14 pathology of degeneraton and aging
DESCRIPTION
agingTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pathology ofPathology of Degeneration & AgeingDegeneration & Ageing
dr. Al Munawir, M.Kes., Ph.D.Laboratorium Patologi
AnatomiFakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember
![Page 2: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Injury:
When I look into the future, When I look into the future, it's so bright it burns my eyes…!it's so bright it burns my eyes…!
– Oprah Winfrey
![Page 3: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ageing
![Page 4: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell Injury:
Ageing:“Progressive time related loss of
structural and functional capacity of cells leading to death”
Senescence, Senility, Senile changes. Ageing of a person is intimately related
to cellular ageing. Blood vessel damage precedes ageing.
![Page 5: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PHYSICAL AGING PROCESS
WHEN DOES OLD AGE BEGIN?
![Page 6: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cell Injury:
DEFINITION OF AGING Old and aging depends on the age
and experience of the speaker. Chronological age - number of
years lived Physiologic age - age by body
function Functional age - ability to
contribute to society
![Page 7: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cell Injury: CHRONOLOGICAL CATEGORIES
Young-Old - (ages 65 - 74)
Middle-Old - (ages 75 - 84)
Old-Old - (age 85 and older)
![Page 8: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cell Injury: FRAIL ELDERLY
Characteristics: Poor mental and
physical health Low socioeconomic
status Predominantly female Possibly isolated living
conditions More and longer
hospital stays, and More money spent on
health care and drugs
![Page 9: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PHYSICAL THEORIES OF AGING
What causes the body to age?
![Page 10: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROGRAM THEORY
Cells replicate a specific number of times and then die. Happens again, and again in lab experiments.
![Page 11: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell Injury:
ERROR THEORY
The structure of DNA is altered as people age
Due to alterations, DNA not read correctly
Results in transcription and translation malfunction
Results in aging/illness/ cancer directly, or indirectly
![Page 12: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CELLULAR THEORY
Normal wear and tear causes cells to function
improperly
![Page 13: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell Injury:
FREE RADICAL THEORY
Lipids in cell membranes are exposed to radiation or free radicals
Cell membrane ruptures and cell dies
In test tubes this actually occurs
![Page 14: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cell Injury: NUTRITIONAL MODEL THEORY
If animal fed 50-60% less than it eats on its own - lives longer
Assumption: Lean mass, as opposed to adipose tissue results in greater health
![Page 15: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
COLLAGEN THEORY OF AGING
As we age, collagen in body ages also. Causes hypertension and other
organ malfunctions
![Page 16: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cell Injury: MUTATING AUTO-IMMUNE THEORY
Cells have normal functions - secrete normal proteins
As cells age - mutate and secretions viewed as foreign by body
Solicits immune response Shuts cell down Cause biological errors and entire
organ malfunctions
![Page 17: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Injury:
NEURO-AGING THEORY
All cells undergo nervous system degeneration
Results in changes in hormonal release
Leads to decline in cell function
![Page 18: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NONE OF THESE THEORIES TOTALLY ACCEPTED
Scientists hypothesize it might be combination of
several or all
![Page 19: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cell Injury:
PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING OF THE HUMAN BODY
BY SYSTEMS
![Page 20: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cell Injury:
SKIN, HAIR, NAILS Loss of subcutaneous fat Thinning of skin Decreased collagen Nails brittle and flake Mucous membranes drier Less sweat glands Temperature regulation
difficult Hair pigment decreases Hair thins
![Page 21: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell Injury:
EYES AND VISION Eyelids baggy and wrinkled Eyes deeper in sockets Conjunctiva thinner and
yellow Quantity of tears decreases Iris fades Pupils smaller, let in less
light Night and depth vision less “Floaters” can appear Lens enlarges
![Page 22: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cell Injury: EYES AND VISION CONT.
Lens becomes less transparent
Can actually become clouded
Results in cataracts
![Page 23: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cell Injury: EYES AND VISION CONT.
Accommodation decreases Results in presbyopia Impaired color vision, also -
especially greens and blues Because cones degenerate
![Page 24: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell Injury: EYES AND VISION CONT.
Predisposed to glaucoma
Increased pressure in eye
Decreased absorption of intraocular fluid
Can result in blindness
![Page 25: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cell Injury:EYES AND VISION
CONT.
Macular degeneration becoming more frequent
This is the patch of retina where lens focuses light
Ultimately results in blindness
Reason for current increase in this condition unknown
![Page 26: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cell Injury: EARS AND HEARING LOSS
Irreversible, sensorineural loss with age
Men more affected than women
Called presbycusis Loss occurs in higher
range of sound By 60 years, most adults
have trouble hearing above 4000Hz
Normal speech 500-2000Hz
![Page 27: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cell Injury: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs become more rigid
Pulmonary function decreases
Number and size of alveoli decreases
Vital capacity declines Reduction in
respiratory fluid Bony changes in chest
cavity
![Page 28: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cell Injury: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart smaller and less elastic with age
By age 70 cardiac output reduced 70%
Heart valves become sclerotic
Heart muscle more irritable
More arrhythmias Arteries more rigid Veins dilate
![Page 29: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cell Injury: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Reduced GI secretions
Reduced GI motility Decreased weight of
liver Reduced
regenerative capacity of liver
Liver metabolizes less efficiently
![Page 30: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cell Injury:
RENAL SYSTEM After 40 renal function
decreases By 90 lose 50% of function Filtration and
reabsorption reduced Size and number of
nephrons decrease Bladder muscles weaken Less able to clear drugs
from system Smaller kidneys and
bladder
![Page 31: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cell Injury: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male: Reduced testosterone level Testes atrophy and soften Decrease in sperm
production Seminal fluid decreases
and more viscous Erections take more time Refractory period after
ejaculation may lengthen to days
![Page 32: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cell Injury: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Female: Declining estrogen and
progesterone levels Ovulation ceases Introitus constricts and
loses elasticity Vagina atrophies -
shorter and drier Uterus shrinks Breasts pendulous and
lose elasticity
![Page 33: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cell Injury: NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
Neurons of central and peripheral nervous system degenerate
Nerve transmission slows Hypothalamus less effective in
regulating body temperature Reduced REM sleep, decreased
deep sleep After 50% lose 1% of neurons
each year
![Page 34: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cell Injury: MUSCULOSCELETAL SYSTEM
Adipose tissue increases with age
Lean body mass decreases Bone mineral content
diminished Decrease in height from
narrow vertebral spaces Less resilient connective
tissue Synovial fluid more viscous May have exaggerated
curvature of spine
![Page 35: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cell Injury:
IMMUNE SYSTEM Decline in immune function Trouble differentiating
between self and non-self - more auto-immune problems
Decreases antibody response
Fatty marrow replaced red marrow
Vitamin B12 absorption might decrease - decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
![Page 36: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cell Injury:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Decreased ability to
tolerate stress - best seen in glucose metabolism
Estrogen levels decrease in women
Other hormonal decreases include testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, progesterone
![Page 37: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cell Injury:
Factors affecting Ageing: Genetic 60% & Environmental 40% Clock genes, (fibroblast culture) Werner’s syndrome. Age gene on Chromosome 1. “Age” is a character from female
parent. Mammalian mitochondria come from
ovum.
![Page 38: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cell Injury:
Factors affecting Ageing: Environmental factors (40%) Trauma Diseases – Atherosclerosis, diabetes Diet – malnutrition, obesity etc. Psychological & Social health –
stress.
![Page 39: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cell Injury:Ageing – Morphologic changes:
Easy bruising – fragile capillaries. Glycosylation of lens proteins – Accumulation of Lipofuscin pigment
– Brown atrophy. Blood vessel hardening –
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis.
![Page 40: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cell Injury:Ageing – Morphologic changes:
Skin – elastosis, hairloss, atrophy, bruising.
Joints – osteoarthritis. Immunity – immunosuppression. Heart – Brown atrophy, CVS – arterio & atherosclerosis, MI,
stroke. Neoplasms CNS – cerebral degeneration.
![Page 41: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cell Injury:Atrophy – Senile / Alzheimer's
![Page 42: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cell Injury:
Elastosis of skin:
![Page 43: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cell Injury:
Pathology of elderly
![Page 44: 14 Pathology of Degeneraton and Aging](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051820/55cf8e89550346703b9326e1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cell Injury: