14 lab features and techniques
TRANSCRIPT
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MCOLCIN]B WBKEOAKCI
W]CAOAOL[
Noiaobtrcaoaolsmlir@ldcai/knd
&13
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Icm ct c Licokb
Nmjbktavbs
Chtbr kndpibtaol teb icm) teb stugbot waii mb cmib tn:
Rsb senrtkuts/
Haog nmjbkts %usb vcranus sbcrke nptanos!/
Xabw nmjbkt gbpbogbokabs/
Kndpcrb nmjbkts cog dcppaols/
Rsb teb Nvbrvabw waognw/
Knpy nmjbkts ckrnss dcppaols/
Gurctano
Weas icm senuig tcfb cpprnxadctbiy 70 daoutbs/
3= $ = PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Bxbrkasbs
Bxbrkasb 3: [enrtkuts
[tbp 3/ Krbctb c senrtkut tn snurkb/
Bxpcog teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr:
Bosurb teb dcppaol hrnd teb prbvanus icm as npbo ao teb
wnrfpickb cog kiakf$cog$grcl teb BDPINQBB snurkbgbhaoatano aotn teb dcppaol/
Cs teb kursnr botbrs teb wnrfspckb) teb akno senuig innf
cs hniinws:
Ah at gnbs ont) stcrt nvbr cog dcfb surb teb nmjbkt as mbaol
grcllbg ao hrnd teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/ No rbibcsaol
teb dnusb muttno) teb hniinwaol gacinl mnx cppbcrs:
Wn knpy co nmjbkt hrnd c secrbg hnigbr%rctebr teco krbctaol c senrtkut!) eniggnwo teb KW]I fby mbhnrb grnppaol tebnmjbkt/
Kiakf no Qbs tn krbctb teb senrtkut dcfb surb at gnbsotscy Knpy/
Web kurvbg crrnw ao teb uppbr$ibht knrobr nh teb snurkb
gbhaoatano senws tect teb snurkb as c senrtkut:
PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ ;
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
[tbp =/ Gn ont scvb kecolbs/
Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr cog gn ont scvb teb
kecolbs hrnd teb prbvanus ibssno/
Bxbrkasb =: Web Haog Hbcturb
Web Gbsalobr aokiugbs teb Haog Obxt cog Haog ao \nrfspckb
hbcturbs tn ebip haog kniudos nr pnrts ao rbpnsatnry nmjbkts) nrstraols ao teb nutput waognw/ Weas kco mb vbry ebiphui ao coy
oudmbr nh skbocrans aokiugaol:
Wrckaol teb adpckt nh kecolb ternule c dcppaol/
Gbmullaol co aovciag pnrt/
]bknloazaol c daskcikuictbg pnrt vciub/
Gbtbktaol c dcppaol inlak hinw brrnr/
3/ Rsb teb Haog ao \nrfspckb hbcturb/
Web Haog ao \nrfspckb hbcturbsbcrkebs cii nh teb trcoshnrdctanos ao tebwnrfspckb hnr pnrt nr trcoshnrdct anoocdbs/ At kco sbcrke hnr kniudo) pnrt nrtcmib ocdbs tect dctke teb sbcrke straol/Web sbcrke kco spco ckrnss cii ocdbs aoteb wnrfspckb) nr ckrnss teb musaobssocdb nh c tcmib) kniudo nr pnrt/ Websbcrke kco mb kcsb sbosatavb cog dctkeno c wenib wnrg/
Npbo teb stugbotxx hnigbr/
Npbo teb d^NG[^BDPINQBB^xx dcppaol/
Kiakf teb Haog ao \nrfspckb muttno nr kennsb Bgat |Haog ao \nrfspckb/
My gbhcuit) at as ont kcsb sbosatavb/Enwbvbr tebrb crb cggatanoci kebkfmnxbstn sbibkt) weake waii hnrkb at tn mb/
Ao teb Haog \ect habig) botbrtypb^kngbcog kiakf no
teb Haog Onw muttno/
3= $ 7 PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Web kenakbs crb tn sbcrke hnr habig ocdbsnr tcmib ocdbs dctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/Ah Habigs as sbibktbg) teb Gbsalobrsbcrkebs hnr kniudo nr pnrt ocdbsdctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/ Ah Wcmibs assbibktbg) teb Gbsalobr sbcrkebs hnr tcmibocdbs dctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/
Web Gbsalobr scvbs teb icst 30 sbcrkestraols usbg) ao teb grnp $gnwo iast hrndmnte teb Haog ao wnrfspckb cogHaog Obxt %gaskussbg ao teb obxt stbp!/
Gnumib$kiakf no teb bxp^NG[^BDPINQBB rbsuit/
Ao teb Aknoak vabw) Haog ao\nrfspckb gnbs teb scdb teaol/Enwbvbr) teb trcoshnrdctano nmjbkt wnuigecvb tn mb npbobg tn teb Onrdci vabw tnsbb teb pnrt/
Ontakb tect teb wnrfspckb as rb$pnsatanobg sn tect
bxp^NG[^BDPINQBB as ao teb tnp ibht knrobr/
KiakfKinsb/
[tbp =/ Rsb teb Haog Obxt hbcturb/
Web Haog Obxt hbcturbs sbcrkebs hnr ckniudo nr pnrt ocdb %nr coy sbt nhkecrcktbrs ao c ocdb! ao teb hniinwaol
nmjbkts: trcoshnrdctanos) dcppibts) cogsnurkb cog tcrlbt gbhaoatanos/
Roiafb Haog ao \nrfspckb) tebHaog Obxt hbcturb sbcrkebs nob nmjbktct c tadb/ At kcoont sbcrke duitapibnmjbkts ct teb scdb tadb/ Web HaogObxt hbcturb wnrfs ao bcke Gbsalobrtnni/
Ao cggatano) teas as teb noiy wcy tn gn c huiitbxt sbcrke ao coy nh teb tcms ao teb Nutput
[bibkt teb [nurkb Suciahabr trcoshnrdctano/
BotbrBDPINQ ao teb Haog mnx no teb [tcogcrg tnnimcr/
%Web sbcrke as ont kcsb$sbosatavb/!
[bibkt Bgat | Haog Obxt nr kiakf teb Haog Obxt muttno nr
Huoktano fby H;) tn sbcrke hnr teb straol
Web Gbsalobr haogs teb harst nkkurrbokb nh teb sbcrke
PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ 2
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
waognw %b/l/) [cvb) Xciagctb)
Gbmullbr) btk/!/ Weas hbcturb asbxtrbdbiy usbhui webo gbmullaol/[bibkt c saolib trcoshnrdctano nr kiakf aoteb Nutput waognw mbhnrb pbrhnrdaol tebsbcrke ntebrwasb) teb Haog Mnx waiirbdcao lrcybg nut/
straol/
Prbss Botbr clcao tn sbcrke hnr teb obxt nkkurrbokb nh tebsbcrke straol/
Bxbrkasb ;: Xabw Gbpbogbokabs
[tbp 3/ Rsb teb Xabw Gbpbogbokabs hbcturb/
Web Xabw Gbpbogbokabs hbcturb as cquakf cog pnwbrhui wcy tn gn cgbpbogboky cociysas no vartuciiy coynmjbkt ao teb rbpnsatnry/ Weas as bspbkaciiypnwbrhui mbkcusb at kco mb bxbkutbg hrndteb Gbsalobr tnni/
C sadpib bxcdpib as webo c snurkb obbgstn mb kecolbg/ Xabw Gbpbogbokabswaiisenw cii nh teb dcppaols cssnkactbg wateteb snurkb/ Ao turo) Xabw Gbpbogbokabsno tensb dcppaols adpcktbg my tebsnurkb kecolb agbotahabs teb sbssano tcsfs
cssnkactbg wate teb dcppaols/
Ao teb Ocvalctnr waognw) bxpcog teb Wcrlbts ongb ao teb
cssalobg [tugbot^xx hnigbr/
Web hnigbr dust mb npbo%cktavb! ao tebwnrfspckb hnr teas hbcturb tn wnrf/
]alet$kiakf no teb NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB tcrlbt
gbhaoatano cog sbibkt Gbpbogbokabs
3= $ 8 PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Ckkbpt teb gbhcuit sbttaols cog kiakfNF/ Ontb ats
gbpbogbokabs aokiugaol teb d^NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB
dcppaol/
]alet$kiakf teb d^NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB dcppaol cogsbibkt Xabw Gbpbogbokabs/Ontb ats gbpbogbokabs
aokiugaol teb AOXNAKB snurkb gbhaoatano/
Bxbrkasb 7: Kndpcraol Nmjbkts
[tbp 3/ Kndpcrb aostcokbs wateao dcppaols nrdcppibts/
Ao Dcppaol Gbsalobr) npbo teb dcppaold^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx /
]alet$kiakf no teb ebcgbr nhjor^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW cogsbibkt Kndpcrb Nmjbkts
[bibkt srt^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW cs Aostcokb = cogkiakfnoteb Kndpcrbmuttno/
Cii gahhbrbokbs waii cppbcr ao rbg/ No teb Kiakf ternule teb gahhbrbot tcms tn sbb coy gahhbrbokbs)
PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ <
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Pnrts tcm) ontb teb pnrt ocdbs tect crbealeialetbg ecvb agbotakci ocdbs cog crbsenwo ao teb scdb rnw/ Ontb cisn tectteb N]GB]^GCWB pnrt ecs c gahhbrbotgctc typb cog prbkasano cog as hurtebrealeialetbg ao rbg/
senwo ao rbg tbxt/
[tbp =/ Kndpcrb tcrlbt gbhaoatanos/
NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB cogGAD^]BP waii mb usbg ao teb ictbr icms/Enwbvbr) teby crb lnng bxcdpibs tngbdnostrctb teb hbcturb/
Adpnrt NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB cog teb GAD^]BP tcmibs
hrnd teb tcrlbt gctcmcsb/
Websb cggatanos senuig ont mb scvbg chtbr teas ibssno/
Webrb as nob fby gahhbrbokb mbtwbbo teasusb nh teb Kndpcrb hbcturb) cog teb icst/Web gacinl mnx hnr aoatactaol teb kndpcrbonw ecs c Mrnwsb muttno tect waii ciinwsbcrkeaol ternule cii npbo hnigbrs hnrnmjbkts nh teb scdb typb/
Bxpcog teb Wcrlbts ongb ao teb Ocvalctnr waognw cog
puii NG[^BDPINQBB aotn teb \crbenusb Gbsalobrwnrfspckb/
]alet$kiakf no NG[^BDPINQBB) sbibkt Kndpcrb Nmjbkts
cog c gahhbrbot gacinl mnx waii cppbcr/
Kiakf no teb Mrnwsb muttno tn teb ralet nh teb Wcrlbt =:waognw/
Clcao) cii gahhbrbokbs wnuig cppbcr ao rbg/Ao teas kcsb) teb gahhbrbokb as teb tcmibocdb/
Graii gnwo ternule teb cssalobg stugbot hnigbr tn teb
Wcrlbts ongb tn sbibkt NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB/ KiakfNF/
Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb muttno cog vabw teb Kniudos tcm/
3= $ 5 PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Kinsb cog try teb scdb stbps wate teb GAD^]BP tcmib/
Kndpcrb NG[^BDPINQBB tn GAD^]BP/
Kniudos tect gn ont dctke my ocdbcppbcr no gahhbrbot iaobs/ Webrb as onteaolao rbg tn aogakctb coy gahhbrbokbs/ Noiywebo teb kniudo ocdbs crb teb scdb waiigahhbrbokbs cppbcr ao rbg/
Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb muttno cog vabw teb Kniudos tcm/
[tbp ;/ Kndpcrb dcppaol aostcokbs/
Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr cog gn ont scvb teb
kecolbs hrnd teb prbvanus ibssno/
Npbo teb [tugbotxx hnigbr/
Npbo teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/
Ao teb [tugbotxx hnigbr) npbo teb
d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol/
[bibkt Dcppaols | Kndpcrb hrnd teb dcao dbou/
Kiakf no teb Mrnwsb muttno hnrDcppaol = cog sbibkt teb
d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol ao teb
[ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/
PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ 1
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Kiakf no Kndpcrb muttno/
Clcao) coy gahhbrbokbs waii mb ealeialetbg ao rbg/ Fby
gahhbrbokbs waii mb iastbg no teb [uddcry tcm) suke cs ao
teas kcsb:
Aostcokb srt^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW as prbsbot noiy ao
dcppaol ao ynur hnigbr/
Kiakf no teb Aostcokbs tcm cog ao teb Wrcoshnrdctanos
Aostcokbs) cog sbibkt teb cll^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROWaostcokb/
Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb Aostcokbs muttno/
Kiakf ternule teb tcms tn haog teb gahhbrbokbs/
Web noiy gahhbrbokb senuig mb no teb Prnpbrtabs tcm teb
[nrtbg Aoput hicl wcs sbt tn Wrub hnr teb dcppaol ao ynurhnigbr/
Kinsb teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/
Bxbrkasb 2: Nvbrvabw \aognw
Weas hbcturb cssasts wate dcobuvbraol crnuog dcppaols wate
dcoy trcoshnrdctano aostcokbs/
[tbp 3/ Rsaol teb Nvbrvabw \aognw/
Crrcolb teb npbo d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol tnteb Onrdcivabw usaol Icynut | Crrcolb Cii/
[bibkt Xabw | Nvbrvabw \aognw: nr sbibkt teb muttno/
3= $ 30 PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Grcl teb mnx crnuog tn rb$pnsatano teb dcppaol ao teb
wnrfspckb/
Grcw c mnx crnuog c knupib nh trcoshnrdctanos ao teb
wnrfspckb/ Nmsbrvb tect teb sbibktbg nmjbkts crb
ealeialetbg ao rbg ao teb Nvbrvabw waognw/ Web Nvbrvabw waognw rbdcaos no tnp nh coy kiabot
cppiakctano %ont just teb Gbsalobr! uotai kinsbg/
Bxbrkasb 8: Knpyaol cog Pcstaol Nmjbkts
[tbp 3/ Knpy cog pcstb nmjbkts/
Npbo teb d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol/
Crrcolb teb dcppaol tn teb Aknoakvabw/
Grcw c mnx crnuog teb Bxprbssano) [nrtbr cogCllrblctnr/ Nmsbrvb tect tebar nutiaob kecolbs tn senw
teby crb sbibktbg/
Prbss Ktri$K tn knpy/
Krbctb c obw dcppaol vac Dcppaols | Krbctb cog sbibkt tebgbhcuit ocdb/
Kiakf ao teb wnrfspckb cog prbss Ktri$X tn pcstb/
Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr watenut scvaol
kecolbs/
]bhbrbokb
[enrtkuts
Nob nh teb pradcry cgvcotclbs nh usaol c senrtkut as
dcaotbocokb scvaols/ Ah c kecolb as obbgbg tn cii aostcokbs nhco nmjbkt) dcfb teb kecolb tn teb nralaoci rbpnsatnry nmjbkt cog
cii senrtkuts tn at waii cutndctakciiy aoebrat tensb kecolbs/ Ao
knotrcst) ah tebrb crb duitapib knpabs nh co nmjbkt) bcke waii obbgtn mb upgctbg/ Ontb tect kecolbs kco cisn aovciagctb dcppaolscog sbssanos/
Web fby as tn usb teb gbpbogboky cociysas hbcturbs tn gbtbrdaob
teb adpckt nh teb kecolb cog pico ckknrgaoliy/ Ah teb kecolb as
obbgbg addbgactbiy) tbdpnrcraiy dcfb c knpy nh teb nmjbktuotai teb senrtkut kco mb upgctbg/
PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ 33
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
[enrtkuts ecvb teb hniinwaol cgvcotclbs nvbr knpabg rbpnsatnry
nmjbkts:
Ciinw teb gbvbinpbr tn dcaotcao c knddno rbpnsatnry
nmjbkt ao c saolib inkctano/
Nmjbkts aoebrat cii kecolbs/
Prnvagb gbvbinpbrs tn c sbt nh prbgbhaobg dbtcgctc my
aoknrpnrctaol teb senrtkuts aotn tebar wnrf aostbcg nh
gbvbinpaol rbpnsatnry nmjbkts aogbpbogbotiy/
[ecrb kndpibx dcppaols) dcppibts nr rbuscmib
trcoshnrdctanos ckrnss hnigbrs cog rbpnsatnrabs %ah teb
rbpnsatnry enusaol teb secrbg hnigbr as c linmci
rbpnsatnry!/
[cvbs spckb ao teb rbpnsatnry my dcaotcaoaol c saolib
rbpnsatnry nmjbkt cog usaol senrtkuts tn tect nmjbkt)
aostbcg nh krbctaol knpabs nh teb nmjbkt ao duitapib
hnigbrs nr duitapib rbpnsatnrabs/ Cs wate knpyaol
nmjbkts) teb gbstaoctano hnigbr dust mb npbo tn teb
cpprnpractb tnni/ [enrtkuts kcoont mb krbctbg tn
nmjbkts hrnd ono$secrbg hnigbrs/
Kndpcraol Nmjbkts
Web Gbsalobr ciinws gbtcaibg kndpcrasno nh twn rbpnsatnrynmjbkts nh teb scdb typb/ Weas aokiugbs snurkbs) tcrlbts)trcoshnrdctanos aostcokbs) dcppibts) dcppaols cog
dcppaol.dcppibt gbpbogbokabs/ Web kndpcrasno kco mb mcsbg
no twn nmjbkts wateao teb scdb dcppaol) twn nmjbkts ckrnssnpbo hnigbrs nr ckrnss rbpnsatnrabs %b/l/ $ Gbvbinpdbot) Wbst)
cog Prnguktano!/
Rsb teb hniinwaol tnnis tn kndpcrb snurkbs) tcrlbts) nr
trcoshnrdctanos:
[nurkb Cociyzbr $ Kndpcrb twn snurkbs) twn snurkb
senrtkuts nr c snurkb wate c snurkb senrtkut
\crbenusb Gbsalobr$ Kndpcrb twn tcrlbts) twn tcrlbt
senrtkuts nr c tcrlbt wate c tcrlbt senrtkut/
Wrcoshnrdctano Gbvbinpbr $ Kndpcrb twn rbuscmib
trcoshnrdctanos) twn rbuscmib trcoshnrdctano senrtkuts)
nr c rbuscmib trcoshnrdctano wate c rbuscmib
trcoshnrdctano senrtkut/
3= $ 3= PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb
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Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA
Dcppaol . Dcppibt Gbsalobr $Kndpcrb twn snurkb
aostcokbs) twn trcoshnrdctano aostcokbs) twn tcrlbt
aostcokbs nr twn dcppibt aostcokbs/ Aostcokbs nh
gahhbrbot typbs kcoont mb kndpcrbg %b/l/ $ snurkb
aostcokb wate c trcoshnrdctano aostcokb!/Knpyaol ( Pcstaol Nmjbkts
Web gbvbinpbr kco knpy cog pcstb nmjbkts hrnd dcppaols cog
dcppibts wateao teb scdb hnigbr/ Nob nh teb pradcry
cgvcotclbs as teb cmaiaty tn sbibkt dnrb teco nob nmjbkt ct c tadb
cog pcstb teb nmjbkts aotn c dcppaol) dcppibt nr mnte/
Fbbp teb hniinwaol knokbpts ao daog webo knpyaol cog pcstaol
nmjbkts wateao c hnigbr/
Nmjbkts kco mb knpabg hrnd coy dcppaol nr dcppibt ao
c hnigbr tn coy obw nr bxastaol dcppaol nr dcppibt aoteb scdb hnigbr/
Duitapib nmjbkts kco mb knpabg hrnd teb wnrfspckb/
[bibktbg nmjbkts kco mb vabwbg my kennsaol Xabw |
Nvbrvabw/ [bibktbg nmjbkts waii cppbcr ao kninr/
Nmjbkts kcoont mb knpabg hrnd c senrtkut tn c dcppaol
nr dcppibt/ Onr as at ciinwbg tn pcstb nmjbkts aotn c
senrtkut tn c dcppaol nr dcppibt/