1522_4h_que_20060607
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This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2006 Edexcel Limited.
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Paper Reference(s)
1522/4H 1520/3HEdexcel GCSEScience: Double Award A [1522]Paper 4HBiology A [1520]Paper 3H
Higher TierWednesday 7 June 2006 – AfternoonTime: 1 hour 30 minutes
Materials required for examination Items included with question papersNil Nil
Instructions to CandidatesIn the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, the paper reference, your surname,initial(s) and signature.The paper reference is shown above. If more than one paper reference is shown, you should writethe one for which you have been entered.Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this book.Show all stages in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
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Paper Reference (complete below)
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1. Sandeels are small fish that live in theNorth Sea. They feed on plankton.Sandeels are food for many other fishand seabirds. Some seabirds feedsandeels to their young in the breedingseason.
The North Sea is becoming warmer.This is causing the plankton to movefurther North.
Fishing boats have been catchingthousands of tonnes of sandeels every year but the amount they catch is becoming smaller.
Use the information above and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.
(a) Suggest two reasons why fewer sandeels are being caught by fishing boats.
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(b) Great Skuas are large seabirds. They feed their young on sandeels.In 2004 they started feeding their young on other small seabirds.
Suggest a reason for this change and predict the effect this will have on otherseabirds.
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(Source: Fisheries Research Services)
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(c) Most of the sandeels caught by fisheries are turned into pig food or food for fishfarms.
Some people have suggested that fishing for sandeels should be banned.Suggest some reasons for a ban and reasons against it.
for
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Q1
(Total 7 marks)
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2. Read the following passage:
(a) Some people have genes which make them more likely to suffer from heart disease.Suggest how the Human Genome Project may be of benefit to them.
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(b) Describe two ways scientists could communicate their work on the Human GenomeProject to the general public.
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The Human Genome Project
The human genome is the name for all of the DNA in an individual. The human genomecontains at least 30 000 genes, found on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Scientists in 18 different countries have been working on the project. This involvesidentifying the sequence of the 3 billion bases in human DNA.
Some diseases are the result of gene mutations. Other diseases are caused bycombinations of genes, environment and lifestyle. Scientists hope that the project willbring benefits to people at risk by identifying the problem genes.
It is becoming possible to identify people with genes that increase the risk of heart diseaseor certain cancers. This may help these people plan a lifestyle to reduce the risk of gettingthe disease.
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(c) Describe how the Human Genome Project will lead to an improvement in the use ofdrugs.
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(d) Suggest one reason why so many scientists are involved in the Human GenomeProject.
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Q2
(Total 7 marks)
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3. Nearly all the bananas we buy today are the same variety.They come from the Cavendish banana tree which is sterileand seedless. Farmers grow new trees from cuttings.
(a) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of growing banana trees from cuttings.
advantage
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disadvantage
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(b) What scientific term is used to describe plants created from cuttings?
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(Source: www.taninet.com.my/biotechnology/html)
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(c) A fungal disease threatens Cavendish banana plants. The disease spreads in infectedcuttings. Spraying with fungicide has helped, but now new resistant strains of thefungus are appearing.
(i) Some scientists have grown Cavendish plants under special conditions from onlya few cells.
Explain how this reduces the spread of the disease.
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(ii) Other scientists are studying banana species that still produce seeds. They hopeto breed disease resistant banana plants.
Name this process and explain how the scientists would use seeds to achievedisease resistant banana plants.
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Q3
(Total 7 marks)
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(Source: www.taninet.com.my/biotechnology/html)
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4. (a) Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body.Give two properties of red blood cells which makes them suited to carry out thisfunction.
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(b) (i) Carbon dioxide is released by cells in the body and transported back to the lungs.In which part of the blood is most of the carbon dioxide carried?
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(ii) Name two other substances that are carried around the body in this part of theblood.
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(c) Platelets are small fragments of cells found in the blood.
(i) Describe the function of the platelets in the blood.
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(ii) Explain why this function is important in the human body.
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5. (a) The table shows the role of enzymes in the digestion of some foods. Complete each empty box.
(5)
(b) Reaction 3 in the table only works efficiently in the presence of bile. Bile has twodifferent effects. Complete each sentence by writing one word in each gap.
(i) Bile ...................................................... acid from the stomach, so that the pH inthe small intestine is suitable for digestion of fats.
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(ii) Bile ...................................................... fat so that fat is broken up into smalldroplets.
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(c) Catalase is an enzyme in the human body cells which controls the following reaction.
catalasehydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
Catalase works well in similar conditions to the enzyme lipase.
Sarah investigated this reaction.
• She pre-soaked paper discs of equal size with catalase.
• She prepared a number of beakers with 250 cm3 hydrogen peroxide.
• Each beaker was kept at a different temperature across a range (10–70°C).
• She dropped each disc into a beaker and each disc sank to the bottom.
• Sarah measured the time for discs to rise to the surface at each temperature.
QUESTION 5 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE
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takes place in food substance enzyme product
reaction 1 mouth starch ............................. .............................
reaction 2 stomach ............................ protease amino acids
reaction 3 small intestine fats lipase 1 ...........................
2 ...........................
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The graph below shows the results of the investigation.
Use the information above and your own knowledge to answer the followingquestions
(i) Suggest why each disc rose to the surface of the hydrogen peroxide.
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(ii) What is the optimum temperature for the enzyme catalase?
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(iii) Give the temperature values at which discs rise to the surface in 15 seconds.
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(iv) Suggest what would happen to the time for the discs to rise to the surface attemperatures higher than 70°C. Give a reason for your answer.
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Q5
(Total 14 marks)
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6. Dexter cattle are a small short-legged breed. They have thegenotype Dd.Kerry cattle have normal long legs, and have thegenotype DD.There is a third genotype dd. Calves with this genotype arealways born dead.
(a) (i) Complete a genetic diagram for crossing a Dexterbull with a Kerry cow.
Dexter Kerry
genotype ......... × .........
gametes ......... ......... ......... .........
offspring ......... ......... ......... .........
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(ii) What is the ratio of calf phenotypes from this cross?
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(b) (i) Complete a genetic diagram for crossing a Dexter bull with a Dexter cow.
Dexter Dexter
genotype ......... × .........
gametes ......... ......... ......... .........
offspring ......... ......... ......... .........
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(ii) What is the ratio of calf genotypes from this cross?
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(iii) If twelve calves developed, how many would you expect to be born dead?
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(c) Which cross would you recommend to farmers who want Dexter calves? Explain your answer.
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Q6
(Total 9 marks)
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7. (a) Explain how the body maintains a constant temperature in hot weather.
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(b) (i) Define homeostasis.
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(ii) If we sweat a lot, what will start happening to the amount of water in our blood?
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(iii) Describe the process which controls the amount of water in the blood during hotweather.
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Q7
(Total 11 marks)
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8. The drawings show some of the stages of meiosis in a plant with a diploid number of fourchromosomes. The stages are in the wrong order.
(a) Put the letters for each drawing in the correct order in the table below.
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A B
C D
E
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
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(b) What is meant by these terms?
(i) haploid
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(ii) diploid
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(c) Some of the cells shown in the drawings are haploid and some are diploid. Write H for haploid and D for diploid in the boxes.
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(d) Why is meiosis important in sexual reproduction?
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(e) What is the advantage of meiosis to the next generation of individuals?
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Q8
(Total 12 marks)
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A B C D E
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9. The diagram shows the neurones along a nerve pathway. This allows a finger to berapidly removed from a hot object by a reflex response. Only the neurones and a muscleare shown.
Use the information in the diagram and your own knowledge to answer the questions.
(a) Name neurones A and B.
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(b) An impulse was produced in response to the hot object.Put an X on the diagram to show where the impulse began.
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(c) Put an arrow in each box to show the direction of the impulse.(1)
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muscleeffector
receptorneurone B
neurone A
relayneurone
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(d) Explain what takes place at a synapse.
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Q9
(Total 8 marks)
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10. An athlete is at the start line ready for a race. The bang from the starting pistol results ina major release of adrenaline in the athlete’s body.
(a) (i) Which glands produce adrenaline?
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(ii) Describe how adrenaline gets to the heart.
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(b) Increased adrenaline improves the athlete’s performance.Describe and explain the effect of increased adrenaline on the heart and the lungsduring the race.
(i) effect on the heart ..................................................................................................
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(ii) effect on the lungs .................................................................................................
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(c) Explain how these effects of adrenaline on heart and lungs improves the athlete’sperformance.
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TOTAL FOR PAPER: 90 MARKS
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(Total 8 marks)
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