15t2 g1fp1 week 07 - 1970s- funk, disco and early hip hop
TRANSCRIPT
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G FP
Foundations of Popular Contemporary Music
Trimester 2, 2015
LECTURE 7
1970s: Funk, Disco and Early Hip Hop
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Black music
• A problematic term: supposed to mean 'funky' or
'soul', but in fact too many variables
• Socially, a clearer cut, if more uncomfortable
definition
• Really refers to two facets: black performers and
black audiences
• Easy to fall into stereotypes and racism
• But all pop music derives from black innovators
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Black music in the 70s
• The 1970s was one of the strongest decades
for black music
• Album oriented soul maintained its popularity
• Funk evolved into two strands:
- Pop/soul/jazz fusion (Sly and the Family Stone)
- Psychedelic Funk (George Clinton and P-Funk)
• Rise and decline of disco
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Funk
• Funk was born when musicians
blended Soul, Soul-Jazz and R&B into
adanceable
music – De-emphasises melody and harmony – Emphasises groove between bass and guitar
– Often an extended vamp
• As opposed to Soul and R&B which emphasized
harmonic progression and melody
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Funk
• Typically consists of a complex
groove between rhythm instruments
–Guitar, hammond organ, bass and
drums playing interlocking rhythms
• Funk bands sometimes have horns
–Trumpets, saxophones and trombones –Play rhythmic “hits”
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FunkOrigins of Funk
• With the changes in his band’s
lineup, James Brown moved
from
– Horn-based soul to – Rhythm section funk
Soul
•Emphasis on chordalprogression•Horns supportharmonic lines•Rhythm sectionsubservient
Funk
•Emphasis on groove•Rhythm section
dominant•Horns supportharmonic lines
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Later Motown• Marvin Gaye
• Stevie Wonder
• The Jackson 5
• In 1975 Berry moves Motown to L.A.
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• Acts inspired by Psychedelia start toappear
• George Clinton and what becomes P-Funk
• Sly and the Family Stone
• Provocative, but unifying (white andblack members)
• Theatrical (Clinton would have themedconcerts)
• An explosion of similar bands
Funk
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FunkEarly funk
Other bands started playing funk
• Dyke and the Blazers (Arizona)
• The Meters (New Orleans)
• The Isley Brothers (Ohio)
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FunkGeorge Clinton
• In the 1970s a newgroup of musicians
developed the "funk
rock" approachinnovated by George
Clinton
– Parliament (1968 – 1980)
– Funkadelic (1970-1981)
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FunkGeorge Clinton
“George Clinton was
to funk what
glam was to rock” - Reebee Garofalo
“My mission is to rescue dance
music from the blahs” - George Clinton
Knee Deep (Part 1)
Fundadelic (1979)
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FunkGeorge Clinton
• Clinton and his groups produced a new
kind of funk sound heavily influenced by
jazz and psychedelic rock.
– The two groups had members in common and
often are referred to collectively as
"Parliament-Funkadelic”
– Gave rise to the term“P-Funk ,
” which
referred to the music by George Clinton's
bands, and defined a new subgenre
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New York in the 1970s
• Recession
• The growth of the ghettos
• The decay of nuclear family life: where have all the
male figures gone? Where are the mothers?• The ethnic mix
• The career choices faced by young men...
•Dealing drugs
• Sports
• Low paid unskilled work
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The rise of disco• Gay and black crowds start gathering in nightclubs
• Light shows inspired by funk shows and psychedelic shows
• Dance music
• Clubs start playing records: call themselves French
'discotheque'
• Soon formalises: softer funk, featuring strings, wah guitar and
solid 'four on the floor beat'
• First major act: Gloria Gaynor
• Donna Summer (produced by Giorgio Moroder)
•The Village People (produced by Jacques Morales)
• The Bee Gees (produced by Arif Mardin, and themselves)
• Disco becomes smothering... Highly unpopular within 3 years...
Redevelops into EDM... More on that later
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Hip Hop: A brief history
• Hip Hop is made up of four components:
Rap, Dance, DJing and Graffiti
•Hip hop appeared in New York in the1970s, coming out of disco, soul and
others
• Like Metal, (indeed like most pop musics)hip hop comes from the lower classes
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The music
• Taking records and making long dance
tracks from it
• Out of discos• The importance of street parties
• The techniques of DJing: mixing;
scratching; mashing up
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The DJs
• The aim of the DJ is to keep the party
going
• The issue of royalties; the issues of
composition and creativity....
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Break Dancing
• The most 'accessible' part of hip hop to outsiders.
• Hip Hop dancing is now a valued 'art' choreography
with many choreographers incorporating hip-hop
styles into their work.
• Started in Street parties. During the 'break', dancers
would dance.
• Highly athletic, highly skilled.
• Dance 'gangs' and their effect on NY crime.
B k D i ' ff t
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Break Dancing's effect
on popular dance
• Movies, dance shows
• 'So You Think You Can Dance'
• Other 'art shows'
• 'Popping', 'Breaking', 'Robot'...
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What is Rap?
• Rap is the words of hip-hop.
• Often spoken in a 16 line structure, rappers improvise
or compose lyrics to the beat
• Rap can cover any topic, but tends to either be
hedonistic, egotistical, angry, funny, or political. Or all
of these at once.
• Often intended to confuse, exclude and offend
'outsiders'.
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When did Rap start?
• The 1970s, but came of age in the 1980s
• Certain older folk and blues songs have rap elements
(see Bo Diddley 'I'm a Man'; Bob Dylan 'Subterranean
Homesick Blues')
• Early acts tended to be much less 'street' (though
they came from the street')
• Early rap singles: 'Rapper's Delight', Sugarhill Gang;
'Rapture' Blondie
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The early days continued
• Afrika Bambaata brought a new andconfronting approach to hip-hop
• Politics: tries to get young men to be proud of
black culture, and African Culture, and get out
of gang life.
•Many rap artists used old soul and funkrecords; Bambaata used the clinical sounds of
Kraftwerk (more later)
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The Backlash
• The rise of the Neo-Conservatives
• The subduing of the counter culture: youth
culture; feminism; civil rights; black rights;
gay rights etc.
• The rise of corporate commercialism.
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Australian music in the 70s
• The 1970s saw the advent of Double J
radio (later changed to JJJ) and
Countdown which both fundamentally
changed the political economy of Australian popular music.
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1970s Australian bands
• The rise of the pub circuit bought a new
generation of tough, uncompromising, adult-
oriented rock bands such as: – Cold Chisel
– AC/DC
– Skyhooks
– Jon English
– Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons
–The Angels
– Australian Crawl
– Dragon
– Rose Tattoo
– Ross Wilson's Mondo Rock
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1970s Australian Punk and Disco
• Punk/New Wave:
– The Saints
– Radio Birdman
• Disco:
– John Paul Young
– Renee Gayer
– Marcia Hines
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Conclusion
• Constant and strong lineage of urban
black music from blues, gospel and
soul to funk and hip hop
• Still deeply influential
• Maybe now dominates