15782 bty885-introduction history biotechnology
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Welcome to the World of
Biotechnology
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What is Biotechnology?Lets break it down:
Biology- use of biological/living/alive
agents/their partsTechnology - the application of science to
achieve industrial or commercial objectives
(products: cheese, wine, curd; & process:
fermentation). Collection of tech.
Coined the term- Karl Kreky (1970)
Controlled use of biological agents or their
cellular components for beneficial uses.
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A Definition That is a Little
More Fun
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Origins of Biotechnology
Although it seems like a new thing,biotechnology has actually been around a
while
Domesticated plants and animals are theresult of selective breeding (have you ever
seen a wild corn plant, not something youd
want to eat)
Using yeast to make bread rise
Using bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes
into wine
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So Why Should I Care?
Biotechnology aspects all aspects of youreveryday life, including: agriculture and foodsafety, healthcare, law enforcement andenvironmental issues
Although there are many great career pathsinvolving biotechnology that you may consider,possibly even more importantly, you will soonbe voters
Youll make decisions on the ethics involvinglegalizing certain types of research
You might be on a jury where biotechnology plays akey part in the evidence presented
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The Biotechnology Toolbox
Today, biotechnology is used in threemain ways:
Directly using cells
Placing yeast into a bioreactor to ferment grapes
Using the proteins/enzymes made by cells
Isolating antibiotics from bacteria for use inhuman medicine
Using the genetic material inside of cellDNA fingerprinting
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Just Some of theLatest Advances
in the World of BiotechnologyCloning-genetically identical
DNA fingerprinting
Genetically modified bacteria to
synthesize products
Genetically modified foods
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Why Clone?To create identical cells for research
purposes
To maintain a genetically desirable
species of plant or animal
To create a missing organ or tissue for
treatment of human diseases
To save endangered or extinct species
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Some Products of Cloning
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DNA Fingerprinting
Identifying the pattern of certain sequences in partsof a persons DNA to determine if two samplescome from the same person, related persons or two,non-related individuals
Only parts of the DNA sequence are used becausethe whole genome is too long to sequence repeatedly
Everyone has a unique sequence of DNA (evenidentical twins, although their genomes would be
very close to identical)
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What Does a DNA Fingerprint
Look Like?
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What can DNA Fingerprints
be used for?Paternity/maternity tests
To determine if a suspect was at a crime
sceneTo identify a murder victim
To identify a soldier killed in the line of
dutyTo determine identity
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Genetically-Modified BacteriaInserting new genes into a bacteria to
trick it into making a product for us
Although each bacteria usually doesnt
make much product, millions of bacteria
can be grown in bioreactors at the same
time, and the product harvested from allof them at once
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Some Products Now
Synthesized by BacteriaBiodiesel fuel
Chemicals to block an HIV infection
Photographs
Human insulin for diabetics
Plastics
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Genetically-Modified FoodsLivestock or produce that has received
new genes to make the product healthier,
resistant to pest or more nutritious
The process is similar to that used to
create genetically-modified bacteria, but
the genes are being inserted into multi-celled organism instead
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Some Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO)
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Why make GMOs?
To give plants resistance to certain pests
without the use of pesticides
To make plants drought resistant
To make cows that produce more milk
To make vegetables that can undergo long
transport without over-ripening
To make chickens that contain extra vitamins
that may be missing from our diets
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TheEthics of Biotechnology
Despite all the exciting things thatbiotechnology can do or will do in the nearfuture, there are things to consider:
Would it be ethical to clone a human? Why or whynot?
Should your insurance company be allowed to haveaccess to your DNA profile if it detected somedisease?
How can the bacteria in bioreactors be disposed ofonce they are no longer useful?
What happens to the natural balance when GMO aresent out to compete with natural plants in the
environment?
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Conclusion
We are at the cusp of an exciting time in theworld of biology
We are capable to manipulating living cells in waysthat would have been unimaginable even 20 years
ago
With this new technology comes many new jobs andbenefits to mankind
With this new technology comes the need to think
through the ethical issues that arise and to wiselyweigh the benefits against the drawbacks to makeinformed decisions as to what research should beencourage and what should not
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HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
OLD BIOTECHNOLOGY: Before discovery of
DNA structure (1953); Watson &Crick
Modern Biotechnology: recombinant DNAtechnology (rDNA)
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Old biotech: 5000 BC- M.O. were used for making cheese,wine, vinegar, leavened bread (yeast), curd.
Pasteurisation of milk-to prevent milk spoilage
Large scale production of preservatives:glycerol- by bacteria: streptomyces
Citric acid: by fungi:Aspergillus niger,
Acetone, Butanol: by bacteria: Clostridiumacetobutylicum
Antibiotics: Penicillin (1930); A. Waksman: byfungi: Penecillium notatum
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Yeast Fermented productsFermentation: Process in which yeast
enzymes chemically change compoundsinto alcohol. Alcohol is converted intoacetic acid (sour taste; vinegar) by MO.
Bread Baking
Vinegar-from Juices & extracts fromfruits and grains
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Antibiotics:
A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin,
produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria,
and other MO that can destroy or inhibit the growth
of other . Antibiotics are widely used in theprevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
Penicillin (1928): Alexander Fleming:
first drug produced by MO.
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Modern BiotechManipulation of genetic materials of
organisms
by rDNAtechnology/genetic engineering
Microscopy and advanced computertechnology are used
Based on genetics and the use of microscopy,
biochemical methods, related sciences andtechnologies
In-depth knowledge of science
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Use of biotech to produce new life forms
Recombinant DNA Process
Genetic material is moved from one organism to
another Materials involved are quite small
PCR: Kary Mullis (1985)
Genome sequencing-Arabidopsis, tobacco etc.
Challenging and often controversial
Many have opposing or negative views ofbiotechnology
Modern Biotech
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Human Insulin was produced in bacteria
(E. coli) on commercial scale (1983).
Plant HYVs by transferring desirablegene from alien sources.
Gene: a functional DNA sequence
Gold rice: vitamin A precursor
Bt cotton/brinjal/potato/corn: Insect pest
resistant: by Monsanto+Mahyco
But controversial: biosafety
Modern Biotech
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Biotechnology:A science of many disciplines Agricultural BT:
Tissue culture/Micropropagation: to increase rate of
multiplication, disease-free plants. Cryopreservation: -
196 C. Pollen/Anther/Embryo culture, Transgenic crops
Biotic (bacteria, fungi, virus etc.)& Abiotic stress (salt,heavy metals, heat, water etc.) resistant plants, molecular
pharming (plant as pharmaceutical products).
Microbial BT: to increase mining efficiency, simplifying
manufacturing and production processes, sewagetreatment.
Animal BT:In vitro fertilization, GM animals (for
improved yield and quality products) eg. sheep, pigs,
dog, chicken etc.
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Forensic BT: DNA fingerprinting, maternal/paternal,
criminal tests.
Environmental BT: Bioremediation , degradation of
petroleum and mgt of oil spills (Pseudomonas putida),
detoxification of industrial wastes, biocontrol agents (GM
bacteria, fungi, virus to control diseases and pest)
Aquatic BT: aquaculture, disease-resistant strains ofoysters and vaccines against viruses, transgenic salmon to
overproduce growth hormone.
Medical BT: drugs,gene knockout testing, recombinant
proteins for human medical applications, human genome
projects (to detect defective genes and disorders), gene
therapy by stem cell culture, DNA probes-to diagnose
diseases eg. cancer, hepatitis
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Industrial BT: large scale production of ethanol,
acetic acid, glycerol, antibiotics, enzymes, single
cell proteins (SCP), biofuels, mineral extractionby MO.
Regulatory BT: quality assurance and quality
control lab testing, monitoring processes forconsistent product standard.
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Agriculture biotechnology
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Agriculture biotechnology
Its need: increase productivity, limited resources.
Genetically modified crops: corn, soybean, cotton,
rice, phytoremediation plants, abiotic and biotic-
stresses tolerant crops etc.Micopropagation-Forest tree, ornamental plants,
horticulture plants.
Enhanced nutrition (golden rice).
Herbicide-resistant crops.
Plant-produced vaccines & bioplastics.
Disease-resistant crops
High-performance and healthier cooking oil.
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Transgenic Plants
Tissue culture Recombinant DNA technology
(Genetic engineering)
Plant Transformation methods: Vector-mediated (Agrobacterium
tumefaciens) and biolistic-mediated.