) koji ili obgrljujuili pokrivaju kremirane kosti, pepeo, ugljen i keramiku. Onimogu predstavljati ili jednu veliku epizodu aktivnosti ilibrojne manje epizode povezane s istim ritualom depozicije.to je tono sluaj, jo je nejasno. U snanom je vizualnomkontrastu s oksidiranim slojem 4/8, a svi prilozi povezani sovom jedinicom su prekriveni, a ponekad i okrueni zbije-nim, prljavobijelim konkrecijama vapnenca sa eljezom u

    jezgri koritenim za izradu tvari poput betona. Ovaj mate-rijal moe se pronai u slojevima zdravice kao dio prirodne

    geologije regije nastao djelovanjem podzemnih voda naprijelazu iz pleistocena u holocen (Osnovna geoloka karta1 : 100 000, tuma za list Vinkovci L 3498 , 1989.). Ovo suge-rira namjernu upotrebu ovog materijala za razgranienje ipotencijalno zatitu keramikih priloga, kremiranih kostiju,pepela i ugljena tijekom ovog horizonta aktivnosti. U me-uvremenu, nalazi su smjeteni unutar zapune od vrlo fine,proiene, pjeskovite gline oker boje. Zapuna iz jedinica4/4as eka okolinu i kemijsku analizu.

    Sva keramika pronaena u ovim jedinicama dijagnosti-ki je kasnobronanodobna. Jedini uzorak kremirane kosti(nalaz 4118) analiziran do danas je iz jedinice 4/4i, kontekst

    Fig. 16 Plan of Feature 4/4n (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2013)Sl. 16 Tlocrt jedinice 4/4n (digitalizirao: Mu-Chun Wu, 2013.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    17/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    149

    Fig. 17 Cross-section of Feature 4/4n (figure by: Mu-Chun Wu 2013)Sl. 17 Presjek jedinice 4/4n (digitalizirao: Mu-Chun Wu, 2013.)

    Fig. 18 Limestone nodules capping surrounding burial, Feature 4/4n (photo by: S. Budden-Hoskins 2012)Sl. 18 Pokrov od vapnenih konkrecija oko grobnih priloga, jedinica 4/4n (snimila: S. Budden-Hoskins, 2012.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    18/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET A L., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR VRBANJA IN TH E SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    150

    and a small amount of bronze. Adjacent to the east side of4/4n a small post hole (Feature 4/17) was found packed withpottery sherds laid horizontally and with a fill of degradedwood, ash and fine bone fragments.

    Amongst the many Features located in Trench 2, also

    of note are: Feature 4/14 and 4/15 both uncovered in 2012.Feature 4/14 is a deposition of six, small, oxidised bright or-ange deposits. Of these four were made of daub (Finds No.s4290 A, B, C and E) and two were made of oxidised, orangepottery which became broken after deposition, in-situ,

    these are Finds No.s 4290 D and F). All of these are arrangedevenly in a semi-circle and may relate to an earlier feature

    which lay immediately beneath 4/14 where a black bur-nished pot with coarse fabric and a tunnel-handle placed

    horizontally at the shoulder of the pot that is diagnosticallyBelegi II (Finds No 4106), see Forenbaher (1990: 61; 1991: 52;1994: 55) for parallels. Feature 4/15, also uncovered in 2012,represents an event that precedes 4/8, the highly oxidised

    and burnt red clay layer mentioned previously. Feature 4/15also lies on the east side of Trench 4 but is 45 cm beneath4/8 overlaid in between with general tumuli clay, buildingmaterial, Context 405. It is characterised by an area of in -tense burning with many charcoal deposits, some potteryand bone fragments. The pottery (Finds No.s 4317 and4319) was not diagnostic.

    Excavation on Tumulus 3

    Trench 3 was opened in 2008 extending from the centrepoint of tumulus 3 to trial trench 1, with the intention that itwould eventually meet Trench 4 from the mid-point of tu-

    mulus 2. This was so we could explore the interiors of both

    tumuli and the relationship between them. As stated, thisstrategy would also provide evidence of the existence, ornot, of ditches surrounding the tumuli.

    Early on in the south-east corner a small conical pit was

    discovered, Feature 3/1. It was sealed with a semi-burnt, oxi-

    dised clay cap made from very fine, levigated yellow/paleorange clay, Context 301. At the base of this pit, within thefill, Context 301A there was a carefully placed, large deposi-tion of well-charred human bone taking the form of frag-

    ments of radius bone diaphysis, femur and tibia (Find No.3016). This was identified as most probably a young adultmale (Laboratory of the Department of Archaeology, Croa-tian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Zagreb, January 2010).No pottery of note was lif ted from this feature.

    Beneath feature 3/1 there was a large undisturbed areaof burnt, highly oxidised, iron rich clay, Feature 3/3 (Fig. 20);this feature is of the same character as that found in bothTrenches 1 (Feature 1/1) and 4 (Feature 4/8). This layer maybe described as having an undulating, and in places, a bro-ken surface (we believe through natural transforms). It lieson a west-east axis and is sub-rectangular in shape. At the

    south and east of the trench the surface continues into bothbaulks. This oxidised surface implies that, as with Tumuli 1and 2, whatever burning activity took place was intense (c.600 C) and deliberate. It was left to cool completely prior to

    414, a predstavlja ulomak dijafize bedrene kosti odraslogmukaraca (Laboratorij Odsjeka za arheologiju, Hrvatskaakademija znanosti i umjetnosti). Nalazi iz 4/4i predstavlja-

    ju dobar primjer Belegi II keramike (sl. 19). Od svih jedinica4/4 grob 4/4n jest najvei i najsloeniji s naslagama ugljena,keramike, kremiranih kostiju te malom koliinom bronce. Sistone strane 4/4n pronaena je mala rupa od stupa (je-dinica 4/17) s nalazima vodoravno poloenih keramikihulomaka te ispunom od degradiranog drva, pepela i sitnih

    fragmenata kostiju.

    Meu mnogim jedinicama iz sonde 2 istiu se i jedinice4/14 i 4/15 otkrivene u 2012. godini. Jedinica 4/14 sastoji seod est malih, oksidiranih, svijetlo naranastih priloga, odkojih su etiri izraena od lijepa (nalazi 4290 A, B, C i E), adva od oksidirane, naranaste keramike koja je naknadno,in situ, slomljena (nalazi 4290 D i F). Sve ovo je rasporeenoravnomjerno u polukrugu, a moe se vezati uz raniju jedini-cu koja se nalazi odmah ispod 4/14 gdje je pronaena crnauglaana posuda od grubog materijala s tunelastom ru-kom vodoravno smjetenom na ramenu posude, dijagno-stikom za Belegi II grupu (nalaz 4106) (Forenbaher (1990:61; 1991: 52; 1994: 55). Jedinica 4/15, takoer otkrivena 2012.

    godine, predstavlja dogaaj koji prethodi prije spomenu-tom oksidiranom sloju 4/8. Ona se takoer nalazi na isto-noj strani sonde 4,45 cm ispod 4/8, pokrivena slojem glinekoji predstavlja dio graevinskog materijala tumula, kon-tekst 405. Odlikuje ju podruje intenzivnog gorenja s mno -go nalaza ugljena, neto keramike i kostiju. Keramika (nalazi4317 i 4319) nije bila dijagnostika.

    Istraivanje tumula 3

    Sonda 3 otvorena 2008. godine protee se od sredinetumula 3 do probnog rova 1, s namjerom da se na kraju spo-

    ji sa sondom 4 koja kree od sredine tumula 2. Ovo je ui-njeno kako bi se istraila unutranjost obaju tumula i njihovmeuodnos te kao to je reeno, kako bi se pronali dokazi

    Fig. 19 Fragments of vessels from Feature 4/4i (photo by: A. Ma-lovoz 1013)

    Sl. 19 Ulomci posuda iz jedinice 4/4i (snimila: A. Malovoz, 2013.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    19/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    151

    being covered with the overlying layer of black/brown clayor else it would not have remained oxidised (Budden 2002:31). The degraded remains of a collapsed pot with frag-ments of well burnt human bone, ash and charcoal (Feature3/2) were the first element of 3/3 to be uncovered. As exca-vation progressed it was clear that 3/2 belonged within 3/3

    and represented a burial within 3/3. The fill of 3/2, Context307, having disclosed calcined bone including a fragmentof diaphysis which has been analysed and is thought tobelong most probably to a female adult (Laboratory of theDepartment of Archaeology, Croatian Academy of Arts andSciences, Zagreb, January 2010). After completely exposing3/3 it was removed and the ground beneath was complete-ly clean. The trench was taken down to the sub-strata ofchalky yellow clay (Context 312) with no other earlier layersbeing found. The only significant event in Trench 3 after theremoval of 3/3 was the discovery of an irregular pit on thenorthern edge of the tumulus, Feature 3/5. This pit turnedout to be 1.5 m deep and 1.6 m in diameter; no finds were

    recovered.

    PRELIMINARY SYNTHESIS OF PURI-LJUBANJResearch to date has shown that Puri-Ljubanj is a place

    where complex social activities related to commemorationof the deceased took place in the Late Bronze Age. These ac-

    o postojanju ili nepostojanju rovova oko tumula.Ve na poetku istraivanja u jugoistonom kutu sonde

    pronaena je mala stoasta jama, jedinica 3/1. Ova jama bilaje zapeaena nagorenim, oksidiranim glinenim pokrovomizraenim od vrlo fine, proiene, utonaranaste gline,kontekst 301. Pri dnu ove jame, unutar zapune (kontekst301A) nalazila se paljivo poloena vea koncentracija kosti-

    ju, identificirana kao pougljenjeni fragmenti radijusa dijafi-ze, femura i tibije (nalaz 3016), koji najvjerojatnije pripadajumladom odraslom mukarcu (Laboratorij Odsjeka za arhe-ologiju, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti). U ovoj

    jedinici nije bilo znaajnijih keramikih priloga.Ispod jedinice 3/1 pronaen je dosad na nalazitu povr-

    inom najvei, izrazito oksidirani sloj eljezom bogate gline,jedinica 3/3 (sl. 20). Ova je jedinica istog karaktera kao oksi-dirani slojevi u sondi 1 (jedinica 1/1) i 4 (jedinica 4/8), te semoe opisati kao valovita, na mjestima oteena povrina(vjerujemo da su oteenja prirodnog postanka). Smjetena

    je na osi istok zapad te je pravokutnog oblika. Na jugu iistoku povrina se nastavlja i pod zidove sonde. Ova oksidi-rana povrina upuuje na to da je gorenje, kao i u tumulima

    1 i 2, bilo intenzivno (oko 600 C) i namjerno te da je povr-ina ostavljena da se ohladi u potpunosti prije nego to jepokrivena slojem crnosmee gline, u protivnom ne bi osta-la oksidirana (Budden 2002: 31). Degradirani ostaci urueneposude s fragmentima kostiju, pepela i ugljena (jedinica3/2) predstavljali su prvi otkriveni dio jedinice 3/3. Nasta-vak istraivanja pokazao je da jedinica 3/2 predstavlja grob

    Fig. 20 Cross-section of Feature 3/3 (photo by: S. Budden-Hoskins 2010)Sl. 20 Presjek jedinice 3/3 (snimila: S. Budden-Hoskins, 2010.)

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    20/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    152

    tivities take a number of forms that appear to vary throughtime; this variation while most clearly seen in Tumulus 2, isalso evident between the tumuli suggesting a degree offlexibility within social norms of the time.

    Tumuli 1 and 3 appear at first to be of very similarcharacter to Tumulus 2 with stratigraphic layers following

    similar sequences. In all three cases clay was used to buildsubstantial mounds on which the final events of the burialritual were performed thus creating Feature 1/1 (Tumulus 1),Feature 4/8 (Tumulus 2), and Feature 3/3 (Tumulus 3). Eachmound would require significant inputs of labour and or-ganisation; in the case of Tumuli 1 and 3 it would seem thislabour was aimed at a single significant event. The situationfor Tumulus 2 is somewhat different as we will see below.Meanwhile, in all three cases there was preparation of theburning area, which sits centrally just below the final claysurface of each mound. Fuel, potentially of some value(Budden 2002: 28), would have to be dry and plentiful tocreate the burnt surfaces within which depositions were

    placed. That the fires were managed is evidenced by theoxidised surfaces which would require plenty of air into thefire setting and for the ground to be cold before the final actof closing the tumuli could occur. With no evidence to sug-gest re-burning on any of the pottery sherds the suggestionis that the cremated bone was placed within suitable potsor containers after cremation of the deceased and trans-ferred to Puri-Ljubanj for the final burial performance. Ineach case there is evidence of key depositions that impliesthe oxidised burnt surfaces as being central to this highlyvisual ritual event.

    In Tumulus 1 the key event left traces in the form of anintense area of burning within a rectangular setting covered

    with carbonised matting (Feature 1/1, Fig. 8). This mattingalong with attached charcoal has been previously notedas dating to 1610 1430 BC. The cremated bone recoveredwas identified as belonging to a child and an adult, bothof unidentified sex. In Tumulus 2 there are two key depo-sitions within the aforementioned burning event both lo-cated within Feature 4/8. First, Feature 4/2 is represented bya whole urn containing cremated remains that suggests atleast one child aged 1012 years of age. This is placed withina particularly intense area of burning. A second burial with-in 4/8 is a Belegi II urn containing the cremated diaphysisof an adult of undetermined sex also close to the area ofintense burning; suggesting that in this case the burial cere-

    mony was again related to more than one individual. Mean-while, in Tumulus 3 the collapsed burial urn and crematedbone (Feature 3/2) in the south baulk again testify to the as-sociation between these deliberately oxidised surfaces andthe memorialisation of the deceased; in this case identifiedas most probably a young male. What is interesting is themixed sex and age of the cremated remains across the threetumuli. In all three cases a highly visual performance, poten-tially visible for some distance, took place. It seems unlikelythat such a highly visual performance was socially desirableunless there was a perceived need to engage an audience.The reasons for this can be numerous. There is little doubt

    smjeten unutar jedinice 3/3. Zapuna jedinice 3/2, kontekst307, sadravala je kremirane kosti ukljuujui i ulomak dijafi-ze koji najvjerojatnije pripada enskoj odrasloj osobi (Labo-ratorij Odsjeka za arheologiju, Hrvatska akademija znanostii umjetnosti). Nakon istraivanja i uklanjanja jedinice 3/3, usondi 3 nije bilo nalaza. Sonda je sniena do razine zdravi-

    ce s vapnencem bogatim utom glinom (kontekst 312) beztragova prijanjih slojeva. Jedini znaajan dogaaj u sondi 3nakon uklanjanja jedinice 3/3 bio je otkrie nepravilne jamena sjevernom rubu tumula, jedinica 3/5. U ovoj jami dubine1,5 m i promjera 1,6 m, nije bilo nalaza.

    PRELIMINARNA SINTEZA PURI-LJUBNJADosadanja su istraivanja pokazala da je nalazite Pu-

    ri-Ljubanj mjesto odvijanja sloenih drutvenih aktivno-sti vezanih uz komemoraciju pokojnika u kasno bronanodoba. Ove su aktivnosti provoene u nekoliko oblika koji svremenom variraju. Ove varijacije, najoitije u sluaju tumu-la 2, takoer su primjetne i izmeu tumula to upuuje na

    stupanj fleksibilnosti unutar drutvenih normi u to vrijeme.Tumuli 1 i 3 na prvi se pogled ine vrlo slinog karakteratumulu 2, sa stratigrafskim slojevima koji slijede slian ras-pored. U sva tri sluaja glina je koritena za izgradnju oveihtumula na kojima su se izvodili zavrni pogrebni rituali. Naovaj su nain nastale jedinice: 1/1 (tumul 1), 4/8 (tumul 2) i3/3 (tumul 3). Svaki je tumul zahtijevao znaajne radne i or-ganizacijske napore, a kod tumula 1 i 3 ini se da je ovaj radbio usmjeren na jedan glavni dogaaj. Situacija u tumulu 2neto je drugaija, kao to emo vidjeti u nastavku. U meu-vremenu, u sva tri sluaja pri vrhu tumula nalaze se povrinena kojima su gorjele vatre, smjetene neposredno ispod za-vrnih graevnih slojeva humaka. Drvno gorivo, mogue od

    znaajne vrijednosti (Budden 2002: 28), moralo je biti suhoi veih koliina kako bi nastale peene zemljane povrineunutar kojih su smjeteni prilozi. Da su ove vatre zahtije-vale svjestan napor, svjedoe oksidirane povrine koje suiziskivale dosta zraka za vrijeme gorenja, te hlaenje prijeina pokrivanja tumula zavrnim slojem zemlje. Poto nemadokaza koji bi upuivali na ponovno peenje ulomaka kera-mike, predlaemo da su kosti nakon kremiranja pokojnikastavljane u prikladne posude te prenoene na Puri-Ljubanjzbog zavrne pogrebne ceremonije. U svakom od sluajevadokazi u vidu kljunih priloga upuuju na to da su oksidira-ne povrine bile bitan dio ovih vizualnih ritualnih dogaaja.

    U tumulu 1 kljuni dogaaj ostavio je tragove u vidupodruja intenzivnog gorenja pravokutnog oblika prekrive-nog karboniziranim pleterom (jedinica 1/1, sl. 8). Ovaj pleters pripadajuim ugljenom je, kako je prethodno navedeno,datiran u 1610. do 1430. god. pr. Kr. Utvreno je da su kremi-rane kosti iz ove jedinice pripadale djetetu i odrasloj osobi,obje nepoznatog spola. U tumulu 2, dva kljuna nalaza pro-naena unutar spomenutog podruja gorenja smjetenasu unutar jedinice 4/8. Prvi, jedinica 4/2 predstavlja cijeluaru koja sadri kremirane ostatke barem jednog djeteta udobi od 10 do 12 godina starosti. Ona je smjetena unutarosobito intenzivnog podruja gorenja. Drugi pokop unutar4/8 predstavlja Belegi II ara koja sadri kremirane ulom-ke dijafize odrasle osobe neutvrenog spola, a takoer je

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    21/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS E T AL., KOMPLEKS PR APOVIJESNIH TUMULA PURILJUBANJ KRAJ VRBANJE U SPAVANSKOM BAZENU... PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 133156

    153

    that death is a destabilising experience at an individual,familial and kinship level; and even beyond. Such perfor-mances as took place at Puri-Ljubanj may be suggested tobe about securing and stabilising social bonds for the livingas much as about memorialising the deceased at a time ofpotential instability (Goldhahn 2008: 57; Fontijn 2008: 92).

    Beyond the phenomenon of the deliberately burnt claysurfaces differences begin to appear between the threetumuli. In Tumulus 1 several spits of barren material laybeneath the burial activity (Feature 1/1) followed by a pit(Feature 1/2) with a few fine flakes of cremated bone andan even earlier deposition of two non-diagnostic BronzeAge pots in the south-west corner of the Trench. In Tumu-lus 3, the situation is even more barren with no activity atall beneath the oxidised surface of Feature 3/3, and onlyan empty pit at the northern most edge of Trench 3. Themajor difference between the tumuli occurs within Tumu-lus 2; here there are significant amounts of pottery spreadacross the whole of Trench 4. In context 401, the black clay

    overlying the burial burning event (Feature 4/8) there area number of individual depositions of pottery within small,shallow pits with charcoal, bone and ash, for example thefine-ware Belegi II cup located in Feature 4/1. It is interest-ing that in many cases the pottery deposited is of a domes-tic character. These events may be contemporary with 4/8or, given the evidence of shallow pits, slightly later depositsinto the closed tumuli. This would suggest continued so-cial importance attached to Tumulus 2 after the main burialevent took place. The pottery recovered from 4/8 itself hasbeen discussed and is typical of the Belegi II group (Fig. 9,1314 and 19).

    Most notable in terms of difference between Tumulus 2

    and the other two excavated tumuli are the events beneath4/8. These are represented by earlier and highly complexdepositions of charcoal, cremated bone, pottery and somebronze located in Features 4/4 as. These features are com-pletely different in character to the later layers representedby 1/1, 4/8 and 3/3. Deposits lay within and beneath com-pacted, iron-rich limestone nodules that form an almostconcrete container for the burial items. This material mustbe selected and sorted in some way in order to achieve thisfinal effect. If dug and used as is there would be consider-able amounts of yellow ochre clay and grainy grits whichare present in the sub-soil. Instead the compacted surfacesare creamy-white often with exceptionally large limestone

    nodules included. Additionally, often overlying or acting asfill within these concretions, levigated yellow-ochre clay isused; another deliberate manipulation of natural materialsin order to make a burial setting. This shows a determina-tion to meet a socially desirable outcome with regard tohow these deposits should be laid down and begs the ques-tion as to why it was deemed desirable to redeposit thesematerials from the landscape in such a complex manner. Itmay be suggested that the burial deposits were being keptsafe or hidden; we have to bear in mind that at this stage ofevents there is no covering mound to fulfil this task. Otherthan one small post hole there is, as yet, no evidence of post

    smjetena blizu podruja intenzivnog gorenja, to upuujena to da je u ovom sluaju pogrebni ritual bio opet pove-zan s vie od jednom osobom. U meuvremenu, u tumulu3 uruena grobna urna i kremirane kosti (jedinica 3/2) na

    junoj strani sonde, opet svjedoe o povezanosti ovih na-mjerno oksidiranih povrina i ina prisjeanja na pokojnika,

    u ovom sluaju rije je o, najvjerojatnije, mlaem mukarcu.Zanimljivo je da kremirani ostaci unutar sva tri tumula pri-padaju osobama razliitih spolova i dobi. Na sva tri humkaodravane su vizualno upeatljive ceremonije, moda vid-ljive i sa priline udaljenosti. ini se malo vjerojatno da bitakve vrlo vizualne izvedbe bile drutveno poeljne, da nijepostojala potreba da se privue gledateljstvo. Razlozi za tomogu biti brojni. Nema sumnje da je smrt destabiliziraju-e iskustvo na osobnoj, obiteljskoj i razini srodstva, pa aki ire. Izvedbe kakve su odravane na Puri-Ljubnju moglebi se smatrati nainom da se osiguraju i uvrste drutveneveze meu ivima, isto koliko i nainom prisjeanja na po-kojnika, u trenucima potencijalne nestabilnosti (Goldhahn

    2008: 57; Fontijn 2008: 92).Izvan fenomena namjernog peenja glinenih povri-na poinju se javljati razlike izmeu tri humka. U tumulu1, ispod pogrebnih aktivnosti (jedinica 1/1) nalazio se slojgraevinskog materijala, ispod kojeg se nalazila jama (jedi-nica 1/2) s nekoliko sitnih ulomaka kremiranih kostiju te joraniji prilozi u obliku dvije nedijagnostike bronanodobneposude u jugozapadnom uglu sonde. U tumulu 3 ispod ok-sidirane povrine, jedinice 3/3, nalazi se graevni materijaltumula u kojem nema tragova ikakvih ranijih dogaaja, svedo razine zdravice na sjevernom rubu sonde 3 gdje se javilatek jedna prazna jama. Najvea razlika meu tumulima vid-ljiva je na primjeru tumula 2. Du itave sonde 4 pronaene

    su znaajne koliine keramike. U kontekstu 401, sloju crnegline koji prekriva epizodu gorenja (jedinicu 4/8) nalaze sezasebni prilozi keramike smjeteni u male, plitke jame sanalazima ugljena, kostiju i pepela, kao, na primjer, nalaz Be-legi II amforice u jedinici 4/1. Zanimljivo je da je u mnogimsluajevima rije o keramici naseobinskog karaktera. Oviprilozi mogu biti gotovo istovremeni s 4/8 ili, na to upu-uju plitke jame, neto kasnije priloeni u ve gotov tumul.Ovo bi moglo znaiti nastavak drutvenog znaaja koji sepridavao tumulu 2, nakon to je glavni pogrebni dogaajve bio odran. Keramika pronaena u 4/8 ve je spomenu-ta, a tipina je za Belegi II grupu (sl. 9, 1314 i 19).

    Najveu razliku izmeu tumula 2 i ostalih dvaju istrae-nih tumula pokazuju dogaaji ispod 4/8, predstavljeni ra-nijim i sloenim prilozima ugljena, kremiranih kostiju, kera-mike te neto bronce u jedinicama 4/4 as. Ove su jedinicepotpuno drugaijeg karaktera od onih u kasnijim slojevimakoje predstavljaju jedinice: 1/1, 4/8 i 3/3. Prilozi se nalazeunutar i ispod zbijenih, eljezom bogatih vapnenih konkre-cija koje ine gotovo betonski spremnik za grobne prilo-ge. Ovaj materijal morao je biti posebno izabran i razvrstankako bi se postigao konaan uinak. Da je bio samo izvaeni koriten kakav se nalazi u prirodi, u njemu bi se nalazileznatne koliine uto-oker gline i zrnatih inkluzija prisutnihu zdravici. Umjesto toga, ove su zbijene povrine kremasto-bijele boje sa esto iznimno velikim inkluzijama vapnenih

  • 5/24/2018 133 156 Budden Hoskins Malovoz Wu 1

    22/24

    SANDY BUDDENHOSKINS ET AL., THE PREHISTORI C TUMULI COMPLEX OF PURILJUBANJ NEAR V RBANJA IN THE SPAVA BASIN...A, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 133156

    154

    holes to form a structure within which these deposits wouldotherwise have been secure.

    Additionally, in Tumulus 2 Feature 4/3 represents yetmore divergence from Tumulus 1 and Tumulus 3. Feature 4/3is characterised by an intensive spread of pottery, charcoal,ash, well burned bone fragments and degraded, crushed

    pottery throughout. Feature 4/3 runs in an east-west direc-tion across the entire width of Trench 4. Within it, a particu-larly intense deposition of pottery, Feature 4/3a (Find No.4209) includes Belegi fine-ware in the form of small cups;highly oxidised carinated bowls with everted rims which areincised with fine parallel lines; and urns that are black bur-nished and have tunnel-handles and pronounced pointyprotrusions. All of this pottery is strongly characteristic ofthe Late Bronze Age Belegi II cultural group. The disturbedstratigraphy of this area of Tumulus 2 suggests that thisfeature may be a later intrusion into the tumulus; possiblyhappening parallel to the deposits made in context 401. Wecannot be completely clear about this until the final layers

    of Trench 4 are removed in 2014.It is interesting in the case of all three tumuli that natural

    materials are taken, altered and deposited in such a way asto make a visual performance. It cannot be dismissed thatcolour symbolism may play a part in these performances.While the earlier burials in Tumulus 2 do not see the dramaof a fire, nonetheless the separation of material and the starkwhite the burials would have presented is of note. Gage etal. (1999: 109126), Jones and Bradley (1999: 112114) andChapman (2002: 49) have all drawn on colour theory to em-phasise the important role of colour symbolism in prehis-tory. While making concrete coverings for burials may beseen in pragmatic terms of keeping a burial safe, or even

    secret, we should not dismiss the idea that at Puri-Ljubanjthe white coverings may have had more to do with coloursymbolism than these other pragmatic concerns. Also, itis of note that it is not necessary to select only black clayfor the final building material of the tumuli; there is mixedriver clay across this whole plain; again a colour distinctionseems to have been made for a social rather than pragmaticreasons.

    The landscape surrounding Puri-Ljubanj has beenshown through the survey to be predominately flat withonly slight rises in terrain. Puri-Ljubanj so far representsthe first example of building mounds, thus quite radically

    altering this landscape in the Late Bronze Age. This raisesquestions as to the wider purposes of this decision.It can beconsidered that at Puri-Ljubanj, although Belegi II potterywas deposited, it was done in a manner that was remark-ably different to the other known Belegi II cemeteries inthe region (Tasi 1974: 24246). It seems, therefore, that forsome reason it became important to the people of Puri-Ljubanj to make a place of remembrance that would behighly visible in the landscape. To this end, it would seem,they chose an area of slightly higher, and drier, terrain onwhich the mounds were built.

    Even though Puri-Ljubanj sits in the same geographic

    konkrecija. Ovi pokrovi, takoer, esto imaju za zapunu ili suprekriveni proienom uto-oker glinom, to predstavlja

    jo jedan primjer namjernog koritenja materijala iz prirodeu svrhu pogrebne prakse. Ovo upuuje na odluku za posti-zanje drutveno poeljnog ishoda s obzirom na prilaganjematerijala i namee se pitanje zbog ega se premjetanje

    materijala iz krajolika na ovako sloen nain smatralo po-eljnim. Moe se pretpostaviti da se na ovaj nain nastojalozatititi ili sakriti grobne priloge, pogotovo zato to u ovojfazi izgradnje tumul koji bi ispunio taj zadatak jo nije dovr-en. Takoer, osim jedne manje rupe od stupa, zasad nemanalaza rupa od stupova koji bi upuivali na postojanje struk-ture unutar koje bi prilozi bili zatieni.

    Osim toga, u tumulu 2 jedinica 4/3 predstavlja jo veiraskorak izmeu ovog tumula i tumula 1 i 3. Jedinicu 4/3 ka-rakterizira intenzivna koncentracija keramike, ugljena, pe-pela i spaljenih kostiju te degradirane, lomljene keramike.Jedinica 4/3 protee se u smjeru istok zapad preko cijeleirine sonde 4. Unutar nje, osobito intenzivna koncentracija

    keramikih priloga, jedinica 4/3a (nalaz 4209) ukljuuje finuBelegi II keramiku u obliku malih pehara, vrlo oksidiranekarinirane zdjele s izvuenim obodom i urezanim finim pa-ralelnim linijama, te crne uglaane urne s tunelastim ru-kama i naglaenim bradavicama. Sve je to posue snanoobiljeje kasnoga bronanog doba i kulturne grupe BelegiII. Poremeena stratigrafija ovog dijela tumula 2 sugerira da

    je ova jedinica moda naknadno ukopana u tumul, mogueistodobno kad i prilozi iz konteksta 401. Ne moemo rei sasigurnou sve dok se u 2014. godini ne istrae posljednjislojevi u sondi 4.

    Zanimljivo je da su u sluaju sva tri tumula koriteni ma-terijali izvaeni iz prirode, koji su potom u izmijenjenom

    obliku deponirani na vizualno upeatljiv nain. Ne moe seodbaciti pretpostavka da je simbolika boje igrala ulogu uovim dogaajima. Dok raniji ukopi u tumulu 2 nisu doivjelidramu vatre, u ovoj fazi valja primijetiti odvajanje materi-

    jala te bijelom bojom oznaene ukope. U svojim djelimaGage et al. (1999: 109126), Jon