1560 student ch 7 handout
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psych handoutTRANSCRIPT
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1 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 1 Visualizing
Psychology
by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman
Chapter 7: Memory
PSYCH 1560
Dr. Giorgetti
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 2 Lecture Overview
The Nature of Memory
Biological Bases of
Memory
Forgetting
Memory Distortions
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 3 The Nature of Memory
Memory: internal record or
representation of some prior
event or experience
Memory is also a constructive process
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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2 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 4 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Four Memory Models
1. Information Processing Approach
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 5 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Four Memory Models
(Continued)2. Parallel Distributed
Processing Model
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 6 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Four Memory Models
(Continued)
3. Levels of Processing Approach
4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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3 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 7 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
1. The _____ sees memory as a process similar to a computer.
2. Which of the four major memory models best explains how you can wash dishes, wave to your neighbor, and talk to your friend on the phone all at the same time?
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 8
Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Information Processing System
Sensory
Memory
Working
MemoryPerception Long-term
memory
Retrieve
learn
Executive Control Processes
Work Space-
Temporary Storage
Decision
makingPermanent
Storage
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Slide 9
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model
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4 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 10 The Nature of MemoryDescription of Three Stage
Memory Model
Sensory Memory
Capacity
Duration
Role of attention
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 11 Sperlings Experiment with Sensory Memory
When flashed an arrangement of 12 letters for 1/20 of a second, most people can only recall 4 or 5. Sperling proved all 12 letters were available in sensory memory if they can be attended to quickly.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 12 The Nature of Memory
Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)
Short-Term Memory (STM) Capacity
Duration
Strategies
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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5 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 13
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
STM, also called working memory, is much more than just a passive, temporary holding area.
Three parts of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop
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Slide 14 The Nature of MemoryThree Stage Memory Model
(Continued)
Long-Term Memory (LTM) Capacity
Duration
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 15 Types of Long-Term Memories
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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6 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 16
Allyn & Bacon 2007
Types of Memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Yesterdays
golf
outing
The concept
airplane
How to
give a
presentation
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Slide 17 Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM)
LTM can be improved with:
Organization
Elaborative Rehearsal
Retrieval Cues
Recognition
Recall
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 18 An Example of Elaborative Rehearsal
Understanding and memory may be enhanced by elaborating on previously known information (e.g., using knowledge of geography to better understand history)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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7 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 19 An Example of Recognition Vs. Recall
Research shows people are better at recognizing photos of previous high school classmates than recalling their names.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 20 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
1. Why is short-term memory (STM) also called working memory?
2. Elaborative rehearsal helps improve _____ memory, whereas ______ rehearsal improves
short-term memory (STM).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 21 Biological Bases of Memory
Biological changes in neurons facilitate memory
1. repeated stimulation of a synapse
2. neurons ability to release its neurotransmitters
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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8 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 22 Biological Bases of Memory (Continued)
Hormones flashbulb memories
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 23 Where Are Memories Located?
Memory tends to be localized and distributed throughout the brain--not just the cortex.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 24 Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease
Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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9 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 25 Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease (Continued)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
Alzheimers Disease (AD)
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Slide 26 Forgetting: How Quickly Do We Forget?
Ebbinghaus found:
forgetting occurs most rapidly immediately after learning.
relearning takes less time than initial learning.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 27 Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories
Decay
Interference
Motivated Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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10 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 28 Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)
1. Decay Theory
2. Interference Theory
Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 29 Two Forms of Interference
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 30 Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)
3. Motivated Forgetting
4. Encoding Failure
5. Retrieval Failure
(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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11 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 31 A Test for Encoding: Can You Identify the Actual Penny?
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 32 Overcoming Problems with Forgetting
Serial Position Effect
Source Amnesia
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 33 Overcoming Problems with Forgetting(Continued)
Sleeper Effect
Spacing of Practice distributed practice vs.
massed practice
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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12 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 34 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review
1. You remember material from the first and last of the chapter better than material in the middle. This is a good example of the _____ effect.
2. The _____ of forgetting best explains why you forgot the name of a previous employer who gave you a bad
performance evaluation.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 35 Memory Distortions
Why do we distort our memories?
Need to maintain logic and consistency.
Need to shape and construct our memories because it is more efficient to do so.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 36 Memory and the Criminal Justice System
Two memory problems with profound legal implications:
Eyewitness Testimony
Repressed Memories
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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13 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 37 Figure 6.9: The Impact of Questions
on Eyewitness Memory
Copyright Houghton Mifflin
Company. All rights
reserved.
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Slide 38 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?
Psychological research conducts basic research, which helps us describe and understand our own and others memory processes. This basic research also leads to applied research that shows us how to improve our
sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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Slide 39 Tips for Memory Improvement
Three Popular Mneumonics
Method of Loci
Peg-word
Method of Word Associations
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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14 PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Dr. Giorgetti
Slide 40 Ways to Improve Memory
Knowledge of results
Recitation
Rehearsal
Selection
Organization
Whole versus part learning
Serial position effect
Cues
Overlearning
Spaced practice
Sleep
Review
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Slide 41 Visualizing
Psychology
by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
End of
Chapter 7: MemorySiri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology
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