17098_hydropower plant - watre power 3

8/10/2019 17098_Hydropower Plant - Watre Power 3

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HYDROPOWER



BASIC EQUATION FOR HYDROPOWER

Power in kW = 9.81 x Flow x Head x Efficiency



Hydropower in India

o 20% of total energy of the world is met by

hydropower stations.

o The present installed capacity as on September 30,

2013 is approximately 39,788.40 MW which is

17.39% of total electricity generation in Indiao First HEP was initiated in INDIA in 1897 with a run-

of-river scheme near Darjeeling.

o Large multiple projects like Tehri, DVC, Bhakara

nangal, Hirakund, Nagarjunsagar, Koyna, NapthaJhakri etc.

o NHPC, Northeast Electric Power Company

(NEEPCO), (SJVNL), THDC, NTPC-Hydro



o Renewable source of energyo Clean & non-polluting source of energy

o Low generation cost

o Longer span of life – 50 yrs

o Reliable source of energy – minimum maintenanceo Quick start & stop, picking up and dropping loads in a few

minutes

o Peaking operation of hydro projects enables optimum

utilization of thermal capacity

o Due to fast response, the hydro plants enhance system stability

o Socio-economic benefits

o Being simple in design and operation, the hydro plants do not

require highly skilled workers.

ADVANTAGES



DISADVANTAGES

Capital intensive

The gestation period is quite large

Dependent on water availability

Large hydro plants disturb the ecology of the area by

deforestation, destroying vegetation, resettlement andrehabilitation and water sharing disputes among states. Sothe emphasis is now more on small, micro and mini hydro.



Selection of Site

Availability of water

Water storage capacity

Available water head

Accessibility of the site

Distance from the load centre

Type of land of site



Hydrology

Hydrology is the science of the waters of the earth andits atmosphere.

Deals

Occurrence

Circulation

Distribution and

Movements of these waters over the globe and theirinteraction with the physical and biological

environments.



Hydrologic Cycle

Continued….



Hydrologic Cycle

Before discussing the two phases ofhydrologic cycle, some of therelated terms are defined below:

Infiltration Precipitation falling on the ground is, to some extent,

absorbed by the land. This absorption of precipitation waterby land from the surface of earth is called infiltration.

Interception A part of the precipitation is obstructed by vegetation and

temporarily remains there. This process is calledinterception. Later the intercepted water is eitherevaporated or infiltrated.



Hydrologic Cycle

Runoff

After the detention storage is built up, as explained above,the water will start flowing over the ground and is called

runoff. Inter Flow

The part of infiltrated water which moves laterally throughthe upper soil layers above the groundwater level and soon joins the stream is called inter flow.

Continued….



Hydrologic Cycle

Total Runoff A part of infiltrated water moves in the form of inter flow

which soon joins the stream, the remaining portion ofinfiltrated water percolates to deeper layers of the groundand is stored as groundwater. This groundwater sometimesalso joins the stream flow through springs and seepageprocess.

The stream flow is then called the total runoff i.e. it is sumof all the components of precipitation water. Direct runoffplus the losses gives total runoff.

The runoff can be expressed in depth units for a certain areaor it can be expressed in volume units. It can also beexpressed in discharge units for a specified time.

Continued….



Factors Affecting Run-off

Nature of precipitation

Topology of catchment area

Geology of area

Vegetation

Size and Shape of area



Measurement of Run-off or Flow

From Rainfall records (not accurate)

Empirical Formulas

Actual measurement ( By stream gauging for a longperiod)-Area velocity method



Hydrographs

Variation of discharge or flow with time. It is plotted withflow as ordinates and time interval as abscissas.

Flow duration curves

It shows the relation between flows and the length oftime during which they are available. These curves canbe plotted from a hydrograph.



Example:



Hydrograph



Flow duration curve



Mass curve

It indicates the total volume of run off in million m3 orcumec day during a given period.

The mass curve is obtained by plotting cumulativevolume of flow and time.

This curve is to compute the capacity of the reservoir fora hydro power site.



Mass curve



Major components



DAMS



DamsDam is a solid barrier constructed at

a suitable location across a river

valley to store flowing water.

Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:

Hydropower

Irrigation

Water for domestic consumption

Drought and flood control

For navigational facilities

Other additional utilization is todevelop fisheries



Structure ofDam

Heel

Gallery

Toe

Spillway(inside dam)

Crest

NWL

Normal

water level

MWL

Max. level

Free boardSluice way

Upstream Down stream

TYPES OF



TYPES OFDAMS

Gravity Dams:

These dams areheavy andmassive wall-likestructures of

concrete in whichthe whole weightacts verticallydownwards

Reservoir

Force

As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, suchdams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.

Bh k D i th



Bhakra Dam is thehighest ConcreteGravity dam in Asiaand Second Highestin the world.

Bhakra Dam is acrossriver Sutlej inHimachal Pradesh

The construction ofthis project wasstarted in the year1948 and wascompleted in 1963 .

•It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more thanthree times the height of Qutab Minar.

• Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is

9.14 m (30 feet)

• Bhakra Dam is the highest Conc rete Gravi ty dam in As ia and Second Highest in the

wor ld.



B tt



ButtressDam:

Buttress Dam – Is agravity damreinforced bystructural supports

Buttress - a supportthat transmits aforce from a roof orwall to anothersupporting structure

This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation

rocks are little weaker



These type of dams areconcrete or masonry

dams which are curvedor convex upstream inplan

This shape helps totransmit the major partof the water load to theabutments

Arch dams are builtacross narrow, deepriver gorges, but nowin recent years theyhave been considered

even for little widervalle s.

Arch Dams:



EarthDams:

They are trapezoidalin shape

Earth dams are

constructed wherethe foundation or theunderlying materialor rocks are weak tosupport the masonrydam or where the

suitable competentrocks are at greaterdepth.

Earthen dams arerelatively smaller in

height and broad atthe base

They are mainly builtwith clay, sand andgravel, hence theyare also known asEarth fill dam or



NUCLEAR POWER

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Advantages

1 kg of fuel of uranium gives energy equivalent 3,000 tones of high

grade coal

Fossil fuel reserves depleting at higher rate. Therefore the cost ofelectricity production through coal and oil reserves increases per

kilowatt hour compared to nuclear power plant, i.e., operational cost

of nuclear plant is cheaper

Nuclear power plants does not emit green house gases in to

atmosphere unlike thermal power plants. Therefore nuclear power isclean and environmental friendly.

Disadvantages

In Nuclear plants safety is primary concern rather producingelectricity. There is significant risk of leakage of radiation in case of

any accident.

The fission by products released are generally radio active and

pollute the land, water, atmosphere and other natural resources.

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Present Scenario

• Nuclear power plants provide about 13 –14% of the world's

electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for

about 50% of nuclear generated electricity.

•

In October 2011 the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)report, there are 432 nuclear power reactors in operation in the

world, operating in 31 countries.

• India generates 3.2 % energy by nuclear power plants with 27

nuclear reactors ( 7 newly constructed in 2011- 2 X1000 atKudankulam, 2 X700 at Kakrapar, 2X700 at Rajasthan and

1X500(PFBR) at Kalpakkam )

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• In recent years a strong public opinion has grown

against the use of nuclear energy for power

generation due to the problems related to nuclear

safety, radioactive waste disposal, and nuclearweapons proliferation.

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Major Problems of Nuclear Energy:

• Cost

• Safety

• Proliferation

• Waste Disposal



Nuclear power plants

Power plants use heat to produce electricity. Nuclear

energy produces electricity from heat through a

process called fission. Nuclear power plants use the

heat produced by fission of certain atoms.

Nuclear fuel:Uranium-235

ttp://www.ecolo.org/photos/uranium/uranium-black.jpg

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NUCLEAR FISSION



Nuclear Reactor

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Components

• Nuclear Reactor : A device built to sustain a

controlled nuclear fission chain reaction

• Main Components of Nuclear Reactor:

Reactor core

Reflector

Control mechanism

Moderatorcoolants

Tubes of uranium

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Nuclear fission

Heat water to make stream

Steam turns turbine

Turbine turns generator

electricity

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NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION:

DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION

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Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation

• MHD power generation is a new system of electric power generation which

is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution. In advanced countries

MHD generators are widely used but in developing countries like India is

still under construction. This construction work is in progress at

Tiruchirapalli in Tamilnadu under joint efforts of BARC, BHEL,

Associated Cement corporation an Russian technologies.

• It is concerned with the flow of conducting fluid in presence of magnetic

and electric field.

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Principle of MHD

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Classification

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Closed cycle

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ADVANTAGES

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NEED OF FURTHER RESEARCH

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APPLICATIONS

• Power generation in space craft

• Defense applications

• Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments

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Thermionic power generation

Th i i t



Thermionic converters

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Working

• A thermionic power converter has two electrodes. One of these is raised to

a sufficiently high temperature to become a thermionic electron emitter, or

“hot plate.” The other electrode, called a collector because it receives the

emitted electrons, is operated at a significantly lower temperature. The

space between the electrodes is sometimes a vacuum but is normally filled

with a vapour or gas at low pressure. The thermal energy may be supplied by chemical, solar, or nuclear sources. Thermionic converters are solid-

state devices with no moving parts. They can be designed for high

reliability and long service life. Thus, thermionic converters have been used

in many spacecraft

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Thermoelectric power generation

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183035/electrode

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183374/electron


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1067729/solid-state-device








http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183374/electron




Thermoelectric power generation

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Principle

• Thermoelectric power is the conversion of a temperature differential

directly into electrical power.

• Thermoelectric Generators using the Seebeck Effect work on a temperature

differentials. The greater the differential (DT) of the hot side less the cold

side, the greater the amount of power (Watts) will be produced.

• Two critical factors dictate power output :

1. The amount of heat flux that can successfully move through the module.

2. The temperature of the hot side less the temperature of the cold side Delta

Temperature (DT).

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Fuel cells

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Fuel cells

• A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy,water, and heat through electrochemical reactions.

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Working

• Fuel and air react when they come into contact through a

porous membrane (electrolyte) which separates them.

• This reaction results in a transfer of electrons and ions across

the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode.

• If an external load is attached to this arrangement a complete

circuit is formed arrangement, a complete circuit is formed and

a voltage is generated from the flow of electrical current.

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Advantages

•

Conversion efficiency is high• Does not make any noise

• A little time is needed to go into operation

• Can be installed near the use point

Disadvantages

• High initial cost

• Low service life

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APPLICATIONS

• Domestic use

• Automotive vehicles

• Generation power stations

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Geothermal energy

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• Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power

resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse

gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%),and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).

• Geothermal resources range from shallow ground to hot water

and rock several miles below the Earth's surface, and evenfarther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma.

Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground

reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought

to the surface

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G th l li th 10 715 MW t 24 t i



• Geothermal energy supplies more than 10,715 MW to 24 countries

worldwide which is expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in

2010 and produces enough electricity to meet the needs of 60 million

people and another 22 countries will add to the list in 2010 (source:

International Geothermal Association).

• The major sites are in Iceland , japan, Indonesia, Italy, Yellowstone in

California.

• India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the potential

geothermal provinces can produce 10,600 MW of power.

• At present there are no operational geothermal plants in India.

• Thermax, a capital goods manufacturer based in Pune, has entered an

agreement with Icelandic firm Reykjavík Geothermal. Thermax is planning

to set up a 3 MW pilot project in Puga Valley, Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir).

Reykjavík Geothermal will assist Thermax in exploration and drilling of

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Potential sites in J&K

i) Puga Valley (J&K)

ii) Tatapani (Chhattisgarh)

iii) Godavari Basin Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)

iv) Bakreshwar (West Bengal)v) Tuwa (Gujarat)

vi) Unai (Maharashtra)

vii) Jalgaon (Maharashtra)

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There are five types of geothermal systems in



There are five types of geothermal systems in

commercial use

• Dry steam plantsDry steam power plants use very hot (>455 °F, or >235 °C) steam and little

water from the geothermal reservoir. The steam goes directly through a pipe to

a turbine to spin a generator that produces electricity. This type of geothermal

power plant is the oldest, first being used at Lardarello, Italy, in 1904

• Single flash point

• Double flash point

• Multiple flash point

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• Binary plantsIn reservoirs where temperatures are typically less than 220o C. but greater

than 100o

C binary cycle plants are often utilized. The reservoir fluid (eithersteam or water or both) is passed through a heat exchanger which heats a

secondary working fluid (organic) which has a boiling point lower than 100o C.

This is typically an organic fluid such as Isopentane, which is vaporised and is

used to drive the turbine

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Thank you

17098_hydropower plant - watre power 3

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