1810–1830: nearly all colonies in America

became independent, creole-dominated countries

↑ CANADA—British to 1867

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• 1810–1822: much of Central & South America got independence from Spain– like United States (from Britain) in 1776

• United States: – asserted itself as dominant force

in the Western Hemisphere (still does)– wanted to keep Western Hemisphere from being

re-colonized by Europe– would stay out of European wars

(did until late in World War I)

crisis in Cuba• Cuba (colony) revolted

against Spain (empire)• U.S. intervened• U.S. battleship Maine

blew up in Havana harbor (Feb. 1898)– “Remember the Maine,

to hell with Spain!”

• U.S. newspapers– blamed Spain for explosion– got public support for a war

Spanish-American War (1898)

• U.S. had wanted to purchase or seize Cuba (Ostend Manifesto)

• U.S. saw Spain as:– European threat in Western Hemisphere

(Monroe Doctrine)– corrupt, incompetent, & bad for U.S. business

• U.S. Congress declared war on Spain• U.S. destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines• Spain gave Cuba independence• U.S. gained control of Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam

the U.S. in Cuba• Cuba– U.S. military occupation (1898–1902) – forced to allow U.S. interference (1902–1959)• U.S. investors (agriculture, factories)• U.S. naval bases (forever)

the U.S. in Cuba

• U.S. corporate investment, esp. sugar(Hershey’s, Coca-Cola, etc.)– U.S.-style corporate workplace– professionals, office workers, etc. immigrated from

the United States– Cubans treated as servants

• U.S. consumer goods imported• civic “re-education”– English language– U.S. values in Cuban classrooms

“At the beginning of 1959 United States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar lands, almost all the cattle ranches, 90 percent of the mines and mineral concessions, 80 percent of the utilities—practically all the oil industry—and supplied two-thirds of Cuba’s imports.”

—John F. Kennedy, campaigning in Cincinnati,

October 6, 1960

the U.S. as an imperial power

• Puerto Rico – U.S.-owned sugar plantations– U.S. colony (1898–1917)– territory = U.S. citizens (1917–now)

• Philippines– U.S. colony (1898–1935)– U.S. commonwealth (1935–1946)

• occupied by Japan in World War II• independent after war

“School Begins,” Puck (1898) UNCLE SAM: Now, children, you’ve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you,

and remember that in a little while, you will be as glad to be here as they are!

The blackboard in the background reads:

The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact....

England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not.

By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world’s civilization....

The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without the consent of the governed until they can govern themselves.

BLOG POST 20

• Post an observation about the “School Begins” picture from Puck in 1898. The teacher is Uncle Sam, who represents the United States. What is the relationship of Uncle Sam to any of the other people in the picture?

Panama Canal (1903)• U.S. forced Colombia to give up land for canal– trade & military purposes• U.S. build up of sea power• strong navy = strong country• advice of Alfred Mahan book,

The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

the U.S. in Latin America

• Roosevelt Corollary (to Monroe Doctrine) (1904)– U.S. intervention if Central & South American

countries faced political or financial or collapse– U.S. military and/or financial involvement

(1898–1941) in Central & South America– “dollar diplomacy”:

heavy U.S. financial investment instead of military occupation

– required a gold standard: amount of currency = amount of gold a country owned

the U.S. in Latin America (1898–1941)

country U.S. troops?

influence

Mexico military intervention (1914–1919)

Cuba quasi-colony (1898–1934)

Dominican Republic financial supervision (1905–1941)

Haiti financial supervision (1915–1941)

Puerto Rico won from Spain (1898)

Virgin Islands bought from Denmark (1917)

Venezuela (threat) protected from Germany during a debt crisis (1902)

Colombia Panama broken off for a canal (1903)

Nicaragua financial supervision (1911–1924)