17253038 marine electrical system
TRANSCRIPT
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Objectives
State common parameters of AC electrical
supply onboard
Describe how the power is distributed toconsumers using line diagram (incorporate
shore supply and emergency source of power)
Describe the insulated neutral system and why
it is preferred
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Introduction
Auxiliary services ranging from ER pumps and fans,deck winches & windlasses to general lighting,catering & AC
Electrical power used to drive most of these
auxiliaries Electrical power system - designed to provide secured
supplies with adequate built-in protection for bothequipment & operating personnel
General scheme - nearly common to all ships
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Distribution system
Main board - built in 2 sections which can operateindependently in case one section damaged
One side carries port & fwd motors (group motorstarter) while other section carried stbd & aft motors
Central section used for control the main generators
Switchgear cubicles on generator panel sides used foressential services, flanked by group motor starter
boards Separate section will controls 3-phase 220V &
lighting services
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Distribution system (cont/)
440V/220V lighting transformers may mounted inside mainswbd cubicle, or free-standing behind it
Main generator supply cables connected directly to their CB
Short copper bars, then connected to three bus bars whichrun through switchboard length
Busbars - may seen if rear door are opened, in specialenclosed bus-bar duct
Swbd contain frequency meters, synchroscopes, wattmeters,voltage and current transformers, ammeter switches, voltageregulations & means for adjusting prime movers speed
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Shore supply
Required during deadship - dry-docking for major overhaul Log of supply kWh meter taken for costing purposes
Suitable connection box to accept shore supply cable -accommodation entrance or emergency generator room
Connection box - suitable terminals including earthingterminal, dedicated CB, switch & fuses - protect cable linkingto main switchboard
Plate giving details of ships electrical system (voltage andfrequency) & method for connecting must provided
For AC supply, phase sequence indicator is fitted - indicatecorrect supply phase sequence - usually lamp
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Shore supply (cont/)
It is not normal practice to parallel shore supply withships generators
Therefore, ships generators must disconnectedbefore shore supply resume connection interlockedprovided
Shore supply may also connected directly toemergency board - back feeds to main switchboard
When phase sequence indicator indicate reverse
sequence, simply interchanging any two leads toremedy this fault
Incorrect phase sequence cause motors to run inreverse direction
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Effect of higher voltage
Contribute to sparking condition
Current drawn proportional to terminal voltage
Cause excessive starting current Motor overheat due to high current
Motor accelerates fast and may overload the
drive
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Effect of lower voltage
Motor draw more current to keep same power output
Starting torque V, thus to 72.5%
Take longer period to build up speed
High reactance motor will stalled
Overheating will occur
Motor may stall & burn due to overheating 49x full
load heating
Star delta starter line voltage 58%
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Effect of higher frequency
Motor run 20% faster, increase overall speed
Overload, overheated & overstress driven
loads
Power produced (speed)
Supply will reduce stator flux
Affect starting torque Centrifugal load will rise by 73 %
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Effect of lower frequency
Stator flux increases
Magnetising current will increase
Motor runs slower & hot Speed reduced to 17%
Overheating will take place
Remedy is to slightly lower the voltage
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Emergency power supply
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Emergency power supply
Provided, in event of emergency (blackout etc), supply still available foremergency lighting, alarms, communications, watertight doors & otheressential services - to maintain safety & safe evacuation
Source - generator, batteries or both Self-contained & independent from other ER power supply
Emergency generator must have ICE as prime mover with own FOsupply tank, starting equipment & switchboard
Must initiated following a total electrical power failure
Emergency batteries - switch in immediately after power failure
Emergency generators - hand cranked, but automatically started by air /battery possible - ensure immediate run-up
Power rating - determined by size & ship role
Small vessels - few kW sufficient for emergency lighting
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Larger & complicated vessels - may require hundreds of kW foremergency lighting, chronological restarting & fire fighting supply
Connected to own emergency swbd - located in compartment above
water line Normal operation - emergency board supplied from main board via
bus-tie
Impossible to synchronise with main generators due to interlocks newer design permit short period of synchronising
Starting automatically - initiated by relay which monitors normal mainsupply
Falling mains frequency / voltage causes start-up relay to operategenerator starting equipment
Arrangement for starting electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic
Regular tests - power loss simulation will triggers start sequence
Detailed regulations - 1972 SOLAS Convention, IEE Regulations forElectrical and Electronic Equipment of Ships, regulations fromClassification Societies (LR, ABS, DNV etc) and etc
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Insulated neutral system
Insulated system - totally electrically
insulated from earth (ships hull)
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Earthed neutral system
Earthed system has one pole or
neutral point connected to earth
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General
Shipboard systems - insulated from earth (ship's hull) Shore system - earthed to the ground
HV systems (>1000V) - earthed to ship's hull vianeutral earthing resistor (NER) or high impedancetransformer to limit earth fault current
Priority for shipboard - maintain electrical supply toessential equipment in event of single earth fault
Priority ashore - immediate isolation earth-faultedequipment
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3 basic circuit faults
An open-circuit fault is due
to a break in the conductor,
as at A, so that current
cannot flow
An earth fault is due to a break
in the insulation, as at B,
allowing the conductor to touch
the hull or an earthed metal
enclosure
A short-circuit fault is due
to a double break in the
insulation, as at C,
allowing both conductors
to be connected so that a
very large current by-
passes or "short-circuits"
the load.
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The preferred system??
If earth fault occurs on insulated pole of EARTHEDDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - equivalent to shortcircuit fault
Large earth fault current would immediately blow
the fuse in line conductor Faulted electrical equipment immediately isolated
from supply & rendered SAFE, but loss of equipment
Could create hazardous situation if equipment was
classed ESSENTIAL
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The preferred system??
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If earth fault A occurs on one line of INSULATEDDISTRIBUTOIN SYSTEM - not trip any protective gear &system resume function normally
Thus, equipment still operates If earth fault B developed on another line, 2 earth faults
would equivalent to a short-circuit fault & initated protectivegear
An insulated distribution system requires TWO earth faults onTWO different lines to cause an earth fault current.
An earthed distribution system requires only ONE earth faulton the LINE conductor to create an earth fault current.
Therefore an insulated system is more effective than anearthed system - maintain supply continuity to equipment, thus
being adopted for most marine electrical systems
The preferred system??
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High voltage system
Shipboard HV systems - earthed via resistorconnecting generator neutrals to earth
Earthing resistor with ohmic value - chosen to limit
maximum earth fault current < generator full loadcurrent
Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER) - assembled withmetallic plates in air due to single earth fault will
cause circuit disconnected by its protection device
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The preferred system??