16066 inheritance
TRANSCRIPT
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Inheritance
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Reusability--building new components by utilizing existing components-
is yet another important aspect of OO paradigm.
It is always good/ productive if we are able to reuse something that is
already exists rather than creating the same all over again.
This is achieve by creating new classes, reusing the properties of existing
classes.
It saves money , time etc.
To use a class that is already created and tested properly saves the effort
of testing and developing same again.
In C++ one class is tested and adapted properly can be used by the
programmers to suit there requirements.
Inheritance: Introduction
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Definition This mechanism of deriving a
new class from existing/oldclass is called inheritance.
The old class is known asbase class, super class orparent class
The new class is known as
sub class derived class,or child
class.
Example:
DOGS
LIONS TIGERS LEOPARDS
CATS HUMANS
MAMMALS
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Define a Class Hierarchy
Syntax:
classDerivedClassName : access-levelBaseClassName
where access-level specifies the type of derivation
private by default, or
public
Any class can serve as a base class
Thus a derived class can also be a base class
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Implementing Inheritance in C++ by Deriving Classes From
the Base Class
Syntax:class
{
};class :
{
...
};
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class Rectangle{
private:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int
nV);
float area();
};
Inheritance Concept
Rectangle
Triangle
Polygon
class Polygon{
private:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int
nV);};
class Triangle{
private:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int
nV);
float area();
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RectangleTriangle
Polygonclass Polygon{
protected:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, float *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int nV);
};
class Rectangle : public
Polygon{
public:
float area();
};
class Rectangle{
protected:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, float *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int nV);
float area();
};
Inheritance Concept
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RectangleTriangle
Polygonclass Polygon{
protected:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, float *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int nV);};
class Triangle : public
Polygon{
public:
float area();
};
class Triangle{
protected:
int numVertices;
float *xCoord, float *yCoord;
public:
void set(float *x, float *y, int
nV);
float area();
Inheritance Concept
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Inheritance Concept
Point
Circle 3D-Point
class Point{
protected:
int x, y;
public:
void set (int a, int b);};
class Circle : public Point{private:
double r;
};
class 3D-Point: publicPoint{
private:
int z;
};
x
y
x
y
r
x
y
z
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What to inherit?
In principle, every member of a base class
is inherited by a derived class
just with different access permission
However, there are exceptions for
constructor and destructor
operator=() member
friends
Since all these functions are class-specific
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Access specifiers of derivationThe public access specifier
The protected access specifier
The private access specifier
Sequence of invokingconstructors and destructorsConstructors are called in the
order of Base to Derived
Destructors are called in theorder of Derived to Base
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Public Access Specifier Defines that all the:
private members of a base class remain
private in the object
protected members remain protected
the public members remain public
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Protected Access Specifier
Defines that all the:
the private members of a base class remain
private in the object
the protected members remain protected
but all the public members of the base class
become protected
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Private Specifier
Defines that all the:
private members of a base class remain
private in the object
public and protected members in the base
class become private
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Access Rights of Derived Classes
The type of inheritance defines the access level for the
members of derived classthat are inherited from the baseclass
private protected public
private - - -
protected private protected protectedpublic private protected public
Type of Inheritance
AccessControl
forMem
bers
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ons ruc or u es or er veClasses
When a base class and derived class both have
constructor then the constructor function are executedin the order of derivation. so the constructor of thebase is executed first followed by the execution ofconstructor of derived class and so on down the
hierarchy.
If base class constructor takes no parameter then thisinvocation of constructor is implicit but if it does take
parameters then it s necessary to invoke it explicitly ineach derived class. this is because the derived classconstructor cannot have access to the private datamember of the base class and hence cannot initializethem directly
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Constructor Rules for Derived Classes
The default constructor and the destructor ofthe base class are always called when a newobject of a derived class is created or destroyed.
class A {public:
A ( )
{cout
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Class base
{int a;
Public:
Base(int a1)
{
A=a1;
}
Void show()
{Cout
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Constructor Rules for Derived Classes
You can also specify an constructor of the base
class other than the default constructor
class A {
public:
A ( )
{cout
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Inheritance Relationship (Contd.)
The types of inheritance are:
Single inheritance
Is displayed when a class inherits attributes
from a single class
Multilevel inheritance
A
B
A
B
C
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Hierarchical inheritance
Hybrid inheritance
Multiple inheritance
A B
C
A
B
D
C
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exampleClass base_class
{
Private:Int num1;
Public:
Void base_read()
{
Coutnum1;}
Void base_show()
{
Cout
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Class derived_class:public base_class
{
Private:Int num2;
Public:
Void derived_read()
{
Coutnum2;}
Void derived_show()
{
Cout
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void main()
{
derived_class d1;
d1.base_read();d1.derived_read();
d1.base_show();
d1.derived_show();
getch();
}
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Multiple Inheritance
Is the phenomenon where a
class may inherit from twoor more classes
Syntax:
class derived : public base1,public base2
{
//Body of class
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multiple
Class base1
{
protected:
int a;
public:
void show().
{
cout
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Class base2
{
protected:
int b;
public:
void display()
{
cout
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Class derived:public base1,public base2
{
public:
Void setdata(int x.int y)
{
a=x;
b=y}
};
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Void main()
{
Derived d;d.setdata(10,20);
d.show();
d.dispaly();Getch();
}
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http://www.slideworld.com/slideshow.aspx/O
OPS-INHERITANCE-ppt-2768891#
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Ambiguities in Multiple Inheritance
Can arise when two base classescontain a function of the same
name
Can arise when the derived class
has multiple copies of the same
base class
Class A
Class
B
Class D
Class
C
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Ambiguities in Multiple Inheritance (Contd.)
Can arise when two base classes
contain a function of the same
name
Example:
#include
class base1
{
public:
void disp()
{" "
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Ambiguities in Multiple Inheritance (Contd.)
class base2
{
public:
void disp()
{cout
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Ambiguities in Multiple Inheritance (Contd.)
int main()
{
derived Dvar;
Dvar.disp(); //Ambiguousfunction call
return 0;
}
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Ambiguities in Multiple Inheritance (Contd.)
Can be resolved in two ways: By using the scope resolution operator
D1.base1::disp();
D1.base2::disp();OR
Defining explicitly member function
By overriding the function in the derived classVoid disp()
{
base1::disp();
base2::disp();
}
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class person
{
private:
char name[10];
int phn;
public:
void read()
{
coutname>>phn;
}
void show()
{
cout
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class student{private:int rollno;char course;
public:void read(){coutrollno>>course;}
void show(){cout
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class info:public student,public person
{
void inputdata()
{person::read();
student::read();
coutgender;
}
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void outputdata()
{
person::show();
student::show();
cout
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Can arise when the derived class has multiple copies
of the same base class
Class A
Class B
Class D
Class C
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Virtual Base Class
When same class is inherited more tham once via multiple paths,multiple copies of the base class member are created in memory.By declaring the base class as virtual only 1 copy of the base classisinherited
Allows to have only one copy of the baseclass members in memory when a classinherits same properties or methods morethan once through multiple paths
Is implemented by using the virtualqualifier when inheriting from the base class
Solution
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Class a
{.};
Class b:virtual public a
{};
Class c:virtual public a
{};Class d:public b,public c
{..};
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Invocation of Constructors
Is done in the following order:
1. Virtual base class constructors in the
order of inheritance2. Non-virtual base class constructors in the
order of inheritance
3. Member objects' constructors in theorder of declaration
4. Derived class constructors
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class grandparent
{
protected:
int base_data;
public:
void readgp()
{
coutbase_data;
}
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Class parent1:virtual public
grandparent{
protected:
int parent1_data;public:
void read1()
{coutparent1_data;
}
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Class parent2:virtual public grandparent
{protected:
int parent2_data;
public:void read2()
{
coutparent2_data;
}
};
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class child:public parent1,public parent2
{
private :int sum;
public:
int add(){
sum=base_data+parent1_data+parent2_data;
}void show()
{
cout
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void main(){
child c1;
c1.readgp();
c1.read1();
c1.read2();
c1.add();
c1.show();
getch();
}
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Abstract class- In certain situations a programmer may create a
class but never creates its object, such a classwhose object can not be created is called abstract
class And whose object can be created is known as
concrete class.
it is designed only to be inherited
Eg-A is base class which act as
abstract class
B and C are concrete class
A
B C