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AS/NZS ISO 14041:1999ISO 14041:1998
Australian/New Zealand Standard
Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentGoal and scope definitionand inventory analysis
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AS/NZS ISO 14041:1999
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint TechnicalCommittee EV/5, Life Cycle Analysis, Environmental. It was approved on behalf ofthe Council of Standards Australia on 1 March 1999 and on behalf of the Council ofStandards New Zealand on 24 February 1999. It was published on 5 April 1999.
The following interests are represented on Committee EV/5:
Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation CouncilAustralian Chamber of Commerce and IndustryAustralian Chemical Specialties Manufacturers AssociationAustralian Industry GroupConsumers Federation of AustraliaInstitution of Engineers AustraliaNature Conservation Council of N.S.W.New Zealand Forestry Research InstitutePlastics and Chemicals Industries Association IncorporatedRMIT UniversityStrategic Industry Research FoundationWaste Management Association of Australia
Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issueof amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards usersensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the StandardsAustralia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this information issupplemented each month by the magazines The Australian Standard and StandardsNew Zealand, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of newpublications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of eitherStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of anyinaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be madewithout delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96361.
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AS/NZS ISO 14041:1999
Australian/New Zealand Standard
Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentGoal and scope definitionand inventory analysis
First published as AS/NZS ISO 14041:1999.
Published jointly by:Standards Australia1 The Crescent,Homebush NSW 2140 Australia
Standards New ZealandLevel 10, Radio New Zealand House,155 The Terrace,Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7337 2589 9
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ii
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand CommitteeEV/5, Life Cycle AnalysisEnvironmental.This Standard is identical with and has been reproduced from ISO 14041:1998, EnvironmentalmanagementLife cycle assessmentGoal and scope definition and inventory analysis.The objective of this Standard is to specify the requirements and the procedures necessary for thecompilation and preparation of the definition of goal and scope for a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),and for performing, interpreting and reporting a Life Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI).The term informative has been used in this Standard to define the application of the annex towhich it applies. An informative annex is only for information and guidance.As this Standard is reproduced from an international Standard, the following applies:(a) Its number appears on the cover and title page while the International Standard number
appears only on the cover.(b) In the source text, this International Standard should read this Australian/New Zealand
Standard.(c) A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker.References to international Standards should be replaced by equivalent Australian, New Zealand orAustralian/New Zealand Standards, as follows:Reference to International Standardor other Publication
Australian/New Zealand Standard
ISO14040 Environmental management Life
cycle assessmentPrinciples andframework
AS/NZS ISO14040 Environmental management Life
cycle assessmentPrinciples andframework
Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALANDUsers of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software.Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced byStandards Australia or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any meanswithout prior permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on anappropriate royalty payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed tothe head office of Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.
Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of theStandard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand.Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such programsare used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standardis amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercialcontracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.
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CONTENTSPage
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 LCI components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Definition of goal and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Inventory analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7 Limitation of LCI (interpreting LCI results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8 Study report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Annex A (informative) Examples of a data collection sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Annex B (informative) Examples of different allocation procedures . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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INTRODUCTION
This International Standard deals with two phases of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), goal and scope definition andLife Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI), as defined in ISO 14040.
The goal and scope definition phase is important because it determines why an LCA is being conducted(including the intended use of the results) and describes the system to be studied and the data categories to bestudied. The purpose, scope and intended use of the study will influence the direction and depth of the study,addressing issues such as the geographic extent and time horizon of the study and the quality of data which willbe necessary.
The LCI involves the collection of the data necessary to meet the goals of the defined study. It is essentially aninventory of input/output data with respect to the system being studied.
In the interpretation phase of LCI (see clause 7 of this International Standard), the data are evaluated in light ofthe goal and scope, the collection of additional data, or both. The interpretation phase also typically results in animproved understanding of the data for reporting purposes. Since LCI is a collection and analysis of input/outputdata and not an assessment of the environmental impacts associated with those data, the interpretation of LCIresults alone cannot be the basis for reaching conclusions about relative environmental impacts.
This International Standard may be used to:
assist organizations in obtaining a systematic view of interconnected product systems;
formulate the goal and scope of the study, define and model the systems to be analysed, collect the data andreport the results of an LCI;
establish a baseline of environmental performance for a given product1) system by quantifying the use ofenergy flows and raw materials and emissions to air, water and land (environmental input and output data)associated with that system both for the whole system but also broken down by unit process;
identify those unit processes within a product system where the greatest use of energy flows, raw materialsand emissions occur with a view to making targeted improvements;
provide data for subsequent use to help define ecolabelling criteria;
help to set policy options, e.g. concerning procurement.
This list is not exclusive, although it does summarize the primary reasons why LCI studies are carried out.
Complementary International Standards ISO 14042 and ISO 14043 concerning further phases of LCA are underpreparation (see Bibliography). A Technical Report providing examples of practice in carrying out an LCI as ameans of satisfying certain provisions of ISO 14041 is also under preparation.
1) In this International Standard, the term product used alone is synonymous to product or service.
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1AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis
1 Scope
This International Standard in addition to ISO 14040 specifies the requirements and the procedures necessary forthe compilation and preparation of the definition of goal and scope for a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and forperforming, interpreting and reporting a Life Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI).
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisionsof this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, this publicationdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigatethe possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintainregisters of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 14040:1997, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14040 and the followingapply.
3.1ancillary inputmaterial input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but does not constitute a part of the product
EXAMPLE A catalyst.
3.2coproductany of two or more products from the same unit process
3.3data qualitycharacteristic of data that bears on their ability to satisfy stated requirements
3.4energy flowinput to or output from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units
NOTE Energy flow that is input may be called energy input; energy flow that is output may be called energy output.
COPYRIGHT
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AS/NZS ISO 14041:1999 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTLIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTGOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION AND INVENTORY ANALYSISPREFACECONTENTSINTRODUCTION1 Scope2 Normative reference3 Terms and definitions3.1 ancillary input3.2 coproduct3.3 data quality3.4 energy flow3.5 feedstock energy3.6 final product3.7 fugitive emission3.8 intermediate product3.9 process energy3.10 reference flow3.11 sensitivity analysis3.12 uncertainty analysis
4 LCI components4.1 General4.2 Product system4.3 Unit process4.4 Data categories4.5 Modelling product systems
5 Definition of goal and scope5.1 General5.2 Goal of the study5.3 Scope of the study5.3.1 General5.3.2 Function, functional unit and reference flow5.3.3 Initial system boundaries5.3.4 Description of data categories5.3.5 Criteria for initial inclusion of inputs and outputs5.3.6 Data quality requirements5.3.7 Critical review
6 Inventory analysis6.1 General6.2 Preparing for data collection6.3 Data collection6.4 Calculation procedures6.4.1 General6.4.2 Validation of data6.4.3 Relating data to unit process6.4.4 Relating data to functional unit and data aggregation6.4.5 Refining the system boundaries
6.5 Allocation of flows and releases6.5.1 General6.5.2 Allocation principles6.5.3 Allocation procedure6.5.4 Allocation procedures for reuse and recycling
7 Limitation of LCI (interpreting LCI results)8 Study reportAnnex A - Examples of a data collection sheetA.1 GeneralA.2 Example of data sheet for upstream transportationA.3 Example of data sheet for internal transportationA.4 Example of data sheet for unit processA.5 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis data collection sheet
Annex B - Examples of different allocation proceduresB.1 GeneralB.2 Avoiding allocationB.3 Allocation by physical relationships
Bibliography
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