1685-1750. baroque – derived from the portuguese word barroco meaning “an irregular shaped...
TRANSCRIPT
Johann Sebastian Bach1685-1750
Baroque Period• Baroque – derived from
the Portuguese word barroco meaning “an irregular shaped pearl”
• Era of absolute monarchy• Religious wars• Protestants vs. Catholics
• Rise of the middle-class• Poverty and wasteful
luxury• Advances in Science• Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus
“I am the
State”
Heliocentric
Johann Sebastian Bach• 1685-1750• Born in Eisenach, Germany• Came from a large family of
musicians• Learned to play violin from his father• Studied organ with his older brother,
a student of Pachelbel• Married Twice• Maria Barbara Bach – Seven Children• Anna Magdelana – Thirteen Children
• Critics thought his music was too old fashioned, revival of interest in works began in early nineteenth century
“Music must serve the
glory of God”
Well-Tempered Clavier
• Two separate publications, each has twenty-four preludes and fugues.• Pairs of movements in
each collections are set in all major and minor keys.
• Demonstrates possibilities for playing in all keys on an instrument tuned in equal temperament.
• Pianists “Old Testament” – New Testament being Beethoven’s thrity-two piano sonatas
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFmGbYXt7U8
• Toccata in D Minor BWV 565• BWV - Bach Werke
Verzeichnis (Bach Works Catalogue)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o
Preludes and Fugues
Brandenburg Concertos• Six Works dedicated to the margrave
of Brandenburg• Concerto• Instrumental genre in several movements
for solo instrument and orchestra
• Concerto Grosso• Baroque concerto type based on opposition
between a small group of solo instruments (concertino) and orchestra (ripieno)
• Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Majorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC1E4_imS0Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCnJ1Rk93_ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jtk4ETAx8g
Time Section Description
0:00 Ritornello 1 Full Ensemble
0:18 Solo 1 Violin
0:23 Ritornello 2 Full Ensemble
0:28 Solo 2 Oboe and Violin
0:33 Ritornello 3 Full Ensemble
0:37 Solo 3 Recorder and Oboe
0:42 Ritornello 4 Full Ensemble
0:47 Solo 4 Trumpet and Recorder
0:52 Ritornello 5 Full Ensemble
1:06 Solo 5 Trumpet, Violin, Recorder, Oboe
1:11 Ritornello 6 Full Ensemble
2:19 Solo 6 Recorder, Violin, Oboe, Trumpet
2:38 Tutti – Various exchanges between instruments
4:00 Ritornello 7 Full Ensemble
Johann Sebastian Bach• Early life• Mother died when he was nine, father died within a year
• Weimar• Required to write a new cantata every month• Jumped at the opportunity of a new position in Cöthen• Duke William Ernst was infuriated and sent him to jail for a month
• Cöthen• Employed by the Prince of Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, held a position of
Capellmeister – highest rank for a musician at the time.• Returned from a trip to find his wife had died.• At this time he wrote the Partita No.2 for solo violin in D minor.
Baroque Suite• Sets of dance-inspired
movements for solo instruments, small groups, or orchestra.• All written in the same key but
differ in tempo, meter, and character.
• Movements have a variety of national origins:• Allemande – Germany• Courante – France• Gavotte - France• Sarabande – Spain• Gigue – England/Ireland
Baroque Suite• Usually begins with a
movement that is not dance-inspired.
• French Overture• Two parts• First Section• Slow section with dotted
rhythms
• Second Section• Quick and lighter, often
begins as a fugue.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2SGb0x7Jqw
Allemande• Typically the first movement in a suite, later is
preceded by a prelude.• “French for German”• Binary Form• Quadruple meter• Begins on an upbeat• Bass line moves in a stepwise melodic line
Courante• French for Courir “To Run”• Binary Form• Triple Meter• Begins on an upbeat• Continuous Triplets• Sequencing – minor scale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WNrH9PK0ug
Sarabande• Slow dance • Binary Form• Triple Meter• Theme returns in the Chaconne.• Very solemn longing feel expressed throughout
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0FEXtupkp0
Gigue• French for Jig• Binary Form• Compound Meter• Moderately Fast
Chaccone
• Variations over basso continuo• Dance song imported from Latin America
to Spain later moved to Italy where it was known at the Ciaconna.
• Most well-known movement of any partita
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ke34bIxmVas