16-general sensory pathways of the face area, taste ......the vestibular nuclei/pathway •location...

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General Sensory Pathways of the Face Area, Taste Pathways and Hearing Pathways

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Page 1: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

General Sensory Pathways of the Face Area, Taste Pathways 

and Hearing Pathways

Page 2: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Lecture Objectives

• Describe pathways for general sensations (pain, temperature, touch and proprioception) from the face area.

• Describe taste pathways.• Describe hearing pathways.

Page 3: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Sensory Innervation of Head

• Most of the sensory innervation of the head region is supplied by some cranial nerves • Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal & vagus

• Spinal nerves (C1‐C3) participate in the sensory innervation of the head 

Page 4: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Cranial Nerves Innervating Head

Sensory Innervation: Modalities and Territories 

Page 5: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigeminal nerve (V)

• GSA Trigeminal ganglion• Skin of face and head• Mucus membrane

• Nasal cavity• Oral cavity• Paranasal sinuses

• Eye • External ear• Dura matter• TMJ• Teeth

Page 6: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Facial Nerve (VII)

Geniculate ganglion• GSA 

• External ear & mastoid

• SVA • Taste from tongue (anterior ⅔)

• GVA • Soft palate • Floor of the mouth• Pharynx

Page 7: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

• GSA• External earSuperior ganglion

• SVA • Taste from tongue (posterior ⅓) Inferior ganglion

• GVA • Tongue (posterior ⅓)• Fauces• Pharynx• Middle ear• Carotid sinus baroreceptors• Carotid body chemoreceptors Inferior ganglion

Page 8: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Vagus Nerve (X)• GSA 

• External earSuperior jagular ganglion

• SVA • Taste (epiglottis & base of tongue)Inferior nodose ganglion

• GVA• Pharynx• Larynx• Other visceraInferior nodose ganglion

Page 9: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Sensory Innervation of HeadSummary 

• Trigeminal nerve • GSA 

• Skin of face and head• Mucus membrane

• Facial nerve• GSA – external ear & mastoid• SVA – taste from tongue (anterior ⅔)• GVA – soft palate , floor of the mouth, pharynx

• Glossopharyngeal nerve• GSA – external ear• SVA – taste from tongue (posterior ⅓)• GVA – tongue (posterior ⅓), fauces, pharynx, middle ear

• Vagus nerve• GSA – external ear• SVA – taste (epiglottis & base of tongue)• GVA – pharynx, larynx, other viscera

• Spinal nerves (C2‐C3) • GSA – scalp & dura mater

Page 10: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Sensory Innervation of HeadSummary 

• 1st order neurons• Trigeminal nerve

• Trigeminal ganglion (V) – GSA • Facial nerve

• Geniculate ganglion (VII) – GSA, GVA, SVA• Glossopharyngeal nerve

• Superior ganglion (IX) – GSA • Inferior ganglion (IX) – SVA, GVA

• Vagus nerve• Superior jugular ganglion (V) – GSA • Inferior nodose ganglion (V) – GVA, SVA

• Spinal nerves• Dorsal root ganglion (C1‐C3)

Page 11: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Cranial Nerve Innervating Head

Central Sensory Component

Page 12: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Brainstem Sensory Nuclei

• Nucleus of tractus solitarius(GVA, SVA)

• Trigeminal sensory complex (GSA)• Spinal nucleus• Main sensory nucleus• Mesencephalic nucleus

Page 13: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Nucleus of Tractus Solitarius

• GVA, SVA• Sensory nucleus for 

• Facial nerve• Glossopharyngeal nerve• Vagus nerve

• Contains 2nd order neurons• Axons cross midline

• 3rd order neuron – PVM of thalamus• Axons → internal capsule → corona radiata→ cortex (postcentral gyrus)

Page 14: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Facial Nerve

Page 15: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Page 16: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Vagus Nerve

Page 17: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigeminal System

• Most of the sensory information from head are carried by the trigeminal nerve• Face, oral & nasal cavities, cornea, meninges and cranial blood vessels

• Small sensory components (GSA) of cranial nerve VII, IX, X• All GSA information is processed by trigeminal nuclei

Page 18: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei• Mesencephalic nucleus (GSA)

• Unconscious proprioception • Location, Extension 

• Main sensory nucleus (GSA)• Touch & pressure

• Spinal nucleus* (GSA)• Pain & temperature• Extensions

• Medulla – C2• Somatotopic organisation

• Ophthalmic – most caudal• Mandibular – most rostral

*receive GSA from V, IX, X

Page 19: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei• Spinal nucleus parts

• Pars caudalisBelow pyramidal decussation• Pain & temperature• Receive fibers from: C1‐C3, GSA from IIV, IX, V, cerebral blood vessels

• Pars interpolarisBelow rostral third of the inferior olivarynucleus

• Pain sensation from teeth• Light touch

• Pars oralis• Light touch• Discriminative touch

• Main sensory nucleus• Light touch• Discriminative touch

Page 20: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei• 1st order neurons 

• Trigeminal ganglion• 2nd order neurons

• Trigeminal nerve sensory nuclei

• Except mesencephalicnucleus• Contains 1st order neurons

• Central axons cross midline• Form trigeminal lemniscus

• 3rd order neurons • VPM nucleus of thalamus• Internal capsule

Page 21: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigemino‐cervical Complex

• Upper cervical afferents converge to the pars caudalis of spinal trigeminal nucleus

• Cervical headache (cervicogenicheadache)• Pain referred from cervical origin to the head structures

Page 22: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Trigemino‐vascular system

• Cerebral vessels and meningeal vessels are innervated by trigeminal nerve

• Pain afferents converge to the spinal trigeminal nucleus

• Migraine 

Page 23: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)• Formerly called the acoustic or auditory nerve

• Brainstem (between pons & medulla) → Internal acoustic meatus

• Mainly a sensory nerve

• Consists of two branches:

Cochlear branch• Associated with hearing• Receptors in the spiral organ in the cochlea • The cell bodies in the spiral ganglion• Axons travel to nuclei in the medulla• if damaged deafness or tinnitus (ringing) is 

produced

Page 24: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Auditory Nuclei/Pathway• 1st order neuron – spiral ganglion• 2nd order neurons

• Cochlear nuclei• Anterior & posterior

• Location• Relations – inferior cerebellar 

peduncles• Axons cross and uncross midline

• 3rd order neurons • Posterior nucleus of trapezoid body & superior olivary nucleus

• Axons – lateral lemniscus• 4th order neurons

• Inferior colliculus• Medial geniculate body (5th) → internal capsule → auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)

Page 25: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

Vestibular branch• Associated with equilibrium• Receptors in the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle 

• The cell bodies in vestibular ganglion

• Axons travel to nuclei in the thalamus; some fibers also travel to the cerebellum

• Lesion results in disequilibrium, vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia

Page 26: 16-General sensory pathways of the face area, Taste ......The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway •Location –4thventricle •Vestibular nuclei (2ndorder neurons) •Lateral → vistibulospinaltract

The Vestibular Nuclei/Pathway

• Location – 4th ventricle• Vestibular nuclei (2nd order neurons)• Lateral → vistibulospinal tract• Superior• Medial• Inferior

• Inputs from cerebellum• Axons To spinal cordTo eye muscles nerves (III, IV, VI)To thalamus (VP) → vestibular area in cerebral cortex (postcentral gyrus)