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evsjv`ki mvsweavwbK mskvabx : lvok mskvabxi Dci GKwU chvjvPbvQvjn gynv` kvnwiqvigvbe Rxebi gweeZbi BwZnvm wewfb cwiek I wPvaviv viv cfvweZ nq iv wewfb ic AvZcKvk Ki| MxK bMi iv _K i Ki AvRKi iv eev ch BwZnvmi GB my`xN Kvj MYZi weRq m~wPZ nqQ| MYZvwK kvmbeevq ivi cKwZ, miKvii aib, Kvhvejx, gZv, ivi mv_ bvMwiKi mK wbaviY cfwZ msweavb myfve wewae _vK| myZivs MYZi ^ic msiY msweavb iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| jYxq h, Kvbv msweavbi cB Avengvb Kvj ai cwiewZZ mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK cwiwwZi gvKvwejv Kiv me bq| ZvB mgq I cwiwwZ cwieZbi m m kvwc~Y Dcvq `ki mvsweavwbK KvVvgv cwieZbi Rb mKj MYZvwK `k wjwLZ msweavbi m msweavb mskvabi cwZ chy _vK| 1971 mvj GK iqx gywhyi gvag evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv jvfi ci eez kL gywReyi ingvb `k msm`xq eev ceZb Kivi j GKwU msweavb Av`k Rvwi Kib| msweavb Av`k NvlYvi ci MYcwil` `k gvmi ga GKwU my`i msweavb Dcnvi `q hv 16 wWm^i 1972 _K KvhKi nq| GB msweavbi 96 AbyQ` wePviK`i c`i gqv` msv weavb Afy Kiv nq| GB msweavb Abyhvqx wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi gZv msm`i nvZ b wQj| 1974 mvj msweavbi PZy_ mskvabxi gvag G gZv ivcwZi nvZ b nq| ci ivcwZ wRqvDi ingvbi mgq GK mvgwiK Av`k wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi Rb mycxg RywWwkqvj KvDwj MVb Kiv nq| `k msm`xq MYZ cybcewZZ njI `xN w`b ci beg msm` wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi gZv msm`i nvZ b Kivi welq i AvjvPbv nq| 2012 mvj ZrKvjxb wKvi gvt Ave`yj nvwg`i GKwU iwjsK K` Ki nvBKvUi GKRb wePvicwZK AcmviYi `vwe Zvjb KqKRb msm` m`m| ZLb _KB wePvicwZ`i Awfmskbi gZv RvZxq msm`i wbKU wdwiq `Iqvi `vwe IV| msweavbi c`k mskvabxi Rb MwVZ wekl KwgwU G welq mycvwik KijI kl ch ZLb GB mskvabxwU Avbv nqwb| Aekl msweavbi lvok mskvabx Gi gvag wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi gZv msm`i nvZ wdwiq `Iqv nq| evsjv`ki msweavbi lvok mskvabxi cvcU, mskvabxi j I Dkmg~n weklY KivB eZgvb cei j| iv wekl Dk mvabi Rb cwZwZ GK AvewkK msMVb| ivi cv_wgK Dk njv eweMi ga kvw-kLjv, wbivcv I mywePvii eev Kiv Z_v mgwi KjvY mvab Kiv| wekmfZvi DbwZ mvab A_vr RvZxqZvev`i mv_ AvRvwZKZvev`i mvgm weavb ivi Pig I k Dk| ivi Dk ev Av`kK eve ic`vb KiZ nj cqvRb miKvi| ivi ea AvKvvi eve ic`vbKvix msv njv miKvi| cPwjZ A_ GKwU `k miKvi ejZ AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvMK eySvq| miKvii GB wefvMjvi ga gZvi eb wKfve ne, wKfve cwiPvwjZ ne, ivvaxb ewmg~ni mv_ miKvii wK mK ne BZvw` welq h wbqgKvbyb _vK mB wbqgKvbybjvB njv msweavb|

msweavb nQ ivi cwZQwe| msweavb chvjvPbv Kij GKwU iv mK mKj welq AeMZ nIqv hvq| KviY msweavb GKwU AvBbMZ aviYv (ixwZ, bxwZ, HwZn, c_v BZvw` Afy)| GUv ivi gwjK AvBb| myZivs cZK ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh|

Herman Finer ejb, The state is a human grouping in which rules a certain power relationship between its individual and associated constituents. This power relationship is embodied in political institutions is the constitution. A constitution is an autobiography of a power relationship.

C.F.Strong msweavb mK ejb, a collection of principles according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the governed and the relations between the two are adjusted.

Lord Bryce ejb, The aggregate of laws and customs under which the life of the state goes on, or the complex totality of laws embodying the principles and rules whereby the community is organised, governed and held together.

R.N. Gilchrist ejb The constitution consists of that body of rules or laws, written or unwritten, which determine the organization of government, the distribution of powers to the various organs of government and the general principles on which these powers are to be exercised.

M.K.Bhandri ejb, A constitution is a system of fundamental law or principles for the government of a nation. It differs from a statute in that statute must provide at lest to certain degree, the details of subject, it treats, whereas a constitution usually state the general principles and framework of the law and government. Austin Ranney ejb, A constitution is the whole body of fundamental rules written and unwritten, legal and extra-legal, according to which a particular government operates.

Sir Ivor Jennings ejb, A constitution is the document in which are set out the rules governing the composition, power and methods of operation of the main institutions of government and the general principles applicable to their relation to the citizen.

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ZvB R.N. Gilchrist msweavbi cqvRbxZv j Ki ejb, Every state must have a constitution. It is trute that some constitutions may be more clear and more developed than others; but wherever there is a state there must be certain fundamental rules or principles governing the exercise of power in the state. Even in what we know as advanced states the constitution may be somewhat indefinite. Thus in Great Britain it is difficult to say what exactly is the constitution. Nevertheless the constitution exists. It is impossible to conceive of a state in which there is no constitution.

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mgvRi mgmvmg~ni mgvavb Ges Zvi mvgvwRK Dbqb mvab KivB msweavbi Dk| wK mgq I mgvR MwZkxj nIqvq mgqi AMMwZi mv_ mv_ mgvRi KvVvgv I Zvi mgmvw`i cKwZi cwieZb mvwaZ nq| ZvB mgq I cwiwwZi cwieZbi mv_ mvgm ivi Rb h Kvbv `ki msweavbi cqvRbxq cwieZb ev mskvab Acwinvh nq co|

msweavb mskvabi cwZ mKj ivRbwZK eevq GK iKg bq| `ki mgvR eev I ivxq KvVvgvi Ici mskvab cwZi cKwZ ejvsk wbfikxj| wewUk msweavb mycwieZbxq| GB msweavb mskvabi Rb Kvbv RwUj cwZ AbymiY Kiv nq bv| mvaviY AvBb cvmi cwZZB msweavb mskvab Kiv hvq| mvaviY AvBb I mvsweavwbK AvBbi ga Kvbv cv_K Kiv hvq bv| gvwKb msweavb `ywieZbxq| GB msweavbi mskvab cwZ weklfve RwUj| gvwKb msweavbi 5bs AbyQ` Abyhvqx, KsMmi cZK Ki gvU m`m msLvi `yB-ZZxqvsk m`m A_ev ivmg~ni AvBbmfvi AbwaK `yB-ZZxqvski Abyiva KsMm KZK AvZ GK RvZxq mfv msweavb mskvabx cve Avbqb KiZ cvi| cvweZ mskvabxwUi wZb-PZz_vsk ivmg~ni mg_b jvf Kij mskvabxwU MnxZ nqQ ej aiv nq|

cvwKvbi msweavbi GKv`k fvM msweavb mskvabi cwZ wjwce iqQ| msweavb Abyhvqx, msweavb mskvabi Rb Kvbv wej RvZxq cwil` Dvcb Kivi ci Zv RvZxq cwil`i gvU m`mi `yB-ZZxqvsk fvU cvm nj Zv wmbU cvVvbv nq| hw` wmbUi gvU m`mi msLvMwii fvU Zv cvm nq Ze wejwU ivcwZi ^vii Rb cvVvbv nq Ges ivcwZi mwZ jvfi ci wejwU mvsweavwbK AvBb cwiYZ nq|

fviZxq msweavbi 368 AbyQ` msweavb mskvab cwZ wevwiZ fve wjwce iqQ| 368 AbyQ` Abyhvqx, msweavb mskvabi h Kvbv cve cvjvgUi h Kvbv K Dvcb Kiv hvq| K`xq miKvi miKvwi weji gvag ev cvjvgUi h Kvbv Ki m`m emiKvwi weji gvag msweavb mskvabi Rb cve Dvcb KiZ cvib| cvewU Dfq K c_K fve gvU m`mi AaK Ges DcwZ I fvU`vbKvix m`mi `yB-ZZxqvski viv Abygvw`Z nIqv cqvRb| Ze cZK Ki DcwZ I fvU`vbKvix m`mi `yB-ZZxqvskK mswk Ki gvU m`m msLvi msLvMwii mgvb nZ ne| GBfve cvjvgUi Dfq K mskvabx cvewU cvm nIqvi ci ivcwZi ^vi cj cve Abymvi msweavb mskvab nq| Avevi mskvabx cvewU cvjvgUi Dfq K Dciv cwZ Abymvi cvm nIqvi ci Zv AZt AaK ivR AvBbmfvi viv Abygvw`Z nj Ges ivcwZi ^vi `vbi ci msweavb mskvab nq| DjL h, ivR AvBbmfv G wejwUK Kejgv mg_b ev cZvLvb KiZ cvi wK Kvbv cwieZb KiZ cvi bv| GQvov bZzb ivR mw ev ivR cybMVb (2, 3 I 4 aviv), bvMwiKZv (5-8 aviv), weavb cwil`i mw ev wejvc mvab (169 aviv), msm` m`m`i weklvwaKvi Ges eZb I fvZv (105 I 106 aviv), mycxg KvUi GjvKv mcmviY (135 aviv), miKvwi fvlv (148 aviv), `ki wbevPb (327 aviv), cfwZ welq mvaviY AvBb cYqbi cwZZ msm`i Dfq K mvaviY msLvMwii mg_b mskvab Kiv hvq|

evsjv`ki msweavbi `kg fvMi 142 AbyQ` msweavb mskvabi cwZ mshy iqQ| msweavb ejv nq h, RvZxq msm` msweavbi h Kvbv weavbK mskvab KiZ cvi| Ze kZ _vK h, msweavb mskvabi Rb AvbxZ Kvbv weji m~Y wkivbvgvq msweavbi Kvbv weavb mskvab Kiv ne Zv fve DjL KiZ ne| msweavb mskvabi wej msm`i gvU m`mi Ab~b `yB-ZZxqvsk msLvMwi fvU MnxZ ne| Gfve Kvbv wej MnxZ nj Zv ivcwZi mwZi Rb Zuvi wbKU ck Kiv ne| Dciv Dcvq Kvbv wej MnxZ nevi ci mwZi Rb Zv ivcwZi wbKU DcvwcZ nj Dcvcbi mvZ w`bi ga wZwb wejwUZ mwZ c`vb Kieb Ges wZwb Zv KiZ Amg_ nj D gqv`i Aemvb wZwb wejwUZ mwZ `vb KiQb ej MY ne| ZvQvov GB msweavbi cvebvi A_ev 8, 48, ev 56 AbyQ` A_ev GB AbyQ`i Kvbv weavbvejxi mskvabi eev iqQ Gic Kvbv wej Dciv Dcvq MnxZ nevi ci mwZi Rb ivcwZi wbKU DcvwcZ nj Dcvcbi mvZ w`bi ga wZwb wejwUZ mwZ `vb Kieb wK Kieb bv GB ckwU MYfvU ciYi eev Kieb| MYfvU msLvMwi fvU D weji c coj wejwU msweavbi Afy ne|

1971 mvj GK iqx gywhyi gvag cvwKvb nZ wewQb nq weki eyK AvZcKvk Ki bZyb ^vaxb I mvefg iv evsjv`k| ^vaxbZv jvfi ci 10 Rvbyqvwi 1972 eez kL gywReyi ingvb `k cZveZb Ki `k msm`xq eev ceZb Kivi j GKwU msweavb Av`k Rvwi Kib| msweavb Av`k NvlYvi ci MYcwil` `k gvmi ga msweavb iPbvi KvR mb Ki| 4 bf^i 1972 msweavb MYcwil` KZK MnxZ nq Ges GKB eQii 16 wWm^i _K Zv KvhKi nq| GB msweavb GKwU cvebv, 4wU Zdwmj I 11wU fvM wef 153wU AbyQ` wQj| msweavb evsjv`kK GKwU GKK ^vaxb I mvefg cRvZ Ges RbMYi Awfcvqi Awfew wnme msweavbK cRvZi mevP AvBb wnme NvlYv Kiv nq|1972 mvji msweavbi c_g mskvabx Avbv nq 1973 mvj| Gici Aviv cbiwU mskvabxmn gvU lvjwU mskvabxi gvag msweavbi wewfb cwieZb Avbv nq| wb mskvabxjvi welqe msc eYbv Kiv njv|

mskvabxi bvgmsm` MnxZ nIqvi ZvwiLivcwZi mwZi ZvwiLwelqe

c_g mskvabx14 RyjvB 197315 RyjvB 19731971 mvji gywhy MYnZv I hyvciva wj e`x cvwKvbx nvbv`vi I Zv`i mnhvwM`i wePvii gZv|

wZxq mskvabx20 m^i 197322 m^i 1973Riwi Aev NvlYvi weavb, wbeZb g~jK AvBb I gwjK AwaKvi cwicx AvBb cYqb gZv|

ZZxq mskvabx23 bf^i 197428 bf^i 1974evsjv`k-fviZ mxgv Pzw|

PZz_ mskvabx25 Rvbyqvwi 197525 Rvbyqvwi 1975ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eev, Avvevnx gxcwil`, gZvnxb RvZxq msm`, GK`jxq kvmb eev, wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv Le|

cg mskvabx06 Gwcj 197906 Gwcj1979mcwievi eez kL gywReyi ingvbi nZvi ci 15 AvM 1975 _K 09 Gwcj 1979 ch mvgwiK kvmb Avgji mKj KgKv eaKiY, ivxq g~jbxwZ cwieZb|

l mskvabx08 RyjvB 198110 RyjvB 1981cwmWU wRqvDi ingvbi nZvi ci wbqvMKZ Dc-ivcwZ wePvicwZ Avym mvvi KZK ivcwZ wbevPbi c`cv_xi welq eaKiY|

mg mskvabx10 bf^i 198610 bf^i 1986mvBb gvnv` Gikv`i mvgwiK kvmbvgji mKj KgKv eaKiY|

Ag mskvabx07 Ryb 198809 Ryb 1988nvBKvU wefvMK 6wU vwq e wefw Ges BmjvgK ivxq ag NvlYv|

beg mskvabx10 RyjvB 198911 RyjvB 1989mveRbxb fvU GKB mv_ ivcwZ I Dc-ivcwZ wbevPbx eev|

`kg mskvabx12 Ryb 199023 Ryb 1990civ fvU gwnjv`i 30wU msiwZ Avmbi 15 eQii gqv` DxY nIqvq cybivq gqv` evovbvi eev|

GKv`k mskvabx06 AvM 199110 AvM 1991Dc-ivcwZi c` cavb wePvicwZi wbqvM Ges Avqx ivcwZi `vwqZ cvjb mZI cybivq cavb wePvicwZ c` cZveZb eaKiY msv|

v`k mskvabx06 AvM 199118 m^i 1991msm`xq miKvi eevq cybtceZb|

qv`k mskvabx26 gvP 199628 gvP 1996wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi|

PZz`k mskvabx17 g 200417 g 2004wewfb ivxq miKvwi I AvavmiKvwi `i Ges we`k evsjv`ki wgkbmg~n ivcwZ I cavbgxi cwZKwZ c`kb, msm` gwnjv Avmbi msLv 30 _K 45 G DbxZKiY, wePvicwZ, KUvjvi Gv AwWUi Rbvij Ges cvewjK mvwfm Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I m`m`i Aemi MnYi eqm ew|

c`k mskvabx30 Ryb 20113iv RyjvB, 2011c`k mskvabxi gvag 1972 mvji msweavb cvq cybtcwZv Kiv nqQ| wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi evwZj, RvwZi wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvbi cwZKwZ c`kbi evaev`KZv, AmvsweavwbK cvq ivxq gZv `LjKvix`i iv`vwnZvi AwfhvM Awfhy Kivi Ges kvw wnme mevP `i eev, bvix Avmbi msLv 45 _K 50G DbxZ Kiv, msweavbi Abvb gwjK KvVvgvmsv AbyQ` mg~ni weavbvejx mshvRb, cwieZb, cwZvcb, iwnZKiY wKsev Ab Kvbv cvq mskvab AhvM Kiv nqQ|

lvok mskvabx17 m^i 201422 m^i 2014wePvicwZ`i AcmviYi gZv cybivq RvZxq msm`i nvZ b Kiv|

1972 mvji msweavb evsjv`ki wePvi wefvMi kxl Aevb evsjv`k mycxg KvU bvg GKwU mevP Av`vjZ MVbi weavb Kiv nq| evsjv`k mycxg KvU Avcxj wefvM I nvBKvU wefvM wbq MwVZ nq| mycxg KvUi wePvicwZMY ivcwZ KZK wbqvMcv nZb Ges 62 eQi eqm ch ^xq c` envj _vKZ cviZb| GB msweavbi weavbvejx mvc wePviKMY wePviKvh cvjbi ^vaxb wQjb| cgvwYZ Am`vPiY ev Amvg_i KviY msm`i gvU m`m msLvi Ab~b `yB-ZZxqvsk msLvMwiZvi viv mgw_Z msm` cveg ivcwZi Av`k eZxZ Kvbv wePviKK AcmvwiZ Kiv hZ bv| Aab Av`vjZi wePvicwZ`i mycxg KvUi civgkg ivcwZ wbqvM `vb KiZ cviZb| wePviKg wefvM wbhy ew`i Ges wePvi wefvMxq `vwqZ cvjbiZ gvwRU`i wbqY I kLjv weavb mycxg KvUi nvZ b Kiv nq| h Kvbv ivvqv D`vM ev mswewae miKvwi KZci Pvjbv I eevcbv Ges Abyic D`vM ev msweweae miKvwi KZci Kgmn Kvbv AvBbi viv ev Aaxb miKvii Dci b ev miKvii viv cwiPvwjZ Kvbv mwi ARb, ckvmb, eevcbv I wewj-eev cfwZ GLwZqvi cqvMi Rb msm` GK ev GKvwaK AvBbi viv bvqcxV cwZv KiZ cviZb| Ze msm` AvBbi viv Abyic Kvbv bvqcxVi wmv chvjvPbv ev Abyic wmvi wei Avcxji weavb KiZ cviZb|

wK 1974 mvj iveevi KvVvgv cwieZbi dj A_vr msm`xq miKvi eev _K ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eevq ceZbi dj PZz_ mskvabx viv msweavbi 96 AbyQ`i (2) `dvi cwieZb Ki ejv nq, Am`vPiY ev Amvg_i KviY ivcwZi Av`k viv Kvbv wePviKK Zuvi c` nZ AcmvwiZ Kiv hve| Ze Kvbv wePviKK Zuvi mK cvweZ eev MnYi wei KviY `kvevi hywmZ myhvM`vb bv Kiv ch ZuvK AcmvwiZ Kiv hve bv| GQvov 96 AbyQ`i (3) `dv wejy Kiv nq| A_vr wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi gZv ivcwZi nvZ b Kiv nq| cieZxZ wRqvDi ingvb gZvq Gj 1978 mvj mvgwiK Av`k ej wePvicwZ`i Awfksmbi Rb mycxg KvUi cavb wePvicwZ Ges `yRb cexYZg wePvicwZ mgevq mycxg RywWwmqvj KvDwj bvg GKwU cwil` MVbi weavb Kiv nq| wePvicwZ Ges Aviv KqKRb mvsweavwbK c`vwaKvix`i AcmviYi gZv cvq GB KvDwj| wK wePvicwZ wbqvMi gZv ivcwZi nvZB envj _vK| 99 AbyQ` mskvab Ki Aemi MnY ev AcmviYi ci wePvicwZ`i IKvjwZi myhvM Ki w`q Zv`i wbicZv LvwbKUv zb Kiv nq| mg mskvabxi gvag msweavbi 96 AbyQ`i 1 `dvi evlw kwUi j cqlw kwU cwZvwcZ nq| A_vr mg mskvabxi gvag mycxg KvUi wePvicwZ`i c`i gqv` evwoq evlw eQii j cqlw eQi eqm c~Y nIqv ch ^c` envj _vKvi eev Kiv nq| PZz`k mskvabxi gvag mywcg KvUi wePvicwZ`i ^c` envj _vKvi gqv` evwoq cqlw eQii j mvZlw eQi Kiv nq| DjL h, GB mskvabxi gvag wePvicwZi eqm evwoq GKRb wekl ewK ZveavqK miKvii cavb Dc`v Kivi AcPv Kiv nqwQj|

18 AMv 2014 msweavbi lvok mskvabx msv wejwU gwmfvi Abygv`b cvq Ges `kg msm`i ZZxq Awaekb 7 m^i 2014 AvBbgx Avwbmyj nK RvZxq msm` msweavb mskvabi Rb msweavb (lvok mskvab) wej, 2014 Dvcb Kib| D wejwU 17 m^i 2014 msm` cvm nq Ges 22 m^i 2014 ivcwZi mwZ jvfi gvag Zv mvsweavwbK AvBb cwiYZ nq| GB mskvabxi dj wePvicwZ`i AcmviYi gZv cybivq RvZxq msm`i nvZ b nq|

wejwU gwmfvq Dcvcbi Rb cwiZ mvimsc msweavb mskvabi Dk I KviY m^wjZ weewZZ ejv nq, 1972 mvj MYcwil` KZK MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi 96(2) AbyQ` Abymvi evsjv`k mycxgKvUi Kvbv wePviKK cgvwYZ Am`vPiY I Amvg_i KviY msm` `yB-ZZxqvsk msLvMwiZvi wfwZ iRyjkb MnYc~eK AcmviY KiZ cvi| Ze m ivcwZi Av`ki cqvRbxqZv AvekK gg weavb wQj| g~j msweavb Abymvi ivi wbevnx wefvM, AvBb I wePvi wefvM GB wZbwU Ai Revew`wnZv msm`i wbKU b wQj| GwU msweavbi gwjK KvVvgv| msweavbi 7 AbyQ` Abymvi cRvZi mKj gZvi gvwjK RbMY Ges RbMYi c mB gZvi cqvM Kejgv GB msweavbi Aaxb I KZZ KvhKi ne| Gi avievwnKZvq cavbgxK Ges gwcwil`i Acivci m`mi ewMZ Ges h_ `vwqZkxjZv msm`i wbKU wbwnZ iqQ| AvvfvU ni Mj cavbgxmn mgy`q gwcwil` (KwebU) c`ZvM Kivi weavb iqQ| A_vr RbMYi Avv I wekvm mvsweavwbKfve wbevnx gZv ai ivLvi GKgv Dcvq| msm` m`m Ges gxeMi AekB msm`i wbKU Revew`wnZv iqQ| GwU cRvZi MYZvwK cwqvi AweQ` Ask| 1972 mvji g~j msweavbi 96 AbyQ` mycxgKvUi wePviK`iKI msm`i wbKU Revew`wnZvi evBi ivLv nqwb| KviY msm` m`mMY RbMYi fvU wbevwPZ| AZGe, mycxgKvUi wePviKMYKI RbMYi cwZwbwaZKvix msm`i wbKU Revew`wnZvi AvBbMZ I mvsweavwbK evaevaKZv iqQ|

mvimsc AviI ejv nq, 1975 mvj cieZx RbcwZwbwaZnxb AmvsweavwbK mvgwiK miKvi g~j msweavbi 96 AbyQ` mvgwiK AvBb digvb ej 1978 mvj cwZvcbi gvag wePviK`i AcmviY msv weavb cwieZb Ki mycxgKvUi cavb wePvicwZ Ges Aci `yB cexY wePviK mg^q mycxg RywWwkqvj KvDwj MVbi weavb Kiv nq, hv cg I c`k mskvabxi gvagI envj ivLv nqQ| mycxg RywWwkqvj KvDwj ev Kvbv m~ nZ cv Z_i wfwZ ivcwZi hw` GB gg evSvi KviY _vK h, Kvbv wePviK kvixwiK ev gvbwmK Amvg_i KviY `vwqZ cvjb AhvM ev iZi Am`vPiYi KviY `vlx mve nb, m KvDwj welqwU Z`c~eK cqvRbxq eev MnYi Rb ivcwZi wbKU wicvU ciY KiZ cvie| G Z cZxqgvb nq h, mvgwiK AvBb digvb ej mycxgKvUi wePviK`i AcmviY msv mycxg RywWwkqvj KvDwj MVbi weavb msm` Ges RbMYi gZvK Le KiQ, hv mvsweavbi 7 AbyQ`i PZbvi eZq| GZ msweavbi gZvi fvimvg b nqQ Ges wbevnx wefvMi bxwZwbaviYx welq mycxgKvU cPwjZ AvBb bv _vKv mI AhvwPZ nc Ki PjQ Ges ceYZv w`b w`b ew cvQ| GwU gZvi c_KxKiY bxwZi cwicx| mcwZ mycxgKvU msm`i cwmwWs Pvj Ki `vqiKZ wiU gvgjvq msm`i cwmwWs-G xKvii `qv iwjs e-AvBbx gg AvLvwqZ Ki msweavbi 78(1) AbyQ` jNb Kiv nqQ| msweavbi 78(1) AbyQ` msm` I msm` m`m`i wekl AwaKvi I `vqgyw `qv nqQ| msweavbi 78(1) Abymvi msm`i Kvhavivi eaZv mK Kvbv Av`vjZ ck Kiv hve bv|

G Aevi cwZ msweavb Abymvi wePvi wefvMi Revew`wnZv mywbwZ Kivi Rb 1972 mvj cYxZ g~j msweavbi 96 AbyQ` cybtceZb Ki RvZxq msm`i gvag wePviK`i cgvwYZ kvixwiK ev gvbwmK Amvg_ ev iZi Am`vPviY Z`c~eK `yB-ZZxqvsk msLvMwiZvq iRyjkb cvm Ki ivcwZi Av`kg Zv P~ov Kivi weavb Kivi mycvwik Kiv nqQ| mvimsc fviZ, hyivR, hyiv, Awjqv, kxjv, `wY AvwdKv, Rvgvbx, wbDwRjvmn wewfb `k wePviK`i AcmviYi gZv RYcwZwbwa`i nvZ ivLv nqQ ej DjL Kiv nq|

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96| wePviKi c`i gqv`: (1) GB AbyQ`i weavbvejx-mvc Kvbv wePviK mvZlw ermi eqm c~Y nIqv ch ^xq c` envj _vwKeb|

(2) cgvwYZ Am`vPviY ev Amvg_i KviY msm`i gvU m`m-msLvi Ab~b `yB-ZZxqvsk MwiZvi viv mgw_Z msm`i cveg c` ivcwZi Av`k eZxZ Kvbv wePviKK AcmvwiZ Kiv hvBe bv|

(3) GB AbyQ`i (2) `dvi Aaxb cve mwKZ cwZ Ges Kvbv wePviKi Avm`vPiY ev Amvg_ mK Z` I cgvYi cwZ msm` AvBbi viv wbqY Kwieb|(4) Kvbv wePviK ivcwZK Dk Kwiqv ^vihy chvM ^xq ZvM KwiZ cvwieb|lvok mskvabxi c~e AbyQ` 96 wQj-

96| (1) GB AbyQ`i Abvb weavbvejx mvc Kvbv wePviK mvZlw ermi eqm c~Y nIqv ch ^xq c` envj _vwKeb|

(2) GB AbyQ`i wbgic weavbvejx Abyhvqx eZxZ Kvbv wePviKK Zvunvi c` nBZ AcmvwiZ Kiv hvBe bv|

(3) GKwU mycxg RywWwkqvj KvDwj _vwKe hvnv GB AbyQ` KvDwj ewjqv DjwLZ nBe Ges evsjv`ki cavb wePvicwZ Ges Abvb wePviKi ga cieZx h `yBRb Kg cexY Zvunv`i jBqv MwVZ nBetZe kZ _vK h, KvDwj hw` Kvbv mgq KvDwji m`m GBic Kvbv wePviKi mvg_ ev AvPiY mK Z` Kib, A_ev KvDwji Kvbv m`m hw` AbycwZ _vKb A_ev AmyZv wKsev Ab Kvbv KviY Kvh KwiZ Amg_ nb Zvnv nBj KvDwji hvnviv m`m AvQb Zvunv`i cieZx h wePviK Kg cexY wZwbB Abyic m`m wnmve Kvh Kwieb|(4) KvDwji `vwqZ nBe-

(K) wePviKMYi Rb cvjbxq AvPiY wewa wbaviY Kiv; Ges

(L) Kvbv wePviKi A_ev Kvbv wePviK hic cwZZ AcmvwiZ nBZ cvib mBic cwZ eZxZ Zvunvi c` nBZ AcmviYhvM bnb GBic Ab Kvbv c` Avmxb ewi mvg_ ev AvPiY mK Z` Kiv|

(5) h KvDwj A_ev Ab Kvbv m~ nBZ cv Z_ ivcwZi GBic eywSevi KviY _vK hKvbv wePviK-

(K) kvixwiK ev gvbwmK Amvg_i KviY Zvunvi c`i `vwqZ mwVKfve cvjb KwiZ AhvM nBqv cwoZ cvib, A_ev

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(7) GB AbyQ`i Aaxb Z`i Dk KvDwj ^xq Kvh-cwZ wbqY Kwieb Ges ciIqvbv Rvwi I wbevni evcvi mycxgKvUi bvq Dnvi GKB gZv _vwKe|

(8) Kvbv wePviK ivcwZK Dk Kwiqv ^vihy chvM ^xq c` ZvM KwiZ cvwieb|

msweavb mskvab wejwU evQvB KwgwUZ cvwVq wicvU c`vbi Rb cve Kib gvU AvU Rb msm` m`m| Gi ga gv. ig Avjx divRx 30 m^i 2014 Gi ga 5 Rb msm` m`mi mg^q MwVZ GKwU evQvB KwgwUZ cvVvbvi cve Kib| GKB cve Kib ^Z ZvnRxe Avjg wmwKx, RvZxq cvwUi Gg G nvbvb, BqvnBqv Payix I gv. Ave`yj gwZb Ges weGbGdi Gm Gg Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`| GQvov 3 m`mi KwgwUZ cvVvbvi cve Kib RvZxq cvwUi eMg iIkb Aviv gvbvb| Avi 6 Rb msm` m`mi mg^q MwVZ evQvB KwgwUZ cvVvbvi cve Kib ^Z msm` m`m nvRx gv. mwjg|

wejwUi Ici RbgZ hvPvBqi cve Kib weivax `jxq bZv eMg iIkb Gikv`, RvZxq cvwUi Pqvigvb mvBb gynv` Gikv`, RvZxq cvwUi gnvmwPe wRqv Dxb Avng` evejy, KvRx wdivR ikx`, gv. Ave`yj gwZb, byij Bmjvg wgjb, cxi dRjyi ingvb, Gg G gvbvb, eMg iIkb Aviv gvbvb I BqvnBqv Payix, Rvm`i gBb Dxb Lvb ev`j, weGbGdi Gm Gg Ave`yj Kvjvg AvRv` Ges ^Z m`m gv. ig Avjx divRx, nvRx gv. mwjg I ZvnRxe Avjg wmwKx|

msweavb (lvok mskvab) wej-2014 mK vqx KwgwUi wicvUi 1 `dvq mskvabx GbQb gvU 3 Rb msm` m`m| G`i ga ig Avjx divRx wePvicwZ`i eqm 70 eQi Kiv cve Kib| GQvov nvRx gv. mwjg I Gg G nvbvb `dv 1 Gi Dci mskvabx Avbb| `dv 2 Gi Dci mskvabx Avm gvU 27 wU|

^Z msm` m`m gv. ig Avjx divRx `dv 2 G cve Kib, wePviK`i wei Am`vPiY I Amvg_i Kvbv cve msm` DvwcZ nj msm`i b~bZg 100 Rb m`mi D cvei c mg_b _vKj cvewU mivmwi msm` KZK MwVZ RvRm BbKvqvix Kwgkb cwiZ ne Ges msm` D Kwgkbi Z` wicvUi gvag cgvwYZ Am`vPiY I Amvg_i KviY msm`i gvU m`mi msLvi Ab~b `yB-ZZxqvsk MwiZvi viv mgw_Z msm`i cveg c` ivcwZi Av`k eZxZ Kvbv wePvicwZK AcmviY Kiv hve bv|

wZwb `dv (2) Gi cvweZ Dc-`dv (4) Gi ci bZyb Dc-`dv (5) mwbeki cve Kib| ig Avjx divRx Zvi cvweZ 5 Dc-`dvq ejb, GB AvBbwU KvhKi nevi ci AbwZwej^ DP Av`vjZi wePviK`i wbqvMi bxwZgvjv Zix Kiv j wePviK wbqvM Kwgkb MVb Kwieb|

GQvov msm` m`m dRj nvmb ev`kv, gydv jyrdyjvn, wUcy myjZvb, kL nvwdRyi ingvb, Bqvwmb Avjx, bvRgyj nK cavb Ges wkixb AvLZvi weji 2 `dvq cvweZ Dc-`dv (3) Gi ZZxq cOwZ AewZ wbqY KwiZ cvwieb kvejxi ci Ges GKB m msm` wePviK wbqvMi bxwZgvjv cYqb KwiZ cvwieb kvejx mwbeki cve Kib|

^vaxbZv cieZx msweavb cYqb KwgwUi bZZ`vbKvix W. Kvgvj nvmb gZ, MZ 40 eQi `Lv MQ msm` mewKQyB `jxq wfwZ nq| wZwb gb Kib msm` wbic fve wePvi KiZ mg Ggb Avv GLbI Rbgb Zwi bv nIqvq ZwoNwo bv Ki msweavbi G mskvabx cvki AvM AviI AvjvPbv Kiv DwPZ| wZwb ejb, h Kvbv `jB AvmyK bv Kb m aibi cvjvgUvwi cvidig KviI KvQ cvIqv hvqwb| Kej KgbIqj_fy `k ej bq, Avgv`i cvkeZx `k fviZmn weki AwaKvsk `k wePvicwZ`i AcmviYi gZv msm`i nvZ iqQ| msm` hLvb mKj gZvi Drm, mLvb wePvicwZ`i AcmviYi gZvI msm`i nvZ _vKv `iKvi| msm` wK wbicfve wePvi Kivi evcvi Avgv`i Avv ARb KiQ MZ 42 eQi ?

wePvi wefvMi Ici wbiyk wbqY cwZvi Rb AvIqvgx jxM msweavb mskvab KiQ ej AwfhvM Ki weGbwc| `jwU gZvq wdij AvIqvgx jxM Avgj Avbv mskvabxjv evwZji NvlYvI `q| Abw`K R AvBbRxexiv m`n cKvk KiQb, fvjgZv hvPvB bv Ki GB gyn~Z cqvRb bv _vKv mI ZwoNwo Ki G AvBb cvmi Ab Kvbv Dk iqQ|

gwmfvq Abygv`bi ci AvBb Kwgkbi Pqvigvb I mveK cavb wePvicwZ GweGg Lvqij nK Zvui cwZwqvq ejb, wePviK`i Awfksmbi gZv msm`K w`j wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv yY ne bv| Lvqij nK ejb, MYZi m~wZKvMvi Bsjv GB eev cPwjZ AvQ| gvwKb hyivmn DbZ MYZi me `kB GUv AvQ| fviZI GUv AvQ| evsjv`k msm`xq MYZi Aev DbZ `kjvi gZv bv nIqvi ciI wePviK Awfksmbi gZv msm`K `qv wVK ne wKbv Ggb cki Di wZwb ejb, msm`K GB gZv `qvi mgq IBme `ki AevI Avgv`i gZvB wQj|

mvweK chvjvPbvq ejv hvq, GB mskvabxi dj `ki AbK ivRbwZK `j Ges AvBbRxexmn mykxj mgvR kswKZ I DwM GB fe h wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZvi Ici AvNvZ nvbe ev nvbZ cvi| wUAvBwemn bvbv msv DM cKvk KiQ h lvok mskvabxi dj wePvi wefvM ivRbxwZZ Avv nZ cvi| G Avkv mZ nj MYZi fwelr wbqI kswKZ nIqv Qvov Kvbv Dcvq bB| eZ wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv I wbicZv wbwZ KiZ nj cKZc cqvRb wePviK`i wbqvMi myy bxwZgvjv cYqb- Ggb bxwZgvjv hv AbymiY Kij wePviK wbqvM mskqgy Ges mevi KvQ MnYhvM ne| aygv wePviKB bb, AviI hme mvsweavwbK iZc~Y Kwgkb ev msvi AwZ iqQ hgb wbevPb Kwgkb, `ybxwZ `gb Kwgkb, RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb, K`xq KgKwgkb cfwZi I Zvi Kwgkbvi/KgKZv`i wbqvMi myy bxwZgvjv Ges Zvi h_v_ cqvM wbwZ Kiv mevi ^v_B AZ Riwi| myZivs ejv hvq, wePvi wefvM I Acivci mvsweawbK msvjvi h Aev lvok mskvabxi dj ksKv I fxwZi mw KiQ mB cwiwwZi hvZ De bv NUZ cvi Zgb GKUv cwiwwZ wbwZ Kiv| Z_m~: 7 wWm^i 1970 _K 1 gvP 1971 gaeZx wewfb ZvwiL AbywZ wbevPbjvZ evsjv`k GjvKv _K mveK cvwKvb RvZxq cwil` I c~e cvwKvb cv`wkK cwil` nZ wbevwPZ cwZwbwa`i wbq evsjv`k MYcwil` MwVZ nq|

J. W. Garner, Political Science and Government, The World Press Ltd., Calcutta, 1951, p. 68.

R. N. Gilchrist, Principles of Political Science, Seventh edition, Orient Longmans Ltd., Bombay, 1952, p.21.

Raymond Garfield Gettell, Political Science, Pakistan Edition, University Book Depot., Dacca, 1967, p. 242

Herman Finer, The Theory and Practics of Modern Government, Methuen and Co Ltd., London, 1965, p. 116.

C.F. Strong, Modern Political Constitution, Sidgewick and Jackson, London, 1972, p.10.

Lord Bryce, Studies in Jurisprudence, Clarindon Press, Oxford, 1901, p.136.

R. N. Gilchrist, op.cit., p.211.

M. K. Bhandari, Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution, A Critical Reconsideration, Deep and Deep Publication, New Delhi, 1993, p. 21.

Austin Ranney, The Governing of Men, Holt Rinehat and Winston, Inc., New York, 1966, pp. 107-108.

Sir Ivor Jennings, The Law and the Constitution, The English Language Book Society and Hodder and Stoughton, Great Britain, 1976, p.33.

Raymond Garfield Gettell, op.cit., p. 247.

MYZvwK kvmb eevq msweavb c` gZvej wePvi wefvM RbMYi gwjK AwaKvi msiY Ki|

R. N. Gilchrist, op.cit., p. 229.

Ibid.

V. D.Mahajan, Select Modern Governments, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, p.193.

Ibid, pp.679-679.

W. Abvw`Kzgvi gnvcv, fviZi kvmbeev I ivRbxwZ, my` cvewjKkb, KwjKvZv, 1996, c.345-347|

Bangladesh Government, The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh,(As modified up to 31st December, 1998), p.60.

`wbK RbK, 23 m^i, 2014|

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`wbK RbK, 23 m^i, 2014|

This paper is published in Rabindra Journal (ISSN: 2477-1714) , Naogaon, Vol.30,No.1,May 2015,PP.124-138

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