18.3 ~18.3 ~ The United States & East The United States & East AsiaAsia

How did the United States extend its influence in Asia?

America’s decision to keep the America’s decision to keep the Philippines helped expand U.S. Philippines helped expand U.S. influence, compete with European influence, compete with European colonial powers, gain Asian markets, colonial powers, gain Asian markets, and extend American culture to the and extend American culture to the people of Asia. people of Asia.

Imperialism in East Asia brought greater Imperialism in East Asia brought greater power and wealth to Americans, but it power and wealth to Americans, but it also increased political tensions in Asia.also increased political tensions in Asia.

Following the Following the Spanish-Spanish-American American War, the War, the

United States United States decided to decided to

retain retain possession of possession of

the the Philippines.Philippines.

This angered Filipino This angered Filipino nationalists like nationalists like Emilio Emilio AguinaldoAguinaldo who had who had fought aside the Americans fought aside the Americans to oust Spain. to oust Spain.

Aguinaldo used Aguinaldo used guerrilla guerrilla warfare warfare (non-traditional warfare involving small bands of fighters that attacked behind American lines) in an organized in an organized insurrection insurrection (a rebellion) against theagainst theUnited States.United States.

The U.S. reacted withThe U.S. reacted with brutality and racismbrutality and racism. . Villages were burned Villages were burned and suspected and suspected “insurrectos” shot.“insurrectos” shot.

One commander, One commander, General Jacob Smith, General Jacob Smith, even told his men, even told his men, “the “the more you kill and burn, more you kill and burn, the better you will the better you will please me.”please me.”

Brutality was defended Brutality was defended in the American press in the American press with racist statementswith racist statements such as, such as, “they must “they must yield before the yield before the superior race.”superior race.”

The American military used extraordinary measures to crush the rebellion:

1901 - Americans captured Aguinaldo, 1901 - Americans captured Aguinaldo, which marked the beginning of the end which marked the beginning of the end

of the insurrection.of the insurrection.

The U.S. spent over $400 million to defeat The U.S. spent over $400 million to defeat the Filipino insurgency the Filipino insurgency

5,000 Americans were killed5,000 Americans were killed 200,000 Filipinos were killed 200,000 Filipinos were killed

In 1901 the insurrection ended and In 1901 the insurrection ended and William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft was appointed was appointed

governor of the Philippines. governor of the Philippines. Taft wanted to help the Philippines and gain

support of the Filipino people:1. He censored the press and jailed

dissidents2. He established a health care system3. He staffed schools4. He built roads and bridges5. He extended limited self-rule

1916 ~ Congress passed 1916 ~ Congress passed the the Jones ActJones Act

This act pledged that the Philippines This act pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their would ultimately gain their independenceindependence

By 1899 China had fallen By 1899 China had fallen into political, economic and into political, economic and

military disarray!military disarray! In 1899, China was being In 1899, China was being

exploited by European powers.exploited by European powers.

Britain, France, Germany, and RussiaBritain, France, Germany, and Russiaeach carved out each carved out spheres of influencespheres of influenceor zones in which they enjoyed specialor zones in which they enjoyed specialaccess to ports and marketsaccess to ports and markets

Japan also joined in and expanded its’ Japan also joined in and expanded its’ regional influence – grabbing territories regional influence – grabbing territories in China and Koreain China and Korea

American trade with China was now threatened because the U.S. did not have a “zone”

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced that the U.S. expected “equality of treatment for commerce in China.”

This Open Door Policy guided future U.S. actions.

In 1900, In 1900, Chinese secret societiesChinese secret societies began began attacking foreigners and missionaries.attacking foreigners and missionaries.

These secret societies celebrated traditional These secret societies celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized westerns ways, Chinese customs and criticized westerns ways,

including Christianityincluding Christianity

A violent Chinese secret society named A violent Chinese secret society named The The Righteous & Harmonious FistsRighteous & Harmonious Fists were were nicknamed the “nicknamed the “BoxersBoxers” because of their ” because of their martial arts training.martial arts training.

The Boxers killed foreign missionaries and The Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in BeijingBeijing

This was known as the This was known as the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

A multinational force from the U.S., A multinational force from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, put down this Europe, and Japan, put down this Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion..

The Chinese government was forced The Chinese government was forced to pay for damages done during the to pay for damages done during the rebellion.rebellion.

This raised nationalist anger and This raised nationalist anger and contributed to a 1911 revolt against contributed to a 1911 revolt against the Emperor.the Emperor.

It eventually took 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans, It eventually took 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans, like these marching through China’s Forbidden City, to like these marching through China’s Forbidden City, to

put down the Boxer Rebellion.put down the Boxer Rebellion.

Japan also opposed European interference in China, especially by Russia.

● In 1904, Japan attacked a Russian fleet at Port Arthur in China.

● Japan began to tale lands in Manchuria, which caused more that 100,000 Russian casualties

● The resulting Russo-Japanese War was resolved by Theodore Roosevelt at a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire with representatives from Japan and Russia.

● In 1905, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role, demonstrating America’s new stature in the world.

America entered into troubled relations with America entered into troubled relations with Japan.Japan.

Anti-Asian prejudice, especially on the West Coast, disrupted relations with Japan.

The San Francisco School Board banned Asian students from attending classes with white students, Japan was insulted.

President Roosevelt disapproved the segregation and understood why Japan was angry.

Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the school board removed the ban and in exchange, Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

President Roosevelt used diplomacy to ease President Roosevelt used diplomacy to ease tensions with Japan but he also promoted military tensions with Japan but he also promoted military preparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asiapreparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asia

He won congressional support for a He won congressional support for a new force of Navy shipsnew force of Navy ships

President Roosevelt reminded the world of President Roosevelt reminded the world of America’s rising military power by sending America’s rising military power by sending

the the Great White FleetGreat White Fleet of sixteen of sixteen battleships on a world cruise in 1907.battleships on a world cruise in 1907.