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Bachelor in Economics (S.E): Manajemen Course : Matematika Ekonomi ( 1506ME02) online.uwin.ac.id

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  • Bachelor in Economics (S.E): Manajemen

    Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1506ME02)

    online.uwin.ac.id

  • Session Topic : Jenis-jenis Fungsi Linear

    Course: Matematika Ekonomi

    By Handri Santoso, Ph.D

    UWIN eLearning Program

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 3

    Content

    Part 1 Pengertian & Jenis-jenis Fungsi

    Part 2 Pengertian Fungsi Linier

    Part 3 Gradient

    Part 4 Applications

  • Part1: Pengertian & Jenis-jenis Fungsi

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 5

    Fungsi: Definisi

    Fungsi

    Defn:

    Suatu bentuk hubungan matematis yang menyatakanhubungan ketergantungan (hub. fungsional)

    .antara suatu variabel dengan variabel lain.

    y = b + mx

    Dependent

    VariableKonstanta

    Koefisien

    Var. x

    Independent

    Variable

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 6

    Fungsi: Jenis

    Jenis-jenis Fungsi

    Fungsi

    F.PangkatF. Polinom

    F. Linier

    F. Kuadrat

    F. Kubik

    F. Bikuadrat

    Fungsi rasionalFungsi

    irrasional

    Fungsi non-aljabar

    (transenden)

    Fungsi aljabar

    F. Eksponensial

    F. Logaritmik

    F. Trigonometrik

    F. Hiperbolik

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 7

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    Fungsi,

    1. Polinom

    Defn: Fungsi yang mengandung banyak suku (polinom) dalam variabel bebasnya.

    y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . + anx

    n

    2. Linear

    Defn: Fungsi polinom khusus yang pangkat tertinggi dari variabelnya adalah pangkatsatu (fungsi berderajat satu).

    y = a0 + a1x a1 0

    3. Kuadrat

    Defn: Fungsi polinom yang pangkat tertinggi dari variabelnya adalah pangkat dua, sering juga disebut fungsi berderajat dua.

    y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 a2 0

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 8

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    4. Berderajat

    Defn: Fungsi yang pangkat tertinggi dari variabelnya adalah pangkat n (n = bilangan nyata).

    y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . + an-1x

    n-1 + anxn an 0

    5. Pangkat

    Defn: Fungsi yang variabel bebasnya berpangkat sebuah bilangan nyata bukan nol.

    y = xn n = bilangan nyata bukan nol

    6. Eksponensial

    Defn: Fungsi yang variabel bebasnya merupakan pangkat dari suatu konstanta bukannol.

    y = nx n > 0

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 9

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    7. Logaritmik

    Defn: Fungsi balik (inverse) dari fungsi eksponensial, variabel bebasnya merupakanbilangan logaritmik.

    y = nlog x

    8. Trigonometrik dan fungsi hiperbolik

    Defn: Fungsi yang variabel bebasnya merupakan bilangan-bilangan goneometrik.

    Persamaan,

    a. Trigonometrik y = sin x

    b. Hiperbolik y = arc cos x

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 10

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    Berdasarkan letak ruas variabel-variabelnya: Fungsi eksplisitdan implisit

    No Fungsi Eksplisit Implisit

    1. Umum y = f(x) f(x,y) = 0

    2. Linear y = a0+a1x a0+a1x-y = 0

    3. Kuadrat y = a0+a1x+a2x2 a0+a1x+a2x

    2-y = 0

    4. Kubik y = a0+a1x +a2x2+a3x

    3 a0+a1x +a2x2+a3x

    3-y = 0

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 11

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    x

    y

    x

    yLinear

    y = a0 + a1x

    a0

    Kemiringan = a1

    (a) (b)0 0

    Kuadratik

    y = a0 + a1x + a2x2

    a0

    (Kasus a2 < 0)

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 12

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    x

    y

    x

    y

    (c) (d)

    0 0

    Kubik

    y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x

    3

    a0

    Bujur sangkar

    hiperbolik

    y = a / x

    (a > 0)

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 13

    Fungsi: Jenis (lanjut)

    x

    y

    x

    y

    (e) (f)

    0 0

    Eksponen

    y = bx

    (b > 1)

    Logaritma

    y = logb x

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 14

    Fungsi: Penyimpangan Eksponen

    xn = x x x x..x x

    Aturan,

    a. I : xm x xn = xm+n

    Contoh : x3 x x4 = x7

    b. II : xm / xn = xm-n

    Contoh : x4 / x3 = x

    c. III : x-n = 1/xn (x 0 )

    d. IV : x0 = 1 (x 0)

    e. V : x1/n =

    f. VI : (xm)n = xmn

    g. VII : xm x ym = (xy)m

    n x

  • Part2: Pengertian Fungsi Linier

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 16

    Fungsi Linier: Pengertian

    Pengertian Fungsi Linier

    Fungsi Linier

    Defn: Fungsi polinom yang variabel bebasnya memiliki pangkat

    paling tinggi satu.

    Definisi:

    y = b + mx

    b = konstanta nilai positif, negatif atau nol

    m = konstanta nilai positif, negatif atau nol

    Contoh:

    y = 4 + 2x

    b = 4, m = 2

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 17

    Fungsi Linier: Gradient

    Kemiringan (gradient) suatu garis

    Fungsi polinom yang variabel bebasnya memiliki pangkat paling

    tinggi satu.

    Definisi:

    y = b + mx

    b = konstanta nilai positif, negatif atau nol

    m = konstanta nilai positif, negatif atau nol

    Contoh:

    y = 4 + 2x

    b = 4, m = 2

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 18

    Fungsi Linier: Gradient (lanjut)

    Kemiringan (gradient) suatu

    garis

    Kemiringan atau gradient darisuatu garis lurus

    biasanya dinyatakandengan m.

    y = mx + b

    Slope y-Intercept

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 19

    Fungsi Linier: Gradient (lanjut)

    Kemiringan suatu garis (non-vertikal)

    Defn:

    Suatu unit bilangan yang naik (atau turun) vertikal untuk setiapbagian perubahan dari kiri ke kanan

    seperti pada gambar dibawah:

    Negative slope, line falls.Positive slope, line rises.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 20

    Fungsi Linier: Gradient (lanjut)

    Persamaan linier,

    ditulis dalam bentuk y = mx + b , yang ditulis sebagai slope-intercept form.

    Begitu kita telah menentukan kemiringan dan y-intercept darisuatu garis, maka

    akan mudah untuk membuat grafik dari persamaan tersebut

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 21

    Fungsi Linier: Gradient (lanjut)

    Contoh berikut adalah

    persamaan garis vertical.

    Garis vertikal mempunyai bentuk persamaan

    x = a. Vertical line

    Persamaan garis vertical,

    tidak dapat dituliskan dalam bentuk y=mx+b

    sebab

    gradien dari garis lurus tidak didefinisikan

    seperti pada gambar

    Slope is undefined.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 22

    Fungsi Linier: Penggambaran

    Penggambaran Fungsi Linier

    Untuk menggambarkan fungsi linier bisa dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu,

    1. membuat tabel dan

    2. dengan menentukan titik potong dengan sumbu-x dan sumbu-y

    Contoh untuk fungsi y= 2x + 4

    Dengan menentukan titik potong terhadap sumbu-x dan sumbu-y

    Pertama jika y = 0, didapat x=-2, maka didapat koordinat (-2,0).

    Kedua jika x=0, didapat y= 4, maka didapat koordinat (0, 4)

    x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

    y 0 2 4 6 8 10

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 23

    Fungsi Linier: Menggambarkan Fungsi

    Fungsi y = 2x + 4

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 24

    Fungsi Linier: Menggambarkan Fungsi (lanjut)

    Latihan

    Buatlah grafik dari fungsi berikut dengan metode diatas

    1. y = 2x 4

    2. y = x 5

    3. y = 8 3x

    4. y = 5x 7

  • Part3: Gradient

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 26

    Gradient: Finding the Slope of a Line

    Mencari Kemiringan Garis (Gradient)

    Given an equation of a line,

    you can find its slope by writing the equation in slope-intercept form. If you are not given an equation, you can still find the slope of a line.

    For instance,

    suppose you want to find the slope of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), as shown in Figure

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 27

    Gradient: Finding the Slope of a Line (cont.)

    As you move from left to right along this line,

    a change of (y2 y1) units in the vertical direction corresponds

    to a change of (x2 x1) units in the horizontal direction.

    y2 y1 = the change in y = rise

    and

    x2 x1 = the change in x = run

    The ratio of (y2 y1) to (x2 x1) represents the slope of the line..

    that passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 28

    Gradient: Finding the Slope of a Line (cont.)

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 29

    Gradient: Finding the Slope of a Line (cont.)

    When this formula is used for slope,

    the order of subtraction is important.

    Given two points on a line, you are free to label either one of them as (x1, y1) and the other as (x2, y2).

    However,

    once you have done this, you must form the numerator and

    denominator using the same order of subtraction.

    IncorrectCorrectCorrect

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 30

    Gradient: Finding the Slope of a Line (cont.)

    For instance,

    the slope of the line passing through

    the points (3, 4) and (5, 7) can be calculated as

    or, reversing the subtraction order in both the numerator and denominator, as

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 31

    Example 2: Finding the Slope of a Line Through 2 Points

    Find the slope of the line passing through each pair of

    points.

    a. (2, 0) and (3, 1)

    b. (1, 2) and (2, 2)

    c. (0, 4) and (1, 1)

    d. (3, 4) and (3, 1)

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 32

    Example 2: Solution (a)

    Letting (x1, y1) = (2, 0) and (x2, y2) = (3, 1), you obtain a slope

    of

    See Figure

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 33

    Example 2: Solution (b)

    The slope of the line passing through (1, 2) and (2, 2) is

    See Figure

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 34

    Example 2: Solution (c)

    The slope of the line passing through (0, 4) and (1, 1) is

    See Figure

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 35

    Example 2: Solution (d)

    The slope of the line passing through (3, 4) and (3, 1) is

    See Figure

    Because division by 0 is undefined,

    the slope is undefined and

    the line is vertical.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 36

    Dua Garis Lurus: Bentuk Hubungan

    Hubungan 2 Garis Lurus

    Dalam sistem sepasang sumbu silang, dua buah garis lurus mempunyai 4 macam kemungkinan

    bentuk hubungan:

    1. Berimpit,

    2. Sejajar,

    3. Berpotongan ,

    4. dan Tegak Lurus.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 37

    Dua Garis Lurus: Hubungan (lanjut)

    Berimpit:

    y1 = ny2

    a1 = na2

    b1 = nb2

    Sejajar:

    a1 a2

    b1 = b2

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 38

    Dua Garis Lurus: Hubungan (lanjut)

    Berpotongan:

    b1 b2

    Tegak Lurus:

    b1 = - 1/b2

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 39

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar

    Pencarian Akar-akar Persamaan Linear

    Pencarian besarnya variable bilangan dari beberapa

    persamaan linear,

    dengan kata lain penyelesaian persamaan- persamaanlinear secara serempak (simultaneously),

    dapat dilakukan melalui 3 macam cara,1. Substitusi

    2. Eliminasi

    3. Determinan

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 40

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar (lanjut)

    1. Cara Substitusi

    Contoh:

    Carilah nilai variable- variable x dan y dari dua persamaan

    berikut:

    2x + 3y = 21 dan x + 4y = 23

    untuk variabel x, diperoleh x = 23-4y

    2x + 3y = 21

    2(23 4y) + 3y = 21

    46 8y + 3y = 21

    46 5y = 21

    25 = 5y, y = 5 x = ?

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 41

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar (lanjut)

    2. Cara Eliminasi

    Dua persamaan dengan dua bilangan anu,

    dapat diselesaikan dengan cara menghilangkan untuk sementara (mengeliminasi) salah satu dari bilangan anu yang ada,

    sehingga dapat dihitung nilai dari bilangan anu yang lain.

    5y 25,5y-

    468y2x

    213y2x

    2

    1

    234yx

    213y2x

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 42

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar (lanjut)

    3. Cara Determinan

    Bisa digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persamaan yang jumlahnyabanyak.

    Determinan secara umum dilambangkan dengan notasi

    afhdbigecchdbfgaei

    ihg

    fed

    cba

    db-ae ed

    ba

    3 derajad determinan

    2 derajad determinan

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 43

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar (lanjut)

    Ada 2 persamaan:

    ax + by = c

    dx + ey = f

    Penyelesaian untuk x dan y dapat dilakukan:

    dbae

    dcaf

    e d

    b a

    f d

    c a

    D

    Dyy

    dbae

    fbce

    e d

    b a

    e f

    b c

    D

    Dxx

    Determinan

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 44

    Persamaan Linear: Pencarian Akar-akar (lanjut)

    Contoh

    2x + 3y = 21

    x + 4y = 23

    Penyelesaian untuk x dan y dapat dilakukan:

    55

    3

    21

    25

    4 1

    3 2

    23 1

    21 2

    D

    Dyy

    5

    15

    4 1

    3 2

    4 23

    3

    D

    Dxx

  • Part4: Applications

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 46

    Applications

    Didalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kemiringan dari garis dapat di

    artikan sebagai,

    rasio atau rate (laju perubahan)

    Jika sumbu-x dan sumbu-y mempunyai,

    a. unit pengukuran yang sama maka gradient (m) tidak

    mempunyai satuan sehingga disebut rasio.

    b. satuan pengukuran yang berbeda maka gradient (m) disebut

    rate atau laju perubahan

    Applications: Rasio & Rate

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 47

    Example 1 Using Slope as a Ratio

    The maximum recommended slope of a wheelchair ramp is

    A business is,

    installing a wheelchair ramp that rises 22 inches over a horizontal length of 24 feet.

    Is the ramp steeper than recommended?(Source: Americans with Disabilities Act Handbook)

    Applications: Contoh 1

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 48

    The horizontal length of the ramp is 24 feet or 12(24) = 288 inches, as

    shown in Figure

    So, the slope of the ramp is

    Because 0.083, the slope of the ramp is not steeper than recommended.

    Applications: Solution 1

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 49

    Example 2 Predicting Sales

    The sales for Best Buy were approximately $35.9 billion in 2006

    and $40.0 billion in 2007. Using only this information, write a

    linear equation that gives the sales (in billions of dollars) in terms

    of the year. Then predict the sales for 2010. (Source: Best Buy

    Company, Inc.)

    Applications: Contoh 2

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 50

    Applications: Solution 2

    Let t = 6 represent 2006. Then the two given values are represented by the data points (6, 35.9)

    and (7, 40.0).

    The slope of the line through these points is

    Using the point-slope form, you can find the equation that relates the

    sales y and the year t to be

    y 35.9 = 4.1(t 6) Write in point-slope form.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 51

    Applications: Solution 2 (lanjut)

    y = 4.1t + 11.3

    According to this equation, the sales for 2010 will be

    y = 4.1(10) + 11.3

    = 41 + 11.3

    = $52.3 billion. (See Figure)

    Write in slope-intercept form.

  • Powered by HarukaEdu.com - 1506ME02- Hal 52

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