16557710 respiration
TRANSCRIPT
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RespirationRespirationA level Biology
Watford Girls Grammar school
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When oxygen is available, aerobic respiration can take placeAerobic respiration has 4 stages:
Glycolysis
The link reaction
The Krebs cycleOxidative phosphorylation
When there is no oxygen available,
anaerobic respiration takes place
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GlucoseGlucose
Glucose is the substrate
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose is phosphorylated
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
Forming G6P
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
G6P is phosphorylated
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
Forming
F1,6P
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
F1
,6P splits to formtwo 3 carbon sugars
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
These are converted topyruvate
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP 2ATP
Giving out 2 ATP
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP 2ATP
2H 2H
and 2H
+
each
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GlucoseGlucoseATP
Glucose 6 PGlucose 6 P
ATP
Fructose 1,6 PFructose 1,6 P
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP 2ATP
2H 2H
N
et yield then is:2ATP
2x (2H+)
Glycolysis occurs in
the cytoplasm.
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Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
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Giving out 2H
+
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
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and CO2
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H CO2
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This occurs inside the mitochondria.
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H CO2
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Net yield then is:
2x 2H+
2 CO2 PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H CO2
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In the matrix of the mitochondrion:
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
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Acetyl CoA combines with a 4C acid
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
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forming the 6 carbon compound citrate:
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
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The citrate is decarboxylated to a 5C acid:
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acid
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releasing CO2
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acid
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and 2H+
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acid
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The 5C acid is decarboxylated - reforming the 4C acid:
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acid
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Releasing another CO2
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acidCO2
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three 2H+
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acidCO2
2H
2H2H
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and an ATP
Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acidCO2
2H
2H2H
ATP
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Net yield:
2ATP
4CO28x 2H+Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
2H
CO2
Citrate (6C)Citrate (6C)Four carbon acidFour carbon acid
Five carbon acidFive carbon acidCO2
2H
2H2H
ATP
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The 2H+ reduces NAD to NADH+ + H+
2H
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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The 2H+ reduces NAD to NADH+ + H+
2H
NADHNADH
HH
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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FAD is then reduced
2H
NADNAD
FADHFADH
HH
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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generating ATP
2H
ATP
NADNAD
FADHFADH
HH
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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Two more carriers are reduced
2H
ATP
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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generating more ATP.
2H
ATP
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
ATP
ATP
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The 2H+ is then passed onto O2
2H
2H
O2
ATP
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
ATP
ATP
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Which forms water.
2H
H2O
2H
O2
ATP
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
ATP
ATP
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This occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondria
ATP synthesised using the stalked particles.
2H
H2O
2H
O2
ATP
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
ATP
ATP
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Some of the 2H+ reduces FAD
2H
H2O
2H
O2
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
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So only produces 2ATP.
2H
H2O
2H
O2
NADNAD
FADFAD
carriercarrier
carriercarrier
ATP
ATP
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Glycolysis
6 H2O
2(2H+)
6 O2
2 ATPGlucoseGlucose
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
2 CO2
4 CO2
2(2H+)
2(2H+)
2 ATP
4 ATP
6 ATP
4 ATP
18 ATP6(2H+)
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In the absence of
oxygen anaerobicrespiration takes place
GlucoseGlucose
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Glucose is
phosphorylated to two3-C sugars
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
GlucoseGlucose
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These are then
converted to pyruvate,generating ATP & 2H+
2(2H+)
2 ATP
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
2 ATP
2(2H+)
GlucoseGlucose
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In yeast the pyruvate is
decarboxylated toethanal:
2(2H+)
2 ATP
CO2
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
CO2
2 ATP
2(2H+)
GlucoseGlucose
EthanalEthanal EthanalEthanal
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Net production is:
2ATP2CO22 ethanol
2(2H+)
2 ATP
CO2
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
CO2
2 ATP
2(2H+)
EthanolEthanol EthanolEthanol
GlucoseGlucose
EthanalEthanal EthanalEthanal
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In animals, the
pyruvate is convertedto lactate:
2(2H+)
2 ATP
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
2 ATP
2(2H+)
LactateLactate LactateLactate
GlucoseGlucose
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using the 2H+ again:
2(2H+)
2 ATP
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
2 ATP
2(2H+)
LactateLactate LactateLactate
GlucoseGlucose
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Net production is:
2ATP2 lactate
2(2H+)
2 ATP
PyruvatePyruvate PyruvatePyruvate
2ATP
33--C sugarC sugar 33--C sugarC sugar
2 ATP
2(2H+)
LactateLactate LactateLactate
GlucoseGlucose