1780-1815

A Story that MattersA Story that Matters• Fall of the Bastille Fall of the Bastille p. 546p. 546

– Why It MattersWhy It Matters

• Questions to ponder:Questions to ponder:– Do you believe the Bastille was stormed Do you believe the Bastille was stormed

to set prisoners free, because it was a a to set prisoners free, because it was a a symbol of oppression, or as the first step symbol of oppression, or as the first step to overthrow the French Monarchy?to overthrow the French Monarchy?

– What is the difference between a revolt What is the difference between a revolt and a revolution?and a revolution?

Background to the Background to the RevolutionRevolution• France’s society was based on inequalityFrance’s society was based on inequality

– The __________________The __________________• 11stst: _________ (130,000 people who owned 10% of the land): _________ (130,000 people who owned 10% of the land)

– Exempt from the taille (France’s chief _____)Exempt from the taille (France’s chief _____)

• 22ndnd: ____ (350,000 people who owned about 25-30% of the : ____ (350,000 people who owned about 25-30% of the land)land)

– Held leading positions in government, the military, the law courts, Held leading positions in government, the military, the law courts, and church officesand church offices

– Also exempt from the tailleAlso exempt from the taille

• 33rdrd: __________ (made up overwhelming majority of : __________ (made up overwhelming majority of population)population)

– Peasants largest segment-75-80% of population (owned 35-40% of Peasants largest segment-75-80% of population (owned 35-40% of the land)the land)

– Skilled _____________Skilled _____________• Rise in prices > Increase in wages (hurts buying power)Rise in prices > Increase in wages (hurts buying power)

– _________________ (Middle Class: merchants, bankers, lawyers, etc.)_________________ (Middle Class: merchants, bankers, lawyers, etc.)• 8% of population; owned 20-25% of land8% of population; owned 20-25% of land

ResentmentResentment

• ________________ no longer existed, but ________________ no longer existed, but French peasants still had obligations to their French peasants still had obligations to their local landlords that they deeply resentedlocal landlords that they deeply resented– I.E. Fees to use facilities; Contributions to clergyI.E. Fees to use facilities; Contributions to clergy

• Artisans struggle to survive (from their lack Artisans struggle to survive (from their lack of purchasing power) leaves them angry of purchasing power) leaves them angry with little to losewith little to lose

• Bourgeoisie unhappy with the privileges of Bourgeoisie unhappy with the privileges of the noblesthe nobles

• Aristocrats/Bourgeoisie unhappy with Aristocrats/Bourgeoisie unhappy with monarchical system resting on privileges monarchical system resting on privileges and on an old and rigid social orderand on an old and rigid social order

• Immediate cause of the Revolution: The Immediate cause of the Revolution: The Near Collapse of Government ___________Near Collapse of Government ___________– Bad harvests in 1787/1788 led to food Bad harvests in 1787/1788 led to food

shortages, rising prices, and unemploymentshortages, rising prices, and unemployment– Nearly ______ of the population was poor!Nearly ______ of the population was poor!– Despite these problems, the French Despite these problems, the French

government continued to spend enormous government continued to spend enormous amounts on _________ and court ____________amounts on _________ and court ____________• Queen Marie Antoinette known for her Queen Marie Antoinette known for her

extravaganceextravagance

– Louis XVI was finally forced to callLouis XVI was finally forced to call a meeting of the ____________________ to a meeting of the ____________________ to raise new taxes (had not met since 1614!)raise new taxes (had not met since 1614!)

The Estates-General The Estates-General • The French The French

ParliamentParliament– Each estate received Each estate received

one voteone vote• Sounds fair right? Sounds fair right?

What’s the problem?What’s the problem?

• Third Estate breaks Third Estate breaks away and calls itself away and calls itself the ______ ________ the ______ ________ (June 17, 1789)(June 17, 1789)– Drafts a constitutionDrafts a constitution– Locked out! Locked out!

• ____________________: ____________________: Swore that they would Swore that they would continue to meet until continue to meet until they had produced a they had produced a French ConstitutionFrench Constitution

What’s a King to Do?What’s a King to Do?

• Louis XVI prepares to use force Louis XVI prepares to use force against the Third Estateagainst the Third Estate– However…before he was ready, a mob However…before he was ready, a mob

of Parisians stormed the _______________ of Parisians stormed the _______________ (armory and prison) and dismantled it(armory and prison) and dismantled it

• Louis XVI could no longer trust his Louis XVI could no longer trust his royal troops!royal troops!– No troops=no _________________________No troops=no _________________________– Popular revolutions break out Popular revolutions break out

throughout Francethroughout France

The National AssemblyThe National Assembly• ““_______________________________”_______________________________”

– Inspired by the American Declaration of Inspired by the American Declaration of Independence and ConstitutionIndependence and Constitution• ““the natural and imprescriptible rights of man” to the natural and imprescriptible rights of man” to

“liberty, property, security, and resistance to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”oppression”

• Freedom/Equal Rights for all; access to public office Freedom/Equal Rights for all; access to public office based on talent; Freedom of speechbased on talent; Freedom of speech

• Ended tax exemptionsEnded tax exemptions

• Read p. 554 and answer #1-3Read p. 554 and answer #1-3– Draw a picture at the bottom of your paper showing an early event of the French Draw a picture at the bottom of your paper showing an early event of the French

RevolutionRevolution• Possible topics: Poverty of France, Marie Antoinette and her luxuries, the Possible topics: Poverty of France, Marie Antoinette and her luxuries, the

Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, women protesting the lack of Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, women protesting the lack of bread, Louis XVI’s return to Paris, or the war with Austriabread, Louis XVI’s return to Paris, or the war with Austria

Connections Around the World

• Read “A National Holiday”– P. 551

• “A National Holiday” Poster Assignment– Every nation celebrates its Independence

day with different kinds of festivities. For example, in the U.S. many people have BBQ’s and watch firework displays.

– Choose two other nations and research how each nation and its people celebrate their Independence Day.

• Create an illustrated poster or chart showing your results.

– The more creative you are, the better your grade.– Must have facts about their Independence Day as

well as what people do for it!

Louis XVI’s next move…Louis XVI’s next move…

• Louis XVI had remained at Louis XVI had remained at __________________________– Refused to accept the National Assembly’s Refused to accept the National Assembly’s

decrees on the abolition of feudalism and decrees on the abolition of feudalism and the Declaration of Rightsthe Declaration of Rights

• October 5, 1789October 5, 1789– The _____________ come to him!The _____________ come to him!

• ““detachments of women coming up from every detachments of women coming up from every direction, armed with broomsticks, lances, direction, armed with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols, and muskets”pitchforks, swords, pistols, and muskets”

– Told of how they and their children were starving Told of how they and their children were starving and forced him to accept the new decreesand forced him to accept the new decrees

– Stated that he should return to Paris to show his Stated that he should return to Paris to show his support for the National Assemblysupport for the National Assembly

Other ChangesOther Changes

• Church ReformsChurch Reforms– National Assembly needed money so they National Assembly needed money so they

seized and sold the lands of the churchseized and sold the lands of the church– French Government now controlled the ChurchFrench Government now controlled the Church

• Bishops/Priests were __________________Bishops/Priests were __________________• Many view ____________s as the enemy of the Many view ____________s as the enemy of the

RevolutionRevolution

• Constitution completed in 1791Constitution completed in 1791– Set up a _____________ monarchySet up a _____________ monarchy

• There would still be a king, but a Legislative There would still be a king, but a Legislative Assembly would make the lawsAssembly would make the laws

Will this spread Will this spread elsewhere?elsewhere?

• Neighboring nations did not want to find outNeighboring nations did not want to find out– Austria and Prussia threatened to use force to Austria and Prussia threatened to use force to

restore Louis XVI to full powerrestore Louis XVI to full power• National Assembly _________________ and declares war National Assembly _________________ and declares war

on Austria (which goes badly)on Austria (which goes badly)

• The Paris ____________: group of radicals who The Paris ____________: group of radicals who organized a mob attack on the Legislative organized a mob attack on the Legislative Assembly and the royal palaceAssembly and the royal palace– Took the King captive and forced the Legislative Took the King captive and forced the Legislative

Assembly to suspend the monarchy and call for a Assembly to suspend the monarchy and call for a National Convention (to be chosen on the basis National Convention (to be chosen on the basis of ________________________)of ________________________)

The Move to RadicalismThe Move to Radicalism• Georges Danton (leader of the Paris Georges Danton (leader of the Paris

Commune) seeks ________ on those Commune) seeks ________ on those who aided the king and resisted the who aided the king and resisted the popular willpopular will– Arrested and massacred thousandsArrested and massacred thousands

• National Convention officially National Convention officially abolishes the limited monarchy and abolishes the limited monarchy and sets up a ________________sets up a ________________

• What will happen to Louis XVI?What will happen to Louis XVI?– National Convention sentences him to National Convention sentences him to

_____ (1793); Read V.F.T.P. p 555_____ (1793); Read V.F.T.P. p 555• Infuriated other European royaltyInfuriated other European royalty

– Took up arms against FranceTook up arms against France

How will France defend How will France defend itself?itself?

• National National Convention gave Convention gave broad powers to a broad powers to a special committee special committee of 12 known as the of 12 known as the “________________ “________________ _________________”_________________”– Headed by Georges Headed by Georges

Danton first, then by Danton first, then by Maximilien _________Maximilien _________

• Committee of Public Safety in controlCommittee of Public Safety in control– Job: defend France from foreign and Job: defend France from foreign and domestic threatsdomestic threats– 40,000 killed (16,000 by the ____________)40,000 killed (16,000 by the ____________)– Read about the killing of a whole city (Lyon) p. Read about the killing of a whole city (Lyon) p.

558 558

– Claimed brutality was only _____________Claimed brutality was only _____________• After the wars and domestic crisis was over, the After the wars and domestic crisis was over, the

Declaration of Rights of Man would be fully realizedDeclaration of Rights of Man would be fully realized

Attacking Christianity Attacking Christianity • In trying to create a new order that In trying to create a new order that

reflected its belief in _______, the reflected its belief in _______, the

National Convention pursued a National Convention pursued a

policy of ___________________policy of ___________________– Removed “St.” from street namesRemoved “St.” from street names– Closed and pillaged churchesClosed and pillaged churches– New ____________ (not from birth of Christ New ____________ (not from birth of Christ

but from September 22, 1792-the 1but from September 22, 1792-the 1stst day of day of the French Republic)the French Republic)

• End Result: Failed to work because End Result: Failed to work because France was still overwhelmingly CatholicFrance was still overwhelmingly Catholic

• Would ultimately change the nature of Would ultimately change the nature of modern warfaremodern warfare– Tell me more…Tell me more…

• Read quote on p. 560Read quote on p. 560• HUUUUUGEEEEE! (over one million)HUUUUUGEEEEE! (over one million)

– Successfully pushed back enemiesSuccessfully pushed back enemies• Important step in the creation of modern Important step in the creation of modern

nationalismnationalism– Got most of the population, not just professional Got most of the population, not just professional

soldiers, involved in wars (although because of soldiers, involved in wars (although because of this, wars became more destructive too)this, wars became more destructive too)

• Propaganda Propaganda Writing Writing AssignmentAssignment– P. 561 #9P. 561 #9

Terror Over, New Terror Over, New GovernmentGovernment

• National Convention reduced the power National Convention reduced the power of the Committee of Public Safetyof the Committee of Public Safety– Churches allowed to reopenChurches allowed to reopen– New Constitution (wanted New Constitution (wanted

more stability)more stability)• Created a 2-House LegislatureCreated a 2-House Legislature

– Council of 500 (initiated laws)Council of 500 (initiated laws)– Council of __________ (250 people who accepted or Council of __________ (250 people who accepted or

rejected)rejected)• Both Councils were chosen by ______________ Both Councils were chosen by ______________

(individuals qualified to vote in an election(individuals qualified to vote in an election

• Council of Elders selected 5 people to act as “The Council of Elders selected 5 people to act as “The ___________” (who would rule along with the ___________” (who would rule along with the legislature)legislature)

The DirectoryThe Directory

• The Directory’s ReignThe Directory’s Reign– Time of ________________ Time of ________________ – Had many political enemiesHad many political enemies– Unable to find a solution to the Unable to find a solution to the country’s continuing economic problemscountry’s continuing economic problems– Relied on the _____________ to maintain its Relied on the _____________ to maintain its

powerpower– Met its end in 1799Met its end in 1799

• Popular General ______________________ leads Popular General ______________________ leads a coup d’etat (sudden overthrow of the a coup d’etat (sudden overthrow of the government) and seizes powergovernment) and seizes power

The Age ofThe Age of

• ““Voices from the Past” p 563Voices from the Past” p 563

• ““I Am The Revolution”I Am The Revolution”– French Revolution made it possible for him to French Revolution made it possible for him to

rise up through the militaryrise up through the military

• Early LifeEarly Life– Born in _____________ right after Born in _____________ right after it was annexedit was annexed– Read the works of the philosophes Read the works of the philosophes and educated himself in military mattersand educated himself in military matters

Napoleon: The First Napoleon: The First ConsulConsul

• Overthrows the DirectoryOverthrows the Directory– Creates the “________________”Creates the “________________”

• Theoretically a republic, but Napoleon had absolute powerTheoretically a republic, but Napoleon had absolute power

• Napoleon’s Domestic PoliciesNapoleon’s Domestic Policies– Make friends with the ChurchMake friends with the Church

• Papal agreement: Catholicism is major Papal agreement: Catholicism is major religion, church doesn’t ask for land backreligion, church doesn’t ask for land back

– Most famous achievement: _______________________Most famous achievement: _______________________• Included was the Civil, or Napoleonic, CodeIncluded was the Civil, or Napoleonic, Code

– Preserved most of the gains of the revolution by:Preserved most of the gains of the revolution by:• recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens

before the lawbefore the law• the right of the individual to choose a professionthe right of the individual to choose a profession• religious tolerationreligious toleration• the abolition of serfdomthe abolition of serfdom

– Powerful, centralized bureaucracy: advancement Powerful, centralized bureaucracy: advancement based on ABILITYbased on ABILITY

• Read p. 566-567Read p. 566-567– Take Notes in the Margin!Take Notes in the Margin!

The European The European ResponseResponse

• Napoleon thought his Napoleon thought his empire would last foreverempire would last forever– Two reasons contributed to its Two reasons contributed to its

collapse:collapse:• The Survival of The Survival of

______________________________________– Britain’s ___________ was unmatchedBritain’s ___________ was unmatched

• Napoleon couldn’t invadeNapoleon couldn’t invade

• The Force of _________________ (a The Force of _________________ (a unique cultural identity of a unique cultural identity of a people based on common people based on common language, religion, and national language, religion, and national symbols)symbols)

– France hated as oppressorsFrance hated as oppressors– Showed other nations what national Showed other nations what national

pride waspride was

The Fall of NapoleonThe Fall of Napoleon• The Invasion of RussiaThe Invasion of Russia

– Lead 600,000 men into RussiaLead 600,000 men into Russia• Needed a quick defeat, but Russians didn’t ___________!Needed a quick defeat, but Russians didn’t ___________!

– They ______________ for hundreds of miles, burning their own They ______________ for hundreds of miles, burning their own villages and countryside along the wayvillages and countryside along the way

– Why would they do this?Why would they do this?• Kept Napoleon’s forces from finding ____________!Kept Napoleon’s forces from finding ____________!

– Retreated all the way to Moscow (which was ablaze when Napoleon Retreated all the way to Moscow (which was ablaze when Napoleon got theregot there

• Lacking food and supplies Napoleon begins the Lacking food and supplies Napoleon begins the “_________________”“_________________”

• By now it was winter time…IN RUSSIABy now it was winter time…IN RUSSIA• Less than 40,000 of the 600,000 made it back to France in 1813Less than 40,000 of the 600,000 made it back to France in 1813

• End Result: Gave other nations _________ End Result: Gave other nations _________

to rise up and attack the crippled French Armyto rise up and attack the crippled French Army– Paris was captured in 1814Paris was captured in 1814

• Napoleon exiled to the island of ___________Napoleon exiled to the island of ___________

The Final DefeatThe Final Defeat• King Louis XVIII takes over, but King Louis XVIII takes over, but

has little supporthas little support– Napoleon escapes Elba and Napoleon escapes Elba and

returns to Francereturns to France• ______________________________________________________________• However, Napoleon convinced them However, Napoleon convinced them

to follow him!to follow him!– Returns to Paris triumphantly!Returns to Paris triumphantly!

• Powers that had defeated Powers that had defeated Napoleon pledge to remove Napoleon pledge to remove him againhim again– Napoleon attacks BelgiumNapoleon attacks Belgium

• At ___________ in Belgium on June 18, At ___________ in Belgium on June 18, 1815 Napoleon met a combined 1815 Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the British and Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington and suffered a Duke of Wellington and suffered a bloody defeatbloody defeat

– Napoleon exiled to __________________Napoleon exiled to __________________