History 126 History 126 Dr. Anita L. FisherDr. Anita L. Fisher

Rise of RomeRise of Rome&&

The EtruscansThe Etruscans

JULIUS CAESARJULIUS CAESARJuliusJuliusCaesarCaesar

• Rule by Etruscans’ Monarchy 753-509 Rule by Etruscans’ Monarchy 753-509 b.c.e.b.c.e.

• Roman Republic 509 - 27 b.c.e.Roman Republic 509 - 27 b.c.e.

• Roman Empire 27 b.c.e. - 410 c.e.Roman Empire 27 b.c.e. - 410 c.e.

• Byzantine Empire succeeded Rome in Byzantine Empire succeeded Rome in East until 1453East until 1453

Periods of Roman HistoryPeriods of Roman History

Legacies from Ancient RomeLegacies from Ancient Rome• Greek cultureGreek culture• ReligionReligion• Language – English is 50% Latin basedLanguage – English is 50% Latin based• Romance Languages – Italian, Spanish, French, Romance Languages – Italian, Spanish, French,

Rumanian, PortugueseRumanian, Portuguese• Catholic church’s organizational structure Catholic church’s organizational structure • SenateSenate• LawLaw• Liberal artsLiberal arts• Months of year: January, March, June, July, Months of year: January, March, June, July,

AugustAugust

The EtruscansThe Etruscans• Modern Tuscany – where city of Florence is . . .Modern Tuscany – where city of Florence is . . .

– Borrowed greatly from GreeksBorrowed greatly from Greeks– But not language not decipheredBut not language not deciphered– Rome influenced by EtruscanRome influenced by Etruscan

• ArtArt• City-state political structureCity-state political structure• Alphabet Alphabet • Arch & vaultArch & vault• Burial practices, i.e. GladiatorsBurial practices, i.e. Gladiators• Toga, safety pinToga, safety pin

Etruscan Etruscan HorsesHorses

Gold Gold PennantPennant

WaterWaterJugJug

Safety PinSafety Pin

SarcopogusSarcopogusof Coupleof Couple

Wooden Inlay Wooden Inlay PitcherPitcher

Late 4Late 4thth c. b.c.e. c. b.c.e.

RRISE OF ROME

753 B.C.E.

• Romulus & Remus• Raised by a She wolf• Romulus will kill Remus

• PPeter Paul Rubens – The Rape of the Sabine Women

Roman Republic 509-27 b.c.e.Roman Republic 509-27 b.c.e.

• Rome’s expansion into Italian peninsulaRome’s expansion into Italian peninsula

• Centuries of constant warfareCenturies of constant warfare

• Steady population increaseSteady population increase

• Home land security – rationale for Home land security – rationale for conquestconquest

Why Rome Successful Why Rome Successful in Conqueringin Conquering

• Rome felt it had unique virtuesRome felt it had unique virtues

• Romans subordinated themselves to Romans subordinated themselves to larger scenelarger scene

• Romans usually generous with people she Romans usually generous with people she conqueredconquered

• Success of armySuccess of army

Horatio at the BridgeHoratio at the Bridge

King King PyrrhusPyrrhusof Epirusof Epirus

Pyrrhic VictoryPyrrhic Victory““One more such victory over One more such victory over

the Romans and we are the Romans and we are utterly undone”utterly undone”

RomanRomanGeneral’sGeneral’s

CrownCrown

TortoiseTortoiseFormationFormation

Tortoise FormationTortoise Formation

Roman RoadsRoman Roads– Eventually 53,000 miles of roadsEventually 53,000 miles of roads– Appian road – 1Appian road – 1stst road built c. 300 b.c.e. road built c. 300 b.c.e.– MapsMaps– SignpostsSignposts– Mile markersMile markers– Straight, strongly builtStraight, strongly built

The Appian WayThe Appian Way

Appian WayAppian Way

AppianAppianWayWay

Structure of Roman Structure of Roman GovernmentGovernment

• Once Etruscan monarchy overthrownOnce Etruscan monarchy overthrown

• Replaced by republican form of govtReplaced by republican form of govt

• 2 Consuls replaced king2 Consuls replaced king

• Consuls elected annually by SenateConsuls elected annually by Senate– Commanded armyCommanded army– Supervised administration of stateSupervised administration of state– Veto power over each otherVeto power over each other

Way Society Really WorkedWay Society Really Worked• ClientageClientage

– PatronsPatrons– ClientsClients

• PatronsPatrons– Provided clients with jobs, money, food, etc.Provided clients with jobs, money, food, etc.

• Clients provided patrons with support Clients provided patrons with support politicallypolitically

Roman SenateRoman Senate• Initially 300 heads of patrician families or Initially 300 heads of patrician families or

clansclans

• Real power of roman republicReal power of roman republic

• Advised consulsAdvised consuls

• Appointed for lifeAppointed for life

• Supervised militarySupervised military

• Supervised finances & administration of Supervised finances & administration of areas Rome conqueredareas Rome conquered

Reconstructed Roman SenateReconstructed Roman Senate

Ancient Roman Senator• Ancient Roman

Senator

Roman SocietyRoman Society

• Rome divided into 2 major groupsRome divided into 2 major groups– PatriciansPatricians

• Wealthy landownersWealthy landowners• SenatorsSenators• Less than 10% of populationLess than 10% of population• Ran law courtsRan law courts

– PlebeiansPlebeians• Rest of society excluding slaves & womenRest of society excluding slaves & women• Intermarriage between patricians & plebeians prohibitedIntermarriage between patricians & plebeians prohibited• Eventually established own assembliesEventually established own assemblies

– Tribune, centuriateTribune, centuriate

Slaves 33%

Roman SocietyRoman SocietyPatricians 10%

Plebeians 57%

Roman CitizenshipRoman Citizenship• Civitas Romanus Sum – I Am A Roman Civitas Romanus Sum – I Am A Roman

CitizenCitizen

• Important RightsImportant Rights– Right To Vote At RomeRight To Vote At Rome– Right To Be Tried In RomeRight To Be Tried In Rome– Only Citizens Allowed To Wear TogaOnly Citizens Allowed To Wear Toga

Rome’s Expansion Rome’s Expansion Beyond ItalyBeyond Italy

• Punic WarsPunic Wars– 3 Wars With Phoenicians Or 3 Wars With Phoenicians Or

CarthagiansCarthagians

– Both Sides Wanted Control Of Trade & Both Sides Wanted Control Of Trade & Mediterranean Sea & SicilyMediterranean Sea & Sicily

– Most Famous Carthagian – HannibalMost Famous Carthagian – Hannibal

• Battle Of Cannae 216 B.C.E.Battle Of Cannae 216 B.C.E.

HannibalHannibal

Site of Battle of CannaeSite of Battle of Cannae

The Battle of CannaeThe Battle of Cannae

Battle of ZamaBattle of Zama

CarthageCarthage

Carthage HarborCarthage Harbor