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21/04/23 © The University of Sheffield

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Industrializing Cities

Manchester 1843: archetype industrial city


The Growth of Urban Britain

In 1801, London was the only city in the British Isles to have more than 100,000 residents.

By 1911, there were 36 such cities.

In 1851 city dwellers comprised 54 percent of the total population

By 1911 this had increased to 79 percent.

This transition reflects dual influences on the population – the ‘push’ caused by growing rural poverty and the ‘pull’ of new urban opportunities.


Salford by L S Lowry


Overcrowding inUrban structures revealed by Census returns from 1801

Not unusual to have 6-12 members of a familyliving and sleeping in thesame room


Poverty and squalor

Blue Gate Fields, 1872. Taken from London: A Pilgrimage by Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave

Doré.


Urban archaeologies

- Lots of urban archaeology in Britain, from 1940s onwards, but tended to remove modern ‘overburden’ to reveal medieval or Roman remains

The Temple of Mithras, Walbrook is a Roman temple whose ruins were discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London,

during rebuilding work in 1954.


USA – Urban archaeology took off in 1980s

Roy Dickens (ed) (1982) Archaeology of Urban AmericaAcademic Press

Industrialization, bottle consumption, settlement patterns,Public interpretation

Edward Staski (ed) 1987 Living in Cities: Current Research in Urban Archaeology SHA Special Publication

New York, Sacramento, Phoenix, Boston, sites explored from colonial period to early 20th century


US urban archaeologies

- confronted social and spatial complexity

- appreciated plurality and rapid change in urban life

- gathered and analyzed large and complex assemblages from19th and 20th century sites


New York : Five Points

Five Points in 1827 as depicted in Valentine's Manual, 1855


Foley Square Courthouse, erected over part of the old Five Points neighbourhood by the U.S. General Services Administration



• Through the study of the artefacts recovered in 1991, the daily lives of the people who lived at Five Points become visible.

• A team of 17 archaeologists, conservators, and historians is currently analyzing the 850,000 artefacts recovered from the Foley Square courthouse block.

• Out of the analysis will come a richer story about the working-class residents of Five Points, the neighbourhood's reputation as New York's most notorious slum, and its overcrowded tenement neighbourhood teeming with newly arrived immigrants struggling to succeed in an alien city.

Rebecca Yamin (left) of

John Milner Associates


Backyard features (abandoned privy shafts, cisterns, wells) subsequently used as trash repositories are often the focus of urban archaeology. A wealth of information can be derived from people's garbage—information about their private lives, their personal choices, and even their political allegiances.

Feature O


Overview of 1991 archaeological excavation showing foundations and features on lots 6 and 7 - 472 and 474 Pearl Street


Transfer-printed teawares; Staffordshire patterns, 1830-1867

Matching white granite teaware set, made in England, 1840-1860


Yellow ware mug; transfer-printed child's cup from the "Games and Pastimes“ series (England, ca. 1820); luster ware creamer; and

yellow ware mug

"Old blue" pitcher with Lafayette contemplating the tomb of Franklin,French series, Staffordshire, 1824-1835

Father Matthew –Temperance



The skeletal remains of a monkey recovered from Feature H may have belonged to one of the Italian organ grinders who lived at 14 Baxter Street.


The Rocks, Sydney


Grace Karskens project historian

More than 750,000 items and 30 buildings have been excavated at the dig site, between Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.


The Rocks, Sydney:

Cumberland St,Gloucester Street,Cribbs Lane

Former convict and butcher George Cribb leased a site for his house and slaughter yard from 1809 in what became known as Cribbs Lane in The Rocks, Sydney.


The Rocks, Sydney: Cribb’s Yard


The Rocks, Sydney

Other stories from the site include that of George Legg and Anne Armsden (their home was known as the arm and leg house).

- In 1805 George went fishing and disappeared. A shark was found with his hand inside it and a month later Cadigal people visited Anne to tell her the rest of the body had been found


Melbourne: Little Lon


Alan Mayne and Tim Murray (eds) The Archaeology of Urban Landscapes: Explorations in Slumland. Cambridge University Press 2001.


West Oakland, California


The I-880 Cypress Freeway Replacement

A project by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 4, involved the reconstruction of a 3.1-mile section of freeway in Oakland and Emeryville,

Caltrans contracted with the Anthropological Studies Center at Sonoma State University (ASC) to examine the area of potential effects (APE).

The Cypress Archaeology Project database is unprecedented in the West. Over 120 discrete artifact assemblages were recovered and associated with specific households.

A wide variety of groups is represented, from unskilled working-class households to upper-middle-class families, immigrants from numerous countries, and native-born whites and African Americans.


Putting the "There" There: Historical Archaeologies of West Oakland

http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/cypress/finalreport/

Mary and Adrian Praetzellis




Report focuses on the people of the neighbourhood, with essays on: - the archaeology of gender; - the material culture of the “aristocracy of labor”; - the Overseas Chinese and laundry work; - the archaeology and landscape of lodging; - the archaeology and 150-year history of African Americans in West Oakland.

14/10/2015© the university of sheffield. industrializing cities manchester 1843: archetype...

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