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IRI REISND OTTOMANISCOVERYF THE

REAT ISCOVERIESBy

Svat Soucek

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Abstract This article is about Ottoman maritime and new

discoveries in the world.

It discusses the reasons of Ottoman ignorance ofnew inventions and discoveries.

It argues that the main resason for Ottomansdisinterest in discoveries and inventions wastheir world view based on theocracy andscholastic thought .

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How was the World in 1400s?

,ntil the 1400s world did not change,n terms of society politics and.ifestyle in a great extend ,here was always change but theapid of change was different in.ifferent periods

he radical transformation n worldistory ook place in the course of, .hree centuries from 1400 and 1700

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In 1400s: Christians, Muslims and

Chinese ,n 1400 Christian Europe as not so differerentrom other important ivilizations around the.lobe ,ivilizations of Europe slam and China wereomparable n terms of ,eligious cultural andgeographicalaffairs , ntellectual and material.chievements hey all had an incomplete knowledge of the planet,hey inhabited and a naive concept of theosmological nature of a world . hey were asking whet er arth was lat or circular . ,enerally speaking , ,hristians Muslims and Chinese, ,hared despite all the differences comparable ,odes of travel and transportation ,roduction and trade ,ducation and publishing ,olitics and law ,cience and technology and .ilitary strength and warfare

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Important Events Conquest of Constantinople

Renaissance

Reformation Humanism

Invention of publishing

Great Discoveries

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Humanism and Renaissance In Europe humanism and the Renaissance

appeared,

With them, there was a shift from theprimarily religious and spiritual to themore worldly and experimental.

But, in certain respects both humanismand the Renaissance included medievalattitudes ideals.

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Renaissance and Printing Bible the Bible was the first major book

published by the revolutionary

invention. But other books also printed. Printig of Bible first had a symbolic

meaning. It was used as a tool for the

acceptance of printing by a largercommunity. It also symbolized superiority of

Christianity over Islam and it was usedfor a means for successful propaganda.

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The Age of Discovery TheAge of Discovery, also known as theAge of

Exploration, was a period in history starting in

the 15th century and continuing into the early 17thcentury. During this period Europeans explored and mapped

the world. They established links with Africa, America and Asia

in search for alternative trade routes and the tradeof gold, silver and spices.

European exploration spanned until accomplishingthe global mapping of the world.

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Silk Road Silk Road is an extensive interconnected network of

trade routes across the Asian continent connecting

East, South, andWestern Asia with theMediterranean world, as well as North andNortheast Africa and Europe.

The Silk Routes (collectively known as the 'SilkRoad') were important paths for cultural,commercial and technological exchange betweentraders, merchants, pilgrims, missionaries,soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers for almost3,000 years.

In 16th Century, many parts of the silk road wereunder the control of Ottoman Empire.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia

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Silk Road

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The four voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492-1503

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus

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ChristopherColumbus

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Introduction of Modern Science I 1700 , uropean orld possessed .odern science his modern science was a creation of.urope and of Europeans he rest of the world such as the, ,uslims the Chinese and all othersere unaware of his ransformation n

.urope ,ccording to the writer of this articleo ly a few individuals grasped the ,ignificance of the momentous events( . ),uch as Piri Reis d 1554 an Ottoman.urk from Gallipoli

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New Life started in Europe Europeans explored new lands and cultures in the

world. Their cosmological view changed.

They took the control of the oceans around the world. They began to settle in America. First colonies were founded in Africa and Asia. Their production was based on capitalist modes of

investment. They began to export textiles to overseas. They printed books, periodicals and newspapers, this

effected their intellectual and practical life. Universities emancipated themselves from the

scholastic thought.

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Differentiation of East and West Then in 1700,there was a radical difference

between the Europe's world, and its

contemporary Ottoman, Chinese and otherworlds. Why did this transformation happen in

Europe, but not elsewhere? Was it an anomaly, an accident in history?

Or can we determine its beginning, factorsreasons?

Was it perhaps Europe's economic, colonial,and even cultural aggression?

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Translation Activitiesin Europe and Ottoman Muslims refused to travel and trade in

Europe, to learn Latin, to study and

translate European books, to take interestin European achievements. This attitude radically differed from that of

Christian world. Translations of Arabic scientific and

philosophical texts played a crucial role inmedieval Europe's intellectual awakeningand preparation for the Renaissance andthe Scientific Revolution.

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Why Muslims did not translate Europe's contact with Islamic culture

became especially intimate in Spain,

with translation projects. Self-reliance: They were the most

powerful civilization at that time. Hostility toward Christian world because

of Crusades. Deevaluation of Western values. Being self-sufficient in terms of trade,

economics and culture.

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Discovery for Ottomans They preferred to conquer known lands

rather than to discover new geographies.

In the time of decline, they tried to protecttheir lands.

Because of this endeavor, they weresuccessful in their aims. They gained a

huge geography to govern in 16thCentury.

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Inventions Some of the new inventions were banned

because of different reasons.

Ibrahim Muteferrika a Hungarian convert whohad established the first Ottomanprintingpress in the Tulip period.

It was closed in 1742 and reopened in 1784.

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Neccessity for Scientific andTechnological Revolutions!!! In fact, Adnan Adivar states in his classic

that in mathematics, physics, the natural

sciences, and medicine, Ottoman Turkeyremained throughout this periodimmersed in the thick fog of the Middle

Ages ("ortacagin koyu dumanlari

icinde") from which it began to emergeonly toward the end of the 18th century.

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Ottoman Decline Some intellectuals in that period began to

criticize Ottoman rule.

They claimed that Ottoman Empire was indecline, and would collapse.

Ltf Paa and Naima were two importantfigures criticzing Ottoman rule and

claiming decline.

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The Remedy for Ottoman Decline the Ottoman observers of Ottoman decline

saw the illness in the corruption of

ruling class, but not in the system itself. The remedy for them was a return to their

society's former virtues.

None of them have referred discoveries in

Europe and around the world.

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Piri Reis According to the writer of this article, ony a few

people had a potential to understand thechanging world and discoveries.

Piri Reis (c. 1480-1554) was one of them. Piri Reis was a famous Turkish cartographer. At the same time, he was a captain in the sultan's

navy. at the same time he gathered information about

the voyages of discovery. He then produced two remarkable works-a mapof the world (1513), and theKitab-i Bahriye(1526), a book of sailing directions for theMediterranean.

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Why the Scientific Revolution did notoccur in Islam?Acording to writer, Theocracy and

scholasticism were the main reasons of

why the Scientific Revolution did notoccur in Islam.

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Seyyid Hseyin Nasr S. H. Nasr, implies that it is a mistake to examine

the Islamic sciences from the point of view ofmodern sciences and of the "evolutionistic"

conception of history. According to him, Muslims consider history as a

series of events and developments .Thesedevelopments did not affect the principles ofIslam.

Muslims are consequently more interested inknowing and "realizing" these principles thanin cultivating originality and change virtues.

The Persian scholar points to the cube of theKa'ba, the stability of which symbolizes thepermanent and immutable character of Islam. "

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PR RES

An Ottoman

Admiral andCartographer

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PR RESPR RESSecond Part

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Cartographer Cartographyis the study and practice of

making maps (also can be called mapping).

It combines science, aesthetics, and technique. Cartographer is a person who makes maps.

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Piri Reis:Biography

His full name is HadjiMuhiddin Piri IbnHadji Mehmed.

He was an Ottoman-

Turkish Kaptan-Derya, geographerand cartographer .

He was born between1465 and 1470 inGallipoli on theAegean coast ofTurkey.

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His Career Piri Reis began to serve in the Ottoman navy in

his early ages with his uncle Kemal Reis.

He participated in the wars against Spanish,Genoese and Venetian navies. He participated in the First Battle of Lepanto

(Battle of Zonchio) in 1499 and Second Battle

of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) in 1500.When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511, Pirireturned to Gallipoli and began to write hisbookKitab- Bahriye (Book of Navigation).

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**** By 1516 he was again at sea, as a ship's captain in the

Ottoman navy.

He took part in the 151617 campaign against Egypt. In 1517, he was able to show his world map to SultanSelim I.

In 1521 he finished hisKitab- Bahriye. In 1522 he participated in the siege of Rhodes. In 1525 he edited his book and presented it to Sultan

Suleiman the Magnificent. Three years later he presented his second world map

to Suleiman.

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An Ottoman kalyon,a war ship and navalarmy personnel.

Painting of Sultan Ahmed III and Ottoman batardas (small war galleys) in Surname-i Vehbi

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Painting of Sultan Ahmed III and Ottoman batardas (small war galleys) in Surname i Vehbithe Imperial Festival Book commissioned in 1720 by Sultan Ahmed III; it was documented byVehbi whilst the illustrations were made by Levni and his assistants.

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An Ottoman war ship. Miniature taken from Katip Celebi'smanuscript Tuhfet 'l-kibar

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Kitab- Bahriye Piri Reis is famous with his maps and charts.

He collected his maps and plans in his book,

Kitab- Bahriye (Book of Navigation). This books contains detailed information on

navigation and accurate plans.

These plans were describing the important ports

and cities of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Content The book also includes information about the local

people of each country and city, and the curious aspectsof their culture.

The book was originally written between 1511 and 1521. But it was revised with additional information and better-

crafted charts between 1524 and 1525. Then it was presented as a gift to the Ottoman Sultan

Suleiman the Magnificent. Piri Reis drew these charts during his travels around theMediterranean Sea with his uncle Kemal Reis. Therevised edition of 1525 has a total of 434 pages andcontains 290 maps.

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Sections: 1. Section Kitab- Bahriye has two main sections. The first section includes information about the types of

storms, techniques of using a compass.

It also includes detailed information on ports andcoastlines, methods of finding direction using the stars,characteristics of the major oceans and the landsaround them.

One of the most important aspects of the book, its special

emphasis on the discoveries in the New World byChristopher Columbus and those of Vasco da Gama andthe other Portuguese seamen on their way to India andthe rest of Asia.

He was very awere of discoveries of New World.

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Second Section The second section is manily about geography. It starts with the description of the Dardanelles Strait and

continues with the islands and coastlines of the Aegean Sea,

Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ligurian Sea, theFrench Riviera, the Balearic Islands, the coasts of Spain, theStrait of Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the coasts of NorthAfrica, Egypt and the River Nile, the Levant and thecoastline of Anatolia.

This section also includes descriptions and drawings of the

famous monuments and buildings in every city. Besides that it includes biographic information about Piri Reis.He explains the reasons why he preferred to collect thesecharts in a book.

He thought that drawing a single map is not efficient to displayso much information and detail.

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Representation of Venice in Kitab-Bahriye by Piri Reis

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Drawing of Granada in Spain and its surroundingregion in Kitab- Bahriye by Piri Reis

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World Map 1513 He gained reputation with his world map.A small part of his first world map (prepared in

1513) was discovered in 1929 at Topkap Palacein Istanbul. The most surprising aspect of the map was the

presence of the Americas on an Ottoman map.

It was the oldest known Turkish map showingthe New World. It was also one of the oldest maps of America in

in the world.

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Main Characteristics of the Map

The most striking characteristic of the first world

map (1513) of Piri Reis, is the level of accuracy. The position of continents was quite accurate.

(particularly the relation between Africa andSouth America).

Even later maps did not have such accuratepositioning and proportions.

Piri Reis' map is centered in the Sahara.

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NewWorld

Piri Reis

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Second World Map In 1528 Piri Reis drew a second world map.

This map shows Greenland and North America

from Labrador and Newfoundland in the northto Florida, Cuba and parts of Central Americain the south.

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SecondWorldMap

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The End of Piri Reis By 1547, Piri Reis had risen to the rank of Reis (admiral). Piri Reis took Aden (1548) and Muscat (1552) from the

Portugese,

But he had to abandon a siege of Hormuz at the end of 1552. Some Turkish historians, such as Katib Chelebi (HadjiKhalifa), however, claimed that he was bribed by thePortugese.

His opponents, such as the Governor of Basra, Kubad Pasha,complained about Piri Reis to the Sultan.

He was found guilty for the abandonment of Hormuz. He was also claimed to be disloyal. Sultan Suleyman was convinced by these claims. By the order of the sultan, he wa executed in Egypt in 1554.

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Strait ofHurmuz