Foreign Foreign EntanglementsEntanglements

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarThe “Splendid Little War”The “Splendid Little War”

17.217.2

Chilean government paid$75,000 to sailors’ families

President Cleveland sendsNavy to Rio de Janeiro

VenezuelaVenezuela►Boundary dispute with Boundary dispute with Great BritainGreat Britain

►Colony of British GuianaColony of British Guiana►1895 discovery of gold1895 discovery of gold

►Cleveland demands Cleveland demands British submission-why?British submission-why?

►Britain refused at firstBritain refused at first►Territory rewarded to Territory rewarded to British GuianaBritish Guiana

An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

►Expansionists: U.S. needs to take Expansionists: U.S. needs to take its place with the imperialist its place with the imperialist nations of Europe as a world nations of Europe as a world power.power.

►Presidents Cleveland & McKinley: Presidents Cleveland & McKinley: military action abroad was military action abroad was morally wrong & economically morally wrong & economically unsoundunsound

17.2 Group Activity17.2 Group Activity►Students will be divided into 9 groups:Students will be divided into 9 groups:

Group 1-Latin AmericaGroup 1-Latin America Group 2-Cuban RevolutionGroup 2-Cuban Revolution Group 3-Yellow JournalismGroup 3-Yellow Journalism Group 4-Causes of The Spanish-American Group 4-Causes of The Spanish-American

WarWar Group 5-Spanish American War& ResultsGroup 5-Spanish American War& Results Group 6-PhillippinesGroup 6-Phillippines

Group 7-Cuba & Puerto RicoGroup 7-Cuba & Puerto Rico Group 8-HawaiiGroup 8-Hawaii Group 9-Samoa & ChinaGroup 9-Samoa & China

Students are to read the chapter section Students are to read the chapter section on their topicon their topic

Add two new factsAdd two new facts Present info to class-chart paperPresent info to class-chart paper

Cuban nationalists fighting for10 years to overthrow Spanish rule

Off the coast of FloridaLocate on Overseas America Map

Why did Cuba revolt against Spain 1895?

What was United States’ interest in Cuba?

View video clip & answerView video clip & answer

►What were the US investments What were the US investments in Cuba?in Cuba?

►Why was Marti jailed?Why was Marti jailed?►Why did Marti order guerilla Why did Marti order guerilla

actions?actions?

►What happened to Marti?What happened to Marti?►Find evidence that proves Find evidence that proves

General Weyler’s nickname General Weyler’s nickname “The Butcher” to be true.“The Butcher” to be true.

Cuban RevoltCuban Revolt►1895 nationalists burned down 1895 nationalists burned down

sugar plantationssugar plantations►Hoping Spain to withdrawHoping Spain to withdraw►Hoping involvement of the U.S. Hoping involvement of the U.S.

in their revolutionin their revolution

General Weyler“The Butcher”

100,000 troopsto suppress the

RevoltPolicy of

reconcentration

Cubans sent to “reconcentration”

camps

Who was Jose Marti?

Killed in Cubanrebellion against Spain

View video clip & answerView video clip & answer

►What were the US investments What were the US investments in Cuba?in Cuba?

►Why was Marti jailed?Why was Marti jailed?►Why did Marti order guerilla Why did Marti order guerilla

actions?actions?

►What happened to Marti?What happened to Marti?►Find evidence that proves Find evidence that proves

General Weyler’s nickname General Weyler’s nickname “The Butcher” to be true.“The Butcher” to be true.

►What effect did the What effect did the explosion of the USS Maine explosion of the USS Maine have on the start of the have on the start of the war?war?

►When was war declared?When was war declared?

Identify Yellow JournalismIn these newspapers

View the video & answerView the video & answer

►What part did yellow What part did yellow journalism play in starting journalism play in starting the Spanish American war?the Spanish American war?

►Who said “You furnish the Who said “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”? What does it mean?war.”? What does it mean?

►What effect did the What effect did the explosion of the USS Maine explosion of the USS Maine have on the start of the have on the start of the war?war?

►When was war declared?When was war declared?

How do you think the public reacted? How would you react?

Mocked President McKinley“weak”

February 15, 1898260 Americans killed

Who did the “yellowpress” blame?

In Havana Harbor to protect American life & property

Why was this the final straw?

April 19, 1898 Congress declares War

Blew up on the way to Havana HarborTo protect lives

►Cause of explosion not Cause of explosion not determineddetermined

►““Remember the Maine”Remember the Maine”►April 19, 1898 April 19, 1898 Congress Congress adopts a war resolutionadopts a war resolution

●Part of the war resolution● Declared U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba● Once peace restored Cubans control ownGovernment (self-determination)

United States would not establish permanent control

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt

Ordered a fleet to the Philippines commanded by

Commodore George Dewey

The PhilippinesThe Philippines►Country’s new all-steel navyCountry’s new all-steel navy►Dewey’s fleet easily defeated Dewey’s fleet easily defeated

SpanishSpanish►On land allied with Filipino On land allied with Filipino

rebelsrebels►Captured city of ManilaCaptured city of Manila

Battle for ManilaBattle for Manila►Philippines-May 1,1898Philippines-May 1,1898►TR/Commodore George TR/Commodore George DeweyDewey

►Destroyed Spanish fleetDestroyed Spanish fleet►No U.S. causalitiesNo U.S. causalities

Spanish warships werein Santiago Harbor

Troops met little opposition

Many were former slaves.Did they have the same rights asWhite soldiers?Read story, highlight & answer questions

Organized by Teddy Roosevelt

Horses never arrived.Fought as infantrymen.

Read BiographyWalter Reed

U.S. Army ill-equipped &untrained.

Winter uniformsSpoiled foodYellow Fever

View Video & AnswerView Video & Answer

►Identify: Dewey & Identify: Dewey & AguinaldoAguinaldo

►What was the 9th Cavalry?What was the 9th Cavalry?►Describe the problems the Describe the problems the

soldiers faced?soldiers faced?

►Who were the Rough Riders?Who were the Rough Riders?►How long did the war last?How long did the war last?►When was the truce signed?When was the truce signed?►Why was it called the Why was it called the

“splendid little war”?“splendid little war”?

Straits

Channel

End of the WarEnd of the War►Americans seized Puerto Americans seized Puerto RicoRico

►Guam was easily takenGuam was easily taken►The Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris December 10, 1898December 10, 1898

Cuba After IndependenceCuba After Independence

►New constitution under New constitution under guidanceguidance

►Major General WoodMajor General Wood►Task of preparing Cuba Task of preparing Cuba for independencefor independence

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris►Signed December 10, 1898Signed December 10, 1898►recognized independence of recognized independence of

Cuba Platt AmendmentCuba Platt Amendment►Puerto Rico, Guam & Puerto Rico, Guam &

PhilippinesPhilippines►$20 million $20 million

The Platt AmendmentThe Platt Amendment►1901 Congress approves1901 Congress approves►Restricts Cuba’s ability to make Restricts Cuba’s ability to make

treaties & borrow moneytreaties & borrow money►U.S. right to intervene-U.S. right to intervene-

independence, security of life & independence, security of life & propertyproperty

►Obliged Cuba to sell or lease to Obliged Cuba to sell or lease to the U.S. the land for a naval the U.S. the land for a naval basebase

►Established an American naval Established an American naval base at Guantanamo Baybase at Guantanamo Bay

►Under a substantial degree of Under a substantial degree of American controlAmerican control

Reasons for/against annexation

Philippine Insurrection1899-1901

Philippine Philippine InsurrectionInsurrection

►Why was it fought?Why was it fought?►Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?►How was this war different How was this war different

from Spanish-American War?from Spanish-American War?►What would you have done What would you have done

with the Philippines?with the Philippines?

War in the War in the PhilippinesPhilippines

►1898-1902 Filipino insurgents 1898-1902 Filipino insurgents fought the Americansfought the Americans

►Deaths: 5,000 Americans Deaths: 5,000 Americans 50,000 Filipinos50,000 Filipinos

►Both sides committed Both sides committed atrocitiesatrocities

►Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo►Very bloody battleVery bloody battle►Villages destroyed, Villages destroyed, civilians murdered, civilians murdered, prisoners torturedprisoners tortured

July 4, 1946Granted full independence

Answer following videoAnswer following video

►Why was Aguinaldo Why was Aguinaldo angry?angry?

►What did he do?What did he do?►How did this war compare How did this war compare with the Spanish-American with the Spanish-American War?War?

►How did the anti-How did the anti-imperialists feel?imperialists feel?

►What did the future hold for What did the future hold for Cuba and the Philippines?Cuba and the Philippines?

►What is the Platt What is the Platt Amendment?Amendment?

AnnexationAnnexation

►Debate became a national Debate became a national issue 1899issue 1899

►Include annexation in Include annexation in TreatyTreaty

►Obligation to “uplift” & Obligation to “uplift” & “civilize” the Filipinos“civilize” the Filipinos

OptionsOptions►Return Philippines to SpainReturn Philippines to Spain►Be taken over by France, Be taken over by France, Germany, or a European Germany, or a European powerpower

►Left to govern themselvesLeft to govern themselves

►Aguinaldo captured in 1901Aguinaldo captured in 1901►Fighting ended in 1902Fighting ended in 1902►1901 Taft becomes 1901 Taft becomes governor of Philippinesgovernor of Philippines

►July 4, 1946 full July 4, 1946 full independenceindependence

Latin America & HawaiiLatin America & Hawaii

►The U.S. signed a The U.S. signed a treaty with Hawaii treaty with Hawaii ►Took a more active Took a more active role in protecting Latin role in protecting Latin AmericaAmerica

Hawaii

HawaiiHawaii►Commercial interests late Commercial interests late

18th century18th century►1875 reciprocity treaty, 1875 reciprocity treaty,

sugar to U.S. without tariffsugar to U.S. without tariff►1887 rights to Pearl Harbor1887 rights to Pearl Harbor

Sugar interests gain power.

1874 Americans gainedControl over Hawaii’s

Land & economy

King KalakauaNationalistic

Resented Americaninfluence

►American influence American influence resented by Hawaiiansresented by Hawaiians

►1891 nationalistic Queen 1891 nationalistic Queen Liliuokalani became rulerLiliuokalani became ruler

►““Hawaii for the Hawaiians”Hawaii for the Hawaiians”

““Bayonet Bayonet Constitution”Constitution”

►King forced at gunpoint to sign 1887King forced at gunpoint to sign 1887►Restricted his powerRestricted his power►Deprived most Hawaiians of the Deprived most Hawaiians of the

votevote►Forced to give Pearl Harbor to U.S.Forced to give Pearl Harbor to U.S.►American sugar planters now had American sugar planters now had

political control over Hawaiipolitical control over Hawaii

1890 U.S. revokes sugar treaty after bad economy in U.S.

American sugar producers push for annexation-why?

1893 plan to restore Hawaiian monarchy

Business community plotted to overthrow her

John L. Stevens American minister to Hawaii helped rebel sugar planters

Rebel leaders formed a newregime with Sanford B. Dole

Stevens recognizes the new

Republic of Hawaii

Cleveland not happy.Puts treaty on hold & investigates

Wants to restore QueenDole would not step down

Cleveland does not support annexation

President McKinley favors annexationCongress narrowly approves 18981959 50th state1993 Congress apologizes for overthrowing Queen

►1893 U.S. Navy & Marines, 1893 U.S. Navy & Marines, American sugar growers American sugar growers staged a revoltstaged a revolt

►Sanford DoleSanford Dole►Set up a republicSet up a republic

►President sent a President sent a commission to investigatecommission to investigate

►Many support the QueenMany support the Queen►Annexation 1898Annexation 1898

The PacificThe Pacific►1878 naval base at Pago 1878 naval base at Pago

PagoPago►Shared with Gt. Britain & Shared with Gt. Britain &

GermanyGermany►Conflict-tripartite Conflict-tripartite

proctectorateproctectorate

American PolicyAmerican Policy

In ChinaIn China

►Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence►Secretary of State John Hay issued Secretary of State John Hay issued

his first Open Door note in Sept. his first Open Door note in Sept. 18991899

►Addressed to Gt. Britain, Germany, Addressed to Gt. Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Italy & JapanRussia, France, Italy & Japan

►1890s Russia, Japan, Great Britain, 1890s Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France & Germany establishedFrance & Germany established

►Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence in China: in China: they could dominate trade & they could dominate trade & investment within their sphere investment within their sphere

►A particular port or region of ChinaA particular port or region of China►Shut out competitorsShut out competitors

Prevents the U.S fromlosing access to lucrative

China trade

Secretary of State John HaySecretary of State John Hay

►Impressed Europeans by his Impressed Europeans by his policies toward Chinapolicies toward China

►Alarmed that Chinese empire was Alarmed that Chinese empire was falling under control of various falling under control of various outside powers:outside powers:

►Weakened by political corruptionWeakened by political corruption►Failure to modernizeFailure to modernize

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy►To prevent U.S. from losing access To prevent U.S. from losing access

to lucrative China tradeto lucrative China trade►1899 diplomatic note sent to 1899 diplomatic note sent to

nations holding spheres of nations holding spheres of influenceinfluence

►All nations would have equal All nations would have equal trading privileges in Chinatrading privileges in China

►Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence►Secretary of State John Hay Secretary of State John Hay

issued his first Open Door issued his first Open Door note in Sept. 1899note in Sept. 1899

►Addressed to Gt. Britain, Addressed to Gt. Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Germany, Russia, France, Italy & JapanItaly & Japan

Questions for video clipQuestions for video clip

►Describe the situation in China.Describe the situation in China.►What is a “sphere of What is a “sphere of

influence”?influence”?►Explain John Hay’s idea.Explain John Hay’s idea.►What were the opinions of What were the opinions of

“Open Door”?“Open Door”?

►How did the “Boxers” get How did the “Boxers” get their name?their name?

►What happened in June What happened in June 1900?1900?

►How and when was this How and when was this rebellion stopped?rebellion stopped?

►Principle of equal access Principle of equal access by all nations to trade in by all nations to trade in ChinaChina

►Less positive response-Less positive response-conditional agreementconditional agreement

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion►May 1900May 1900►Young Chinese who Young Chinese who

opposed Manchu dynastyopposed Manchu dynasty►Opposed foreign influenceOpposed foreign influence►1900 killed over 200 1900 killed over 200

missionaries & foreignersmissionaries & foreigners

Attacked foreign settlements &murdered Christian missionaries

U.S. troops participatedin international force to

crush rebellion

►Western powers joined Western powers joined with Japanwith Japan

►Sent military force to Sent military force to ChinaChina

►August, siege endedAugust, siege ended

Boxer Rebellion (1900)Boxer Rebellion (1900)

►Nationalism & Nationalism & xenophobiaxenophobia (hatred & (hatred & fear of foreigners) on rise in Chinafear of foreigners) on rise in China

►The Society of Harmonious Fists or The Society of Harmonious Fists or Boxers attacked foreign Boxers attacked foreign settlementssettlements murdered Christian murdered Christian missionariesmissionaries

►U.S. troops in an international force U.S. troops in an international force helped crush the rebellionhelped crush the rebellion

Second Open DoorSecond Open Door

►Other countries to join U.S. Other countries to join U.S. to respect the “territorial & to respect the “territorial & administrative” integrity of administrative” integrity of ChinaChina

►Accept financial reparationsAccept financial reparations

►1890s Russia, Japan, Great Britain, 1890s Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France & Germany establishedFrance & Germany established

►Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence in China: in China: they could dominate trade & they could dominate trade & investment within their sphere investment within their sphere

►A particular port or region of ChinaA particular port or region of China►Shut out competitorsShut out competitors