1.5 grand tour fuel cycle-back end detail
TRANSCRIPT
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Nuclear Engineering Program
A Look at NuclearScience and Technology
Larry Foulke
Module 1.5
Grand Tour of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Back EndConcluded
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LWR Uranium Fuel Cycle
Reprocessing
Separate Nuclear Fuel from Structural
Components
Mechanical separation
Separate Fission Products from Heavy Metals
Chemical dissolution separation
Separate Uranium & Plutonium
Chemical separation
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Reprocessing
Basic Steps of Reprocessing Separate Fission Products from Heavy Metal
Separate Uranium & Plutonium
Image Source: See Note 1
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Spent Fuel ReprocessingReprocessing Complex
LaHague, France
Shielded
Canyon
ReprocessingE ui ment
Image Source:
See Note 3
Image Source:
See Note 2
Image Source:See Note 3
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Spent Fuel Reprocessing
Reprocessing Complex
LaHague, France
Image Source: See Note 4
Image Source:
See Note 2
Image Source: See Note 4
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Plutonium does not occur in nature, but is instead produced
from irradiation of 238U in a reactor.
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Transuranic Elements
Actinide Elements
Transuranic Elements
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92
Actinide Elements
Major actinides = Uranium and Plutonium
Minor actinides = Americium and Curium (and
sometimes Neptunium)
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Actinides (>Atomic No 89)
All actinides are radioactive
Series named after Actinium
At No Name Symbol At No Name Symbol
89 Actinium Ac 96 Curium Cm
90 Thorium Th 97 Berkelium Bk
91 Protactinium Pa 98 Californium Cf
92 Uranium U 99 Einsteinium Es93 Neptunium Np 100 Fermium Fm
94 Plutonium Pu 101 Mendelevium Md
95 Americium Am 102 Nobelium No
103 Lawrencium Lr
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Spent Fuel Management Approaches
Long-Term
Transmuter
Trace Pu
Trace Actinides
Fission Products
Repository
(Gen IV Fast Reactor
or ADS
Spent Fuel From
Commercial Plants
Advanced
Separations
Direct
DisposalConventional
Reprocessing
PUREX
Spent
Fuel
Recycle
Spent
Fuel
Recycle
Pu U
MOX
Pu +
Actinide
U
MOX
Reactor LWR/ALWR Reactor
(Exist Fleet)
Pu
Actinides
Fission Products
Repository Repository
Less Pu
Actinides
Fission Products
Intermediate-Term
Advanced,
Proliferation-Resistant
Recycling
Transmutation
Image Source: See Note 5
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Spent PWR Fuel Decay Heat
Image Source: See Note 6
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Spent PWR Fuel Decay Heat
w/o Pu, Am & Np
Image Source: See Note 6
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Waste Categories Low-level waste [LLW]
Low enough radionuclide content that shielding notrequired
Low actinide content
High-level waste [HLW]
Liquid waste from extraction step of reprocessing(or solids)
Spent irradiated fuel assemblies
Intermediate-level waste [ILW]
Waste not defined as LLW or HLW
Transuranic waste for WIPP
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High-Level Waste Disposal
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHS
Predominant
Geologic disposal using conventional mining techniques
Alternates
Subseabed geologic disposal (not allowed by internationaltreaty)
Very deep borehole concept
Rock melting concept
Island disposal
Ice-sheet disposal
Space disposal
Partitioning and transmutation
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Yucca Mountain is about 100 miles
northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
Image Source: See Note 7 Image Source: See Note 8
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Yucca Mountain: NWPA
1982Congress established the
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
(NWPA) for the
disposition of high-levelradioactive waste and
commercial spent nuclear
fuel
1987NWPA as amended
eliminated all sites but
Yucca Mountain to be
characterized for a
potential repository
Image Source: See Note 9
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Yucca Mountain No More ?
DOE submitted a petition to the NRC on March 3, 2010
to withdraw its license application for Yucca. DOE filed
its petition with prejudice, which would prevent it from
being refiled.
NRCs Atomic Safety and Licensing Board denied
DOEs motion to withdraw the license application in
June 2010.
Energy Secretary Steven Chu announced the formation
of a Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas NuclearFuture that will provide recommendations on managingused fuel and nuclear waste.
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The ISFSI Initiative
To provide space in
spent fuel pools for fuel
being removed during
outages, older spent
fuel is taken out of thepool and placed in an
Independent Spent Fuel
Storage Installation, or
ISFSI.
The storage casks mustmeet rigorous testing
and design
requirements.
Image Source: See Note 10
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Disposal of TRU Waste
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP)
Site in southeastern NewMexico selected in 1975
Disposal began in 1999 Site closure could be in 2025-
2030
Geology and hydrology provide
primary isolation Bedded salt host rock
Semiarid region, little potablewater, no significant aquifers
Image Source: See Note 12
Image Source: See Note 11
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LWR
FuelCycle
Closed
Image Source: See Note 1
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LWR
Fuel
Cycle
Closed
Transportation
Among Steps
Image Source: See Note 1
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Transportation
Waste Drum Containers
Spent-Fuel-Assembly Cask
New Fuel Shipping
Image Source:
See Note 13
Image Source: See Note 14
Image Source:
See Note 3
Image Source: See Note 15
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Cask Crash Test
Minimal Damage
No LeakageImage Source: See Note 16
Drop
Puncture
Fire Immersion
Cask Thermal Test
Image Source: See Note 17
Image Source: See Note 18
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Pressurized Water Reactor
(Light Water Thermal Reactors)
Image Source: See Note 19
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1. Reprinted with permission from the American NuclearSociety. Nuclear Engineering Theory and Technologyof Commercial Nuclear Powerby Ronald Allen Knief, 2ndEdition. Copyright 2008 by the American Nuclear Society,La Grange Park, Illinois. Figure 19-1.
2. Creative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpg
3. Reprinted with permission from Ron Knief.
4. Reprinted with permission from Larry Foulke.
5. Goldner, F. (2003). Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI)
- DOE Nuclear Energy International Programs - ADSRelated Activities. International Meeting on AcceleratorDriven Transmutation System Technologies, Las Vegas,Nevada.http://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/MicrosoftPowerPoint - Goldner.pdf
Image Source Notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpghttp://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Goldner.pdfhttp://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Goldner.pdfhttp://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Goldner.pdfhttp://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Goldner.pdfhttp://hrcweb.nevada.edu/rsatg/atw/pdffiles/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Goldner.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UsineHague.jpghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en -
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6. Wigeland, R. A. & Bauer, T. H. (2004). Repository Benefitsof AFCI Options. Nuclear Engineering Division, ArgonneNational Laboratory. ANL-AFCI-129.http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2005/07/53652.pdf
7. Reprinted with permission from Nuclear Energy Institute.http://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpg
8. Reprinted with permission from Nuclear Energy Institute.http://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpg
9. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpg
10. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission:http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.html
Image Source Notes
http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2005/07/53652.pdfhttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.htmlhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.htmlhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.htmlhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.htmlhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/dry-cask-storage.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Capitol_west_front_edit2.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_mountain_aerial_view.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/yucca_nevada_map.jpghttp://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2005/07/53652.pdf -
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11. Department of Energy.http://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery_Images/Photos/Entrance.jpg
12. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIPP-04.jpeg
13. Reprinted with permission from NRC staff.
14. Transuranic Waste Transportation Containers FactSheet. Department of Energy.http://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/truwastecontainers.pdf
Image Source Notes
http://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery_Images/Photos/Entrance.jpghttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery_Images/Photos/Entrance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIPP-04.jpeghttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/truwastecontainers.pdfhttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/truwastecontainers.pdfhttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/truwastecontainers.pdfhttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/truwastecontainers.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIPP-04.jpeghttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery_Images/Photos/Entrance.jpghttp://www.wipp.energy.gov/Photo_Gallery_Images/Photos/Entrance.jpg -
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15. Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0 Unported. BillEbbesen.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
16. Information Digest, 20122013 (NUREG-1350, Volume24). U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/
17. Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs2.0 Generic. NuclearRegulatory Commission.http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/
18. Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs2.0 Generic. NuclearRegulatory Commission.http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/andhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272614
19. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gif
Image Source Notes
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.enhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272614http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272614http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedWaterReactor.gifhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272614http://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800272402/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcgov/6800273124/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.enhttp://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1350/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en