18599-1

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Date:2007 February

DIN V18599-1

Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part1: General balancing procedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation ofenergy carriers

Energetische Bewertung von Gebuden Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primrenergiebedarfs fr Heizung,Khlung, Lftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung Teil 1: Allgemeine Bilanzierungsverfahren, Begriffe,Zonierung und Bewertung der Energietrger

Supersedes DIN V 18599-1:2005-07

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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 6

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 7

2 Normative references....................................................................................................................... 8

3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units..................................................................................... 93.1 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................... 93.2 Symbols, units and subscripts...................................................................................................... 14

4 Relationship between the parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards............................ 194.1 Input parameters from other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards ....................... 194.2 Output parameters for other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards ....................... 22

5 Balance calculation ........................................................................................................................ 225.1 General............................................................................................................................................. 225.2 Requirements relating to the energy balance.............................................................................. 225.2.1 Zoning (partitioning) of the building............................................................................................. 235.2.2 Determining the energy needs for each zone.............................................................................. 235.2.3 Determining the energy needs for heating and cooling by iteration......................................... 235.2.4 Determining system losses, delivered and primary energy....................................................... 235.2.5 Times and periods.......................................................................................................................... 245.3 Energy need balance calculation.................................................................................................. 245.3.1 General............................................................................................................................................. 245.3.2 Energy need for lighting ................................................................................................................ 255.3.3 Energy needs for heating and cooling ......................................................................................... 255.3.4 Energy needs for air handling and ventilation of residential spaces........................................ 285.3.5 Energy need for domestic hot water............................................................................................. 305.4 Balances of energy losses due to control and emission, distribution and storage................ 305.4.1 Lighting............................................................................................................................................ 305.4.2 Heating (heating systems and HVAC heating function)............................................................. 305.4.3 Cooling (cooling system and HVAC cooling function)............................................................... 325.4.4 Humidification in HVAC systems.................................................................................................. 335.4.5 Ventilation of residential buildings............................................................................................... 335.4.6 Domestic hot water supply............................................................................................................ 345.4.7 Energy for other process heating or cooling requirements....................................................... 355.5 Balancing of delivered energy (energy use) ................................................................................ 355.5.1 Delivered energy for lighting......................................................................................................... 355.5.2 Delivered energy for heating and cooling and generation losses............................................. 355.5.3 Delivered auxiliary energy............................................................................................................. 385.5.4 Delivered energy, calculated according to energy carriers ....................................................... 395.6 Primary energy rating..................................................................................................................... 40

6 Zoning of buildings......................................................................................................................... 416.1 General description ........................................................................................................................ 426.2 Dividing a building into zones....................................................................................................... 436.2.1 Zoning step 1: Determining areas with the same usage ............................................................ 436.2.2 Zoning step 2: Application of additional zoning criteria ............................................................ 446.3 Serviced areas................................................................................................................................. 466.4 Determination of geometric parameters ...................................................................................... 46

7 Assignment of the balance components ..................................................................................... 467.1 General information........................................................................................................................ 477.2 Assignment rules............................................................................................................................ 487.2.1 Case 1: Serviced area and zone are identical.............................................................................. 487.2.2 Case 2: Several serviced areas in one zone ................................................................................ 487.2.3 Case 3: Several zones in one serviced area ................................................................................ 49

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8 Determination of system boundaries, areas and volumes .........................................................498.1 Reference dimensions for determining the thermal envelope area and the gross

volume..............................................................................................................................................508.1.1 Floor plans (horizontal dimensions) .............................................................................................508.1.2 Sections (vertical dimensions) ......................................................................................................50

8.2 Other reference dimensions...........................................................................................................518.2.1 Energy reference area.....................................................................................................................518.2.2 Storey height....................................................................................................................................518.2.3 Air volume........................................................................................................................................528.2.4 Characteristic length and width.....................................................................................................528.3 Input parameters for balance calculation .....................................................................................52

9 Balance calculation approach........................................................................................................529.1 General case ....................................................................................................................................539.2 Residential buildings ......................................................................................................................559.3 Accuracy of the calculations..........................................................................................................56

Annex A (normative) Primary energy factors ............................................................................................58A.1 General .............................................................................................................................................58

A.2 Boundary conditions for default values........................................................................................58A.3 Calculation of the primary energy factor of area heating and district heating systems .........59

Annex B (normative) Conversion of the energy content of energy carriers ..........................................62B.1 Default values ..................................................................................................................................62B.2 Deviation from default values ........................................................................................................62

Annex C (normative) Provisions relating to calculation methods for cogeneration .............................63C.1 General .............................................................................................................................................63C.2 Determination of power ..................................................................................................................63C.3 Further provisions for selected heat generators .........................................................................63

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................66

Figures

Figure 1 Overview of the parts of DIN V 18599...........................................................................................7

Figure 2 Content and scope of DIN V 18599-1 (schematic diagram)..........................................................8

Figure 3 Subscript system .........................................................................................................................17

Figure 4 Example of zoning.......................................................................................................................42

Figure 5 Building used as an example for assignment..............................................................................47

Figure 6 Reference dimensions (floor plan)...............................................................................................50

Figure 7 Reference dimensions (sectional view).......................................................................................51

Figure 8 Relationships within the balance as calculated according to the DIN V 18599 series General example ...............................................................................................................................53

Figure 9 Relationships within the balance as calculated according to the DIN V 18599 series Residential buildings..........................................................................................................................55

Figure A.1 Method of determining balances of district heating systems ...................................................60

Tables

Table 1 Symbols and units.........................................................................................................................15

Table 2 Subscripts .....................................................................................................................................15

Table 3 Subscript and designation system................................................................................................18

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Table 4 Heat sources and heat sinks........................................................................................................ 26

Table 5 Additional zoning criteria.............................................................................................................. 44

Table 6 Zoning criteria for cooling energy balances ................................................................................. 45

Table A.1 Primary energy factors.............................................................................................................. 59

Table B.1 Conversion factors, as a function of energy carrier.................................................................. 62

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Foreword

This prestandard has been prepared by DIN Joint Committee NA 005-56-20 GA Energetische Bewertung vonGebuden of the Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee), whichalso lead-managed the work, and Normenausschuss Heiz- und Raumlufttechnik (Heating and VentilationStandards Committee) with the co-operation of the Normenausschuss Lichttechnik (Lighting TechnologyStandards Committee).

A prestandard is a standard which cannot be given full status, either because certain reservations still exist asto its content, or because the manner of its preparation deviates in some way from the normal procedure.

No draft of the present prestandard has been published.

Comments on experience with this prestandard should be sent:

preferably by e-mail containing a table of the data, to [email protected]. A template for this table is providedon the Internet under the URL http://www.din.de/stellungnahme;

or as hard-copy to Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V.,10772 Berlin, Germany (office address: Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany).

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs,delivered energy and primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting consistsof the following parts:

Part 1: General balancing procedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation of energy carriers

Part 2: Energy needs for heating and cooling of building zones

Part 3: Energy need for air conditioning

Part 4: Energy need and delivered energy for lighting

Part 5: Delivered energy for heating systems

Part 6: Delivered energy for ventilation systems and air heating systems for residential buildings

Part 7: Delivered energy for air handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential buildings

Part 8: Energy need and delivered energy for domestic hot water systems

Part 9: Delivered and primary energy for combined heat and power plants

Part 10: Boundary conditions of use, climatic data

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards provides a methodology for assessing the overall energy efficiency ofbuildings. The calculations enable all energy quantities required for the purpose of heating, domestic hot waterheating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting of buildings to be assessed.

In the described procedures, the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards also takes into account the interactiveeffects of energy flows and points out the related consequences for planning work. In addition to thecalculation procedures, the use- and operation-related boundary conditions for an unbiased assessment (i.e.

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independent of the behaviour of individual users and of the local climatic data) to determine the energy needsare specified.

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards is suitable for determining the long-term energy needs of buildings orparts of buildings as well as for assessing the possible use of renewable sources of energy in buildings. The

procedure is designed both for buildings yet to be constructed and for existing buildings, and for retrofitmeasures for existing buildings.

Amendments

This prestandard differs from DIN V 18599-1:2005-07 in that it has been revised in form and content.

Previous edition

DIN V 18599-1: 2005-07

Introduction

When an energy balance is calculated in accordance with the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards, anintegrative approach is taken, i.e. the building, the use of the building, and the buildings technical installationsand equipment are assessed together, taking the interaction of these factors into consideration. In order toprovide a clearer structure, the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards is divided into several parts, each havinga particular focus. Figure 1 provides an overview of the topics dealt with in the individual parts of the series.

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Figure 1 Overview of the parts of DIN V 18599

1 Scope

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards provides a methodology for calculating the overall energy balance ofbuildings. The described algorithm is applicable to the calculation of energy balances for:

residential buildings and non-residential buildings;

planned or new building construction and existing buildings.

The procedure for calculating the balances is suitable for:

balancing the energy use of buildings with partially pre-determined boundary conditions;

balancing the energy use of buildings with freely-selectable boundary conditions from the generalengineering aspect, e.g. with the objective of achieving a good comparison between calculated andmeasured energy ratings.

The balance calculations take into account the energy use for:

heating,

ventilation,

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air conditioning (including cooling and humidification),

heating the domestic hot water supply, and

lighting

of buildings, including the additional electric power input (auxiliary energy) which is directly related to theenergy supply.

This document provides an overview of the procedures for calculating the energy need, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, lighting and the domestic hot water supply of buildings. The centralbalance equations are described in this part.

Furthermore, it explains the general terms which apply for all parts of the DIN V 18599 series. The generalbalance calculation method is outlined together with separate information on calculations for residentialbuildings and non-residential buildings. The procedure for defining zones of buildings is explained. In theAnnex, factors for assessing the environmental effects of the energy use (primary energy factors) are listed.

Figure 2 shows the scope of the present document as a diagram. For the readers orientation, all other partsof the DIN V 18599 series contain an illustration similar to Figure 2 as shown here and in which the respectiveenergy components dealt with are shown in colour.

Figure 2 Content and scope of DIN V 18599-1

(schematic diagram)

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments) applies.

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DIN V 18599-2, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 2: Energy needs forheating and cooling of building zones

DIN V 18599-3, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy and

primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 3: Energy need for airconditioning

DIN V 18599-4, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 4: Energy need anddelivered energy for lighting

DIN V 18599-5, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 5: Delivered energy forheating systems

DIN V 18599-6, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 6: Delivered energy for

ventilation systems and air heating systems for residential buildings

DIN V 18599-7, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 7: Delivered energy forair handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential buildings

DIN V 18599-8:2005-07, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energyand primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 8: Energy needand delivered energy for domestic hot water systems

DIN V 18599-9, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 9: Delivered andprimary energy for combined heat and power plants

DIN V 18599-10, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water Part 10: Boundary conditions of use,climatic data

DIN 277-1,Areas and volumes of buildings Part 1: Terminology, bases of calculation

DIN EN ISO 13789, Thermal performance of buildings Transmission heat loss coefficient Calculationmethod

ISO 13600, Technical energy systems Basic concepts

Directive 2004/8/EC on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energymarket and amending Directive 92/42/EEC

Energieeinsparverordnung(EnEV) (German Energy Saving Ordinance) 2002/2004

3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

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3.1.1

primary energycalculated quantity of energy, taking into account the energy required outside of the building by the precedingprocess chains for obtaining, converting and distributing the respective fuels used, in addition to the energycontent of the required fuel and the auxiliary energy for the technical building installations

3.1.2+

delivered energy (energy use in this document)calculated quantity of energy delivered to the technical building installations (heating system, ventilation andair conditioning system, domestic hot water system, lighting system) in order to ensure the specified roomtemperature, heat the domestic hot water and ensure the desired lighting quality throughout the entire year

NOTE This energy includes the auxiliary energy required to operate the technical building installations. The deliveredenergy is transferred at the interface constituted by the external building envelope and thus represents the amount ofenergy which the connected load requires in order to use the building for its intended purpose under standardizedboundary conditions. Against this background, the energy use is expressed individually for each energy carrier.

3.1.3

energy needscollective term for the energy needs for heating, cooling, domestic hot water, lighting and humidification

3.1.4

energy need for heatingcalculated heat energy required in order to maintain the specified thermal room conditions within a buildingzone during the heating period

3.1.5

energy need for coolingcalculated cooling energy required in order to maintain the specified thermal room conditions within a buildingzone during periods in which the sources of heat generate more energy than is required

3.1.6

energy need for lightingcalculated energy required to illuminate a building zone with the quality of lighting specified in the usageprofile

3.1.7

energy need for domestic hot watercalculated energy required to supply a building zone with the amount of domestic hot water at the requiredsupply temperature specified in the usage profile

3.1.8

energy carrier

substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work, radiation or heat or to operatechemical or physical processes

NOTE See ISO 13600.

3.1.9

energy efficiency (energy performance)evaluation of the energy quality of buildings by comparing calculated energy ratings against standard energyratings (i.e. with economically viable energy ratings from comparable new or renovated buildings) or bycomparing measured energy ratings against comparable values (i.e. with mean measured energy ratings frombuildings with comparable types of usage)

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3.1.10

conditioninggeneration of defined conditions in spaces due to heating, cooling, ventilation, humidification, lighting anddomestic hot water supply

NOTE Conditioning aims to meet requirements relating to the room temperature, fresh air supply, light, humidityand/or domestic hot water.

3.1.11

conditioned spacespace and/or enclosure which is heated and/or cooled to a defined set-point temperature and/or humidifiedand/or illuminated and/or provided with ventilation and/or domestic hot water

NOTE Zones are conditioned spaces having at least one mode of conditioning. Spaces which have no form ofconditioning are called unconditioned spaces.

3.1.12zone

basic unit of space for calculating energy balances

NOTE 1 A zone is a cumulative term for a section of the floor area or certain part of a building having uniform boundaryconditions of use and which does not exhibit any relevant differences in the mode of conditioning and other zone criteria.

NOTE 2 DIN V 18599-10 contains a compilation of boundary conditions of use. Zone criteria are explained in 6.2.2.

3.1.13building services

technical building systems providing internal climate condition services

NOTE 1 This document deals with heating, cooling, domestic hot water supply, ventilation, humidification and lighting.A building service may include more than one technical building system.

NOTE 2 For example, the domestic hot water supply service includes both central and decentralized systems.Appropriate part-balances are assigned to each of the building services.

3.1.14serviced areaarea comprising all those parts of a building which are served by the same technical building system

NOTE A serviced area (heating, domestic hot water, ventilation, cooling, lighting etc.) can cover several zones; asingle zone may also include more than one serviced area.

In keeping with the rules for calculating individual part-balances, it may be necessary to determine the energy use of anindividual serviced area. The energy values determined for the serviced area are then distributed over the individualbuilding zones as explained in 7.2.

3.1.15system boundary

outer delimitation of a zone

NOTE Rules for determining system boundaries are given in clause 8.

3.1.16envelope or thermal envelope areaouter delimitation of each zone

NOTE 1 The envelope or thermal envelope area is the boundary between conditioned spaces and the external air, theground or unconditioned spaces. The cooled or heated spaces will lose heat or gain heat via this surface and, for this

reason, it can be also called the thermal envelope area. Spaces which are not heated or cooled, but which have other

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forms of conditioning (e.g. lighting, ventilation) also have specific envelopes, but these do not contribute to heat transfer.For simplification, the designations envelope and thermal envelope area are used synonymously.

NOTE 2 The envelope or thermal envelope area is formed by a material boundary, usually by the outer facade, internalsurfaces, basement ceiling, ceiling of the top storey or by the roof. Rules for delimiting envelopes are described in 8.1.

3.1.17net floor area, reference areausable floor area within the conditioned volume of the building

NOTE The net floor area (ANGF) is used as the reference area.

3.1.18gross volume, external volume(Ve)volume of a building or of a building zone as calculated on the basis of external dimensions

NOTE 1 This volume includes, at least, all the spaces in a building or zone which are directly or, since they areinterconnected, indirectly conditioned as required for their function.

NOTE 2 Rules for determining the gross volume are given in 8.1.

3.1.19net volume, air volumeV(internal volume)volume which undergoes air interchange within a conditioned zone or within an entire building

NOTE 1 The net volume is determined on the basis of the internal dimensions, i.e. the volume of the building structureitself is not included.

NOTE 2 The net volume is calculated by multiplying the net floor area by the clear ceiling height. The clear ceilingheight is the difference in height between the upper face of the floor and the lower face of the storey floor above orsuspended ceiling. As an estimate, (if no internal measurements are taken, for instance) the net volume is calculated

using the equation V= 0,8

Ve, with Ve being the gross volume (external volume).

3.1.20internal set-point temperaturespecified felt temperature, as a function of the usage profile, inside a building or a zone. It represents the set-point of the room temperature when the heating or cooling system is in operation

NOTE Usually, different set-point temperatures are assumed for heating and for cooling, respectively.

3.1.21reference internal temperaturemean internal temperature of a building or a building zone on which the calculations of the energy needs forheating and cooling are based. Also the mean temperature based on heating patterns with limited heating in

certain sections or at certain times and, where the energy need for cooling is to be calculated, taking intoaccount the permitted temperature variations

NOTE Different temperature values are usually assumed for heating and for cooling, respectively.

3.1.22external temperaturetemperature of the external air, which is determined by meteorological measurement and evaluation and istaken as a basis for the calculations

3.1.23heat sinkquantity of heat drawn out of the building zone

NOTE This does not include heat removed by means of the cooling system.

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3.1.24heat sourcequantity of heat with temperatures above the internal temperature, which is fed into the building zone or whichis generated inside the building zone

NOTE This does not include controlled heat energy input via the technical building systems (heating, ventilation) inorder to maintain the internal temperature.

3.1.25utilization factorfactor by which the total input from the monthly or annually active heat sources is reduced in order todetermine the usable portion of the heat from the respective sources

3.1.26air change rateair flow per unit volume

3.1.27

system losseslosses (heat losses, cooling losses) occurring in subsystems between the energy need and the energy use, i.e.losses occurring due to control and emission, distribution, storage and generation

NOTE Where such system losses occur within the conditioned spaces, they are considered to be part of the heatsources or heat sinks.

3.1.28renewable energyenergy from sources which will not be depleted within the foreseeable existence of the human race (e.g. solarenergy (thermal, photovoltaic and for lighting purposes), wind, water and energy from biomass)

3.1.29

calculation periodperiod for which the balance of relevant energy flows in a building is calculated

NOTE The period for calculating the delivered energy and primary energy use is one year; periods of one month orone day can be used for calculating partial energy values.

3.1.30auxiliary energyenergy required by heating, cooling, domestic hot water heating, air conditioning (including ventilation) andlighting systems in order to support energy transformation to satisfy energy needs

NOTE This includes the energy required by pumps, fans, controls, electronics etc., but not the transformed energy.

3.1.31energy contentamount of thermal energy which is output by complete combustion of a specific quantity of fuel at a constantpressure of 101 320 Pa

NOTE When expressed as the gross calorific value, the energy content includes the latent heat liberated bycondensation of water vapour. The net calorific value does not include this latent heat.

3.1.32product datamanufacturer-specific data on the basis of

a declaration of conformity to harmonized European specifications or corresponding European directives,or

a declaration of conformity to generally recognized technical standards, or

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a building-inspectorate certificate of usability

that is suitable for this calculation procedure

3.1.33default value

data which can be used for the calculation if no suitable product data are available for the calculationprocedure

3.2 Symbols, units and subscripts

This document provides an overview of symbols, subscripts and units which are generally used to calculatethe energy balances of buildings within the framework of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards. Theparameters described apply to all parts of the series. Other symbols and, in particular, subscripts which areused specifically for individual building services are listed in the other parts of the series.

Table 1 contains an overview of important symbols which are generally applicable to the overall balancedescribed in the DIN V 18599 series. Table 2 lists the subscripts which are used in all balance calculations.

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Table 1 Symbols and units

MeaningSymbol

German English

Common

unit

f Faktor factor

Q Energie energy kWh/a

Nutzungsgrad, Effizienz, Ausnutzungperformance ratio, efficiency,utilization factor

t Zeit, Zeitperiode, Stunden time, time period, hours h, h/a

d Zeit, Zeitperiode, Tage time, time period, days d, d/a

A Flche area m2

h Hhe height mV Volumen volume m3

V& Volumenstrom volume flow rate m3/h

Leistung, Energiestrompower, energy output, energy flowrate

W

Lichtstrom luminous flux lm

Differenz difference

L Lnge length m

Breite width m

n Luftwechsel air change rate h1

Quellen/Senken-Verhltnis source/sink ratio

Celsiustemperatur Celsius temperature C

Table 2 SubscriptsMeaning

IndexGerman English

p Primr- primary

f End- delivered

b Nutzenergiebedarf im Gebude building energy needs

aux Hilfs- auxiliary

h Heizung, Raumheizsystem (space) heating system

h* RLT-Heizfunktion, Wrmeversorgung der RLT-AnlageHVAC heating function, heating energysupply for the air conditioning system

c Khlung, Raumkhlsystem(space) cooling system, roomconditioning system

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Table 2 (continued)

MeaningIndex

German English

c* RLT-Khlfunktion, Klteversorgung der RLT-Anlage HVAC cooling function, cooling energysupply for the air conditioning system

m* Befeuchtung humidification

w Trinkwarmwassersystem domestic hot water system

l Beleuchtungssystem lighting system

v Lftungssystem ventilation system

vhRLT-Lftungssystem (warm, als Wrmequellewirksam)

a-c ventilation system (heating)

vc RLT-Lftungssystem (kalt, als Wrmesenke wirksam) a-c ventilation system (cooling)

rv Wohnungslftungssystem residential ventilation system

ce Verluste der bergabe control and emission losses

d Verluste der Verteilung distribution losses

s Verluste der Speicherung storage losses

g Verluste der Erzeugung generation losses

outg Nutzenergieabgabe des Erzeugers (ce+d+s)(net) energy output of generator(ce+d+s)

tech Technische Verluste (ce+d+s+g) system losses (ce+d+s+g)

reg regenerative Energien regenerative (recoverable) energy

T Transmission transmission

V Lftung ventilation

S Solar solar

I innere internal

i innen indoor, internal

e uere outdoor, external

j, k Index subscript

a Jahr, jhrlich year, annual

mth Monat, monatlich month, monthly

day Tag, tglich day, daily

NGF Nettogrundflche net floor area

CHP Kraft-Wrme-Kopplungcombined heat and power,cogeneration

Figure 3 and Table 3 show the system of subscripts used for designating the energy quantities in the balances.

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Figure 3 Subscript system

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Table 3 Subscript and designation system

Buildingenergyneed

Controland

emissionDistribution Storage

Generatorheat / cool-ing energyoutput to

network

Generation

Deliveredenergy

Energy needfor lighting

Deliveredenergy for

lightingLighting

Ql,b Ql,f

Energy needfor heating

Control andemissionlosses ofheatingsystem

Distributionlosses ofheatingsystem

Storagelosses ofheatingsystem

Generatorheat output to

heatingsystem

Generationlosses ofheatingsystem

Deliveredenergy for

heatingsystem

Heatingsystem

Qh,b Qh,ce Qh,d Qh,s Qh,outg Qh,g Qh,f

Energy needfor cooling

Control and

emissionlosses ofcoolingsystem

Distribution

losses ofcoolingsystem

Storage


Generator

coolingenergy outputto coolingsystem

Generation


Delivered

energy forcoolingsystem

Coolingsystem

Qc,b Qc,ce Qc,d Qc,s Qc,outg Qc,g Qc,f

Net heat ofair

conditioning

Control andemissionlosses ofa -c venti-

lationsystem

Distributionlosses of a-cventilation

system

a-c

ventila-tionsystem(heating)

Qvh,b Qvh,ce Qvh,d

Net coolingenergy of airconditioning

Control and

emissionlosses ofa-c venti

-lationsystem

Distributionlosses of a-cventilation

system

a-cventila-tion sys-tem(cooling)

Qvc,b Qvc,ce Qvc,d

Energy needfor heating

coil

Control andemissionlosses of

HVACheatingfunction

Distributionlosses of

HVAC heatingfunction

Storagelosses of

HVACheatingfunction

Generatorheat outputfor HVACheatingfunction

Generationlosses of

HVACheatingfunction

Deliveredenergy for

HVACheatingfunction

HVACheatingfunction

Qh*,b Qh*,ce Qh*,d Qh*,s Qh*,outg Qh*,g Qh*,f

Energy needfor cooling

coil


HVACcoolingfunction


HVAC coolingfunction

Storagelosses of

HVACcoolingfunction

Generatorcooling

energy outputfor

HVAC coolingfunction

Generationlosses of

HVACcoolingfunction

Deliveredenergy for

HVACcoolingfunction

HVACcoolingfunction

Qc*,b Qc*,ce Qc*,d Qc*,s Qc*,outg Qc*,g Qc*,f

Energy needfor humidifi-

cation

Control andemissionlosses ofhumidifi-cation


humidification

Generatorheat energyoutput for

humidification

Generationlosses ofhumidifi-cation

Deliveredenergy forhumidifi-cation

Humidifi-cation

Qm*,b Qm*,ce Qm*,d Qm*,outg Qm*,g Qm*,f

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Table 3 (concluded)

Buildingenergyneed

Control andemission

Distribution Storage

Heat /cooling

energyoutput ofgenerator

to thenetwork

GenerationDelivered

energy

Energy needfor

residentialventilation

system



system



system

Storagelosses of


system

Generatorheat output

to residentialventilation

system

Generationlosses of


system

Deliveredenergy forresidentialventilation

system

Ventila-tion sys-tems forresiden-tial build-ings

Qrv,b Qrv,ce Qrv,d Qrv,s Qrv,outg Qrv,g Qrv,f

Energy needfor domestic

hot water

Control and

emissionlosses of

domestic hotwater

Distributionlosses ofdomestic hot

water

Storagelosses fordomestic hot

water

Generator

heat energyoutput for

domestic hotwater

Generationlosses ofdomestic hot

water

Deliveredenergy fordomestic hot

water

Domes-tic hotwatersupply

Qw,b Qw,ce Qw,d Qw,s Qw,outg Qw,g Qw,f

4 Relationship between the parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

The following two subclauses:

summarize the input parameters to be used in this document,

provide an overview of how the part-balances calculated using the method explained here are applied inother parts of the DIN V 18599 series.

For simplification, neither the parameters nor the reasons why the data are needed in other calculations areexplained here.

Where input parameters are not taken from other parts of the DIN V 18599 series but are compiled for aspecific project the following applies:

where professional planning documentation is available, the values given in such documentation (e.g.energy requirement values, output of equipment, operating times) are to be given preference over theguideline values given in this document;

when calculating the energy balances of existing buildings, the values already available shall be taken asa basis.

4.1 Input parameters from other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

In order to calculate the delivered energy and primary energy balance, the following parameters (in orderaccording to sources) from the other parts of the DIN V 18599 series are required:

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Meaning Symbol Source

Energy need for heating Qh,b see DIN V 18599-2

Energy need for cooling Qc,b see DIN V 18599-2

Net heat of air conditioning Qvh,b see DIN V 18599-3

Net cooling energy of air conditioning Qvc,b see DIN V 18599-3

Energy need for humidification Qm*,b see DIN V 18599-3

Auxiliary energy for air transport Qv,aux see DIN V 18599-3

Energy need for lighting Ql,b see DIN V 18599-4

Auxiliary energy for lighting Ql,aux see DIN V 18599-4

Control and emission losses of the heating system Qh,ce see DIN V 18599-5

Distribution losses of the heating system Qh,d

see DIN V 18599-5

Storage losses of the heating system Qh,s see DIN V 18599-5

Generation losses of the heating system Qh,g/Qh*,g see DIN V 18599-5

Regenerative energy used for the heating system1) Qh,reg/Qh*,reg see DIN V 18599-5

Auxiliary energy for the heating system Qh,aux see DIN V 18599-5

Auxiliary energy for providing heat for the HVAC system Qh*,aux see DIN V 18599-5

Energy need of the residential ventilation system Qrv,b see DIN V 18599-6

Control and emission losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,ce see DIN V 18599-6

Distribution losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,d see DIN V 18599-6

Storage losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,s see DIN V 18599-6

Generation losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,g see DIN V 18599-6

Regenerative energy used for the residential ventilationsystem1)

Qrv,reg see DIN V 18599-6

Auxiliary energy for air transport Qv,aux see DIN V 18599-6

Control and emission losses of the HVAC ventilation system Qvh,ce/Qvc,ce see DIN V 18599-7

Distribution losses of the HVAC ventilation system Qvh,d/Qvc,d see DIN V 18599-7

Control and emission losses of the HVAC heating function Qh*,ce see DIN V 18599-7

Distribution losses of the HVAC heating function Qh*,d see DIN V 18599-7

Storage losses of the HVAC heating function Qh*,s see DIN V 18599-7

Control and emission losses of the cooling system Qc,ce see DIN V 18599-7

Distribution losses of the cooling system Qc,d see DIN V 18599-7

1) The regenerative energy includes energy recovered from extract air, solar energy gains, eco-energy etc. The solarcomponent may be identified by the special subscript sol in individual parts of the DIN V 18599 series.

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Storage losses of the cooling system Qc,s see DIN V 18599-7

Control and emission losses of the HVAC cooling function Qc*,ce see DIN V 18599-7

Distribution losses of the HVAC cooling function Qc*,d see DIN V 18599-7

Storage losses of the HVAC cooling function Qc*,s see DIN V 18599-7

Control and emission losses of humidification Qm*,ce see DIN V 18599-7

Distribution losses of humidification Qm*,d see DIN V 18599-7

Generation losses of the cooling system Qc,g/Qc*,g see DIN V 18599-7

Regenerative energy used for the cooling system1) Qc,reg/Qc*,reg see DIN V 18599-7

Generation losses of humidification Qm*,g see DIN V 18599-7

Regenerative energy used for humidification1) Qm*,reg see DIN V 18599-7

Auxiliary energy for the cooling systemQ

c,aux

see DIN V 18599-7 Auxiliary energy for cooling in the HVAC system Qc*,aux see DIN V 18599-7

Auxiliary energy for humidification in the HVAC system Qm*,aux see DIN V 18599-7

Energy need for domestic hot water Qw,b see DIN V 18599-8

Control and emission losses of the domestic hot water system Qw,ce see DIN V 18599-8

Distribution losses of the domestic hot water system Qw,d see DIN V 18599-8

Storage losses of the domestic hot water system Qw,s see DIN V 18599-8

Generation losses of the domestic hot water system Qw,g see DIN V 18599-8

Regenerative energy used for the domestic hot water system1) Qw,reg see DIN V 18599-8

Auxiliary energy for the domestic hot water supply Qw,aux see DIN V 18599-8

Auxiliary energy for the heating system Qh,aux see DIN V 18599-9

The following are needed for calculating primary energy factors which deviate from default values:

Meaning Symbol Source

Delivered energy of the energy carriers used to generate heat orelectricity, measured at the place of delivery, on the basis of the net

calorific value

Qf,i Utility, suppliercompany

Electrical energy produced by cogeneration as defined in Annex II ofDirective 2004/8/EC

ECHP Utility, suppliercompany

External heat energy delivery to the district heating system QCHP,ext Utility, suppliercompany

Primary energy factor of the external heat delivery fP,CHP,ext Utility, suppliercompany

Electric power losses of external cogeneration plant ECHP,ext Utility, suppliercompany

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Efficiency of the external (delivering) heating network HN Utility, suppliercompany

4.2 Output parameters for other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

Meaning Symbol Used in Width of building B see DIN V 18599-5

DIN V 18599-8

Length of building L see DIN V 18599-5DIN V 18599-8

Storey height hG see DIN V 18599-5DIN V 18599-8

Number of heated storeys nG see DIN V 18599-5DIN V 18599-8

Ratio of gross calorific value to net calorific value fHs/Hi see DIN V 18599-5

DIN V 18599-8

Primary energy factor fp see DIN V 18599-9

Energy need for heating Qh,b see DIN V 18599-5

Generator heat output to the heating system Qh,outg see DIN V 18599-9

Generator heat output for the HVAC heating function Qh*,outg see DIN V 18599-9

Generator heat output for domestic hot water Qw,outg see DIN V 18599-9

Generator heat output to the residential ventilation system Qrv,outg see DIN V 18599-9

5 Balance calculation

5.1 General

In the following, the calculations for determining the energy balance of a building are described and specifiedusing generally applicable equations. This description is of a generalized nature, i.e. it includes all areas. Forresidential buildings, certain steps of the calculations can be omitted in some cases (e.g. those for lighting orroom conditioning).

Prior to determining the energy balance a building is divided into zones. Areas are grouped together intozones where they have the same type of use and there are no significant differences in the mode ofconditioning or other zone criteria. The zoning of buildings and the associated zone criteria are described inclause 6.

5.2 Requirements relating to the energy balance

The principle of the energy balance is described in the following in terms of the energy needs, deliveredenergy and primary energy for all types of conditioning or all types of building service (heating, cooling,ventilation humidification, lighting and domestic hot water supply).

Each balance of energy flows follows the same procedure. The delivered energy is calculated from the energy

needs of the building and the system losses due to control and emission, distribution and storage and thelosses due to energy generation for the individual conditioning modes. The primary energy is calculated from

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the delivered energy, with the delivered energy being evaluated per energy carrier using factors relating to itsenvironmental performance.

In the following, each step of the calculation is described only once. When using calculations in actualconditions, however, individual steps may need to be used several times. A typical example would be if

different zones of a building were assessed (e.g. personal offices and ancillary rooms in an administrativebuilding). Other calculation steps need not be carried out if the building does not contain a specific buildingservice (e.g. cooling in a school, domestic hot water supply in industrial plant, etc.).

5.2.1 Zoning (partitioning) of the building

The building shall be divided into zones (partitioned) prior to carrying out the actual balance calculations. Allrelevant characteristics are determined once for each zone. The most important characteristics of a zone arethe same use and the same mode of conditioning in all the spaces it comprises. Zoning and criteria fordividing buildings into zones are described in clause 6.

5.2.2 Determining the energy needs for each zone

The energy needs (for heating, cooling,ventilation humidification, lighting and domestic hot water) are to bedetermined separately for each zone of a building. For heating and cooling this is done by comparing the heatsources and heat sinks in the relevant zone. One reason why prior zoning of a building is necessary is that, incomplex buildings, heat sources and heat sinks differ depending on their location in the building. However,only those spaces that are assumed to have similar heat sources and heat sinks are grouped together intoany one zone.

5.2.3 Determining the energy needs for heating and cooling by iteration

The energy needs for heating and cooling are determined by an iterative method. Since calculation of energyneeds requires all heat sinks to be compared with all heat sources, these shall first be calculated in full. Themagnitude of heat sources and heat sinks depends on the conditions associated with the building and its use.

Most parts of the balance can be determined once-off without iteration (e.g. internal heat sources due topersons (metabolic heat), transmission, ventilation, solar heat sources, etc.). The heat sources and heat sinksassociated with the heating system (e.g. heat gains from heating distribution pipes) are themselves dependenton the building energy needs, however. But since the building energy needs are the objective of thecomparison of heat sources and heat sinks, iteration is necessary. The procedure is described in 5.3.3.

5.2.4 Determining system losses, delivered energy and primary energy

Provided more than one technical building system exists, the energy need calculated for each zone is dividedup among these. To the energy need are added the system losses due to control and emission, distributionand storage for all building systems. This gives the quantity of energy to be supplied by the heat generator(s).

The heat generator(s) is (are) then assessed. This consists in determining the generator thermal losses,taking into consideration any regenerative energy.

The last two steps consist in determining the delivered input energy required for the heat generators and theprimary energy evaluation of the delivered energy. The delivered and primary energy balances also containthe electrical auxiliary energy used.

If a technical building system supplies more than one zone (e.g. a central refrigeration plant or a centralheating plant serving the whole building), or if there is more than one system per building service for eachzone (e.g. central and decentralized domestic hot water supply in a canteen), the characteristic values foreach area served by this building service are to be determined once and then distributed over the zones. Theprocedure is described in clause 7.

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5.2.5 Times and periods

Delivered energy or primary energy balances are calculated for a one-year period. The part-balances may becalculated for shorter periods, e.g. by day or by month.

Characteristic values are indicated as follows:

one-day period: subscript day;

one-month period: subscript mth or no subscript;

one-year period: subscript a.

For all parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards, the following equation applies when calculatingannual energy characteristic values:

=

=12

1jmth,a

j

QQ (1)

where

Qa is the respective annual energy characteristic value;

Qmth is the respective monthly energy characteristic value.

Equations (2) to (24) can be used for different time frames. The balance can be on either a monthly or anannual basis.

NOTE The additional identification of the periods by the subscripts mth (for month) or a (for annual) is omitted for

the sake of simplicity.

5.3 Energy need balance calculation

5.3.1 General

The first step is to determine the energy needs which result directly from the conditions of use and which haveto be provided by each building service. The following are classed as forms of energy need:

energy need for lighting, i.e. the electrical energy required to ensure adequate lighting of the building orthe building zone;

energy need for heating, i.e. that quantity of supplementary heat which is fed to the building or the zone ina (demand-) controlled manner in order to maintain the internal set-point temperature;

energy need for cooling, i.e. that quantity of supplementary cooling energy which is fed to the building orthe zone in a (demand-) controlled manner in order to maintain the internal set-point temperature;

energy need for air conditioning, i.e. that amount of energy which has to be transferred to or from aventilation and air conditioning (VAC) system for heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification inorder to maintain the required air quality;

energy need for domestic hot water, i.e. that energy which is actually contained in the hot water drawnfrom the taps in the building or building zone (using the cold-water temperature as a reference quantity).

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Air conditioning in this context comprises the handling of external air drawn in until it achieves a specifiedsupply air quality under a control method which is not dependent on the current demand in the building zone(central system). The balanced energy needs for heating and cooling in a building zone is the additionaldemand which has to be met by reheating/recooling the air, by increasing the air throughput or by othermeans of heating or cooling in order to maintain the internal set-point temperature.

In buildings with ventilation and air conditioning systems, the calculated energy needs for heating and coolingin the building zone are assigned to various components of the heating and cooling system, depending on thetype of system. The energy need for heating and the energy need for cooling are thus divided up amongdifferent building systems (e.g. cooling by means of both an air handling unit and a cooled ceiling).

The energy need for heating and the energy need for cooling can also be divided up in buildings or buildingzones which have no ventilation and air conditioning system if these contain different heating and/or coolingsystems operated in parallel (e.g. heating by means of underfloor heating and radiators).

5.3.2 Energy need for lighting

The energy need for lighting Ql,b is the quantity of energy required to ensure adequate lighting of the building

or the building zone by artificial means. The space for which the balance is calculated is the zone in which therespective lighting quality is required.

Additional energy used which is not directly associated with the actual lighting function, such as energy usedby control equipment, is not considered to be part of the energy need. The energy need is calculated asdescribed in DIN V 18599-4.

The entire energy need for lighting is effective as an internal heat source. For this reason, the internal heatsource QI,ldoes not need to be calculated separately.

5.3.3 Energy needs for heating and cooling

The energy needs for heating and cooling in the building zone are influenced by the magnitude of theuncontrolled energy gains and losses in the form of heat sources and heat sinks. These shall initially bedetermined for each zone.

5.3.3.1 Determination of all heat sources and heat sinks

Heat sources and heat sinks describe energy gains and losses which are not directly fed to the space viaheating and cooling systems in order to control the temperature.

Heat and cold gains are grouped into four categories:

1) Thermal transmission flows via opaque and transparent building element surfaces are calculated.

2) The balances of ventilation thermal flows due to the opening of windows (user action) and ventilationthrough joints (infiltration) are calculated. The heat sources and heat sinks also include those energyflows which become effective via the mechanical supply of fresh air into the spaces without (demand-related) control. These heat flows are considered to be those which affect the spaces independentlyof the actual energy need for heating or cooling (e.g. the supply air stream from a heat recoverysystem or from an air conditioning system with a given, constant supply air temperature).

3) Solar heat and solar cooling energy other than dedicated sources are understood to be the quantitiesof energy which enter the heated building or building zone via opaque or transparent buildingelements.

4) The internal heat sources and heat sinks comprise all heat and cold gains which occur within the

building or building zone. These may be from lighting, persons and electrical appliances which emitquantities of heat large enough to be taken into consideration. In non-residential buildings, the flow of

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materials and/or goods as well as machinery and appliances contribute heat energy and coolingenergy. The technical building installations themselves also contribute non-dedicated heat energyand cooling energy. This includes the energy which is emitted to the space by the distribution pipesand ducts, storage units etc. of heating systems, cooling systems, ventilation and air conditioningsystems and domestic hot water systems.

Table 4 gives an overview of the heat sources and heat sinks that may occur. In this table, both the heatsources Qsource and the heat sinks Qsink are treated as positive quantities. DIN V 18599-2 contains a more

detailed description.

Table 4 Heat sources and heat sinks

Energy balance item Qsource Qsink

QT,areaTransmission via building element surfaces (see DIN V 18599-2)

i< e i> eQT

Transmission QT,wb Transmission via thermal bridges (see DIN V 18599-2) i< e i > e

QV,inf Ventilation due to infiltration (see DIN V 18599-2 andDIN V 18599-10) i< e i > e

QV,winVentilation due to user action or window airing (seeDIN V 18599-2, DIN V 18599-6 and DIN V 18599-10)

i < e i > eQV

Ventilation

QV,mechUncontrolled mechanical ventilation (see DIN V 18599-2,DIN V 18599-3, DIN V 18599-6 and DIN V 18599 10)

i < zu i> zu

QS,opSolar heat gains from opaque building elements(see DIN V 18599-2)

QS,op> 0 QS,op< 0QS

Solar energyother than adedicatedheat source

QS,transSolar heat gains from transparent building elements(see DIN V 18599-2)

always

QI,p Internal heat gains from metabolic heat (see DIN V 18599-10) always

QI,goods Internal heat gains or losses due to the flow of goods(see DIN V 18599 10) i < goods i > goods

QI,facInternal heat gains or losses due to appliances, machinery andequipment(see DIN V 18599-10)

i < fac i> fac

QI,elInternal heat gains or losses due to other electrical appliances(see DIN V 18599-10)

always

QI,lInternal heat gains due to lighting (see DIN V 18599-4 andDIN V 18599-10)

always

QI,h

QI,h*

Internal heat sources and heat sinks from the heating system,including HVAC (see DIN V 18599-5 to DIN V 18599-7 andDIN V 18599-9)

always

QI,w

Internal heat gains from the domestic hot water heating

system (see DIN V 18599-8 and DIN V 18599-9) always QI,c

QI,c*

Internal heat gains or losses from the cooling system, includingHVAC (see DIN V 18599-7 and DIN V 18599-9)

i

system

QI,m*Internal heat gains from steam generation and distribution(see DIN V 18599-7)

always

QI

Internal heatsources otherthandedicated

heat sources

QI,vh

QI,vc

QI,rv

Internal heat gains or losses from the mechanical ventilationsystem (see DIN V 18599-6 and DIN V 18599-7)

i< R i> R

Balances are calculated iteratively. Part of the non-dedicated heat emission by the technical buildinginstallations can only be calculated once the utilization (load ratio) of the systems is known. Due to the

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sequence in which the balances are determined, this load is not known until the energy need for heating orcooling the building or building zone has been calculated. The value of energy need, in turn, is the result of acomparison of the heat sources and heat sinks of the building or the building zone being assessed.

The first step involves collecting the data of the following heat sources and heat sinks:

transmission: QT;

ventilation: QV,inf, QV,win, QV,mech;

passive solar heat sources: QS,trans, QS,op;

internal heat sources/heat sinks (without the technical building installations): QI,fac, QI,goods, QI,p, QI,el;

internal heat gains due to lighting: QI,l.

On the basis of the above balance items, it is also possible to estimate the energy need without the internalheat sources and heat sinks due to heating/cooling/ventilation/domestic hot water. This gives an estimation ofthe utilization of the system, and the remaining internal heat sources and heat sinks due to the system arealso determined.

internal heat sources (domestic hot water system): QI,w;

internal heat sources/heat sinks (air-conducting part of HVAC system): QI,vh, QI,vc;

internal heat sources/heat sinks (residential ventilation): QI,rv;

internal heat sources of heating / cooling energy supply of HVAC systems: QI,h*, QI,c*, QI,m*;

internal heat sources due to heating system: QI,h;

internal heat sources due to cooling system: QI,c.

Calculations for determining the heat sources and heat sinks due to transmission and the solar heat sourcesare specified in DIN V 18599-2. The heat sources and heat sinks due to ventilation are dealt with inDIN V 18599-2 and DIN V 18599-3. DIN V 18599-2 to DIN V 18599-10 contain information on how to calculatethe balances of the internal heat sources and heat sinks.

5.3.3.2 Determination of the energy need for heating and cooling

The energy need for heating and cooling is calculated using the heat sources and heat sinks for the buildingzone or building by means of equations (2) and (3).

The calculated quantities of energy shall be fed (either as a pure energy flow, or using an air stream as anenergy carrier) in a controlled manner to the building or the zone to be heated or cooled. Calculation of the netheat and cooling energy balance is described in DIN V 18599-2. DIN V 18599-5 to DIN V 18599-7 containinformation on dividing up the energy need for heating and cooling.

Energy need for heating in a building zone

Qh,b = Qsink Qsource (2)

where

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Qh,b is the energy need for heating in the building zone;

Qsink is the sum total of all heat sinks in the building zone;

Qsource is the sum total of all heat sources in the building zone;

is the utilization factor of the heat sources.

If the building or building zone contains more than one technical building system, the energy need for heatingis divided up among these systems. The sum of the energy required from all systems shall be equal to theentire energy need for heating. This can be divided between several ventilation and air-conditioning systems,several heating systems or a combination of heating systems and VAC systems.

One example of this type of heating is the heating of an office building by a heated ventilation air stream(reheating of the supply air) and static emitters. In such a case, the heat required is divided between a VACsystem and a heating system.

Energy need for cooling in the building zone

Qc,b = (1 ) Qsource (3)

where

Qc,b is the energy need for cooling in the building zone;

Qsource is the sum total of all heat sources in the building zone;

is the utilization factor of the heat sources.

If the building or building zone contains more than one technical building system, the energy need for coolingis divided up among these systems. The sum of the cooling energy required from all systems shall be equal tothe entire energy need for cooling. This can be divided among several VAC systems, several cooling systemsor a combination of cooling systems and VAC systems.

One example of this type of cooling is the cooling of an office building by a cooled ceiling and additionalconverters within the building zone. In such a case, the energy need is divided up between a VAC system anda cooling system.

5.3.4 Energy need for air handling and ventilation of residential spaces

Handling of external air to provide supply air of a desired quality, defined by a certain temperature andhumidity range, is via a series of system components (heaters, chillers and humidifiers). Methods ofdetermining the energy need to be met by every component of the VAC system for various systemconfigurations are described in DIN V 18599-3 and DIN V 18599-7.

For each component of a VAC system, the quantity of energy to be transferred to the air is determined on thebasis of:

the existing VAC system configuration and the way it is operated,

the usage parameters (supply air temperature and humidification or dehumidification requirements), and

all other air distribution losses between the building zone and the location of the air handling unit .

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For variable air volume systems, the additional air volume flow required to satisfy the energy need for heatingor cooling is calculated on the basis of the energy need for heating or cooling of the building zone asdescribed in DIN V 18599-2.

In this way, a specified energy need for air handling is calculated for every component (heaters, chillers and

humidifiers) of the VAC system.

Energy need for the HVAC heating coil

Equation (4) is used to calculate the heat energy needed at the VAC heating coil. In addition to the net heat ofair conditioning from DIN V 18599-3, derived from the usage parameters of the spaces being assessed, thecontrol, emission and distribution losses for the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7) are taken intoconsideration.

Qh*,b = Qvh,b + Qvh,ce + Qvh,d (4)

where

Qh*,b is the energy need for the heating coil;

Qvh,b is the net heat of air conditioning (see DIN V 18599-3);

Qvh,ce is the control and emission loss of the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qvh,d is the distribution loss of the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7).

Energy need for the HVAC cooling coil

Equation (5) is used to calculate the cooling energy needed at the VAC cooling coil. In addition to the cooling

energy need for air conditioning from DIN V 18599-3, derived from the usage parameters of the spaces beingassessed, the distribution, control and emission losses for the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7)are taken into consideration.

Qc*,b= Qvc,b+ Qvc,ce+ Qvc,d (5)

where

Qc*,b is the energy need for the HVAC cooling coil;

Qvc,b is the net cooling energy of air conditioning (see DIN V 18599-3);

Qvc,ce is the control and emission loss of the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qvc,d is the distribution loss for the HVAC ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-7).

Energy need for humidification (HVAC)

Where the water vapour for humidification is generated using steam, the method described in DIN V 18599-3also includes the steam Qm*,b which has to be provided in the central unit.

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Internal heat sources and heat sinks from the air distribution for HVAC

The energy quantities QI,vhand QI,vc which act as internal heat sources or sinks are determined from the air

distribution losses, Qvh,d and Qvc,d,.

Energy need for ventilation for residential buildings

The energy need for ventilation of residential buildings Qrv,b, as calculated according to DIN V 18599-6, is

used to describe the energy provided in a controlled manner, via the supply air, to the zone being assessed.System losses of ventilation systems for residential buildings are described in 5.4.5.

5.3.5 Energy need for domestic hot water

The energy need for domestic hot water Qw,b is the quantity of energy which is contained in the hot water

used (i.e. drawn from the taps) within the building or building zone. The energy need in this case isdetermined using the cold-water temperature as a reference value, the temperature of the water on tap andthe amount of hot water used.

Calculation of the energy need for domestic hot water is described in DIN V 18599-8. The boundary conditionsfor default values are specified in DIN V 18599-10.

5.4 Balances of energy losses due to control and emission, distribution and storage

After determining the energy needs (i.e. for heating, cooling, domestic hot water, HVAC systems and lighting)required in the zones, the next step in the energy balance calculations is to determine the system losses dueto control and emission, distribution and storage. Once these have been determined, they can be combinedwith the already determined energy need to calculate the energy output which the generator or generators isrequired to provide to the network (generator heat output or (net) cooling energy output).

5.4.1 Lighting

The losses due to control, emission and distribution of energy for artificial lighting are already included in theenergy need for lighting.

5.4.2 Heating (heating systems and HVAC heating function)

When the energy balance of a heating system is being calculated, on the one hand the quantities of heatdelivered to the building zone or building by conventional space heating (emitters, direct electric heating,electrical storage heaters, etc.) are assessed together, and on the other hand, the heat delivered by theheating function of an HVAC system (with one or more heating coils) is assessed together with the additionalenergy required for supplying this heat.

5.4.2.1 Generator heat output to the heating system

Equation (6) is used to calculate the generator heat output (the heat energy the generator must supply). In thisequation, the energy need for heating (i.e. the heat which is supplied to the heated zone by conventionalheating systems and not via the air handling unit) is added to the losses due to control and emission, heatdistribution and storage (in each case only where applicable). DIN V 18599-5 contains a detailed descriptionof how to determine the system losses.

Qh,outg = Qh,b,i + Qh,ce + Qh,d + Qh,s (6)

where

Qh,outg is the generator heat output to the heating system;

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Qh,b,i is the energy need for heating (i.e. the fraction which is supplied to the space via conventional

heating systems), see 5.3.3;

Qh,ce is the control and emission loss of the heating system (see DIN V 18599-5);

Qh,d is the distribution loss of the heating system (see DIN V 18599-5);

Qh,s is the storage loss of the heating system (see DIN V 18599-5).

If a building or zone is served by several completely separate heating systems, equation (6) shall be appliedseparately for each system in order to determine the generator heat output individually for each generator. Anexample of a multiple system of this kind would be a building which is partly heated directly by electricalheaters and partly by central heating with pumped hot water circulation.

5.4.2.2 Generator heat output for the HVAC heating function

The term generator heat output for the HVAC heating function is used to describe the sum of all energy which

one or more generators is to provide to the HVAC system when it is running in heating mode. This includesthe energy needed by the heating coil as well as the losses due to control and emission, distribution andstorage of heating water occurring between the location where the energy is generated and the location wherethe heat is transferred to the air stream. This is described by equation (7). DIN V 18599-7 contains a detaileddescription of how to determine the system losses.

Qh*,outg = Qh*,b,i + Qh*,ce + Qh*,d + Qh*,s (7)

where

Qh*,outg is the generator heat output for the HVAC heating function;

Qh*,b,i is the energy need for the heating coil (see equation (4));

Qh*,ce is the control and emission loss for the HVAC heating function (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qh*,d is the distribution loss for the HVAC heating function (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qh*,s is the storage loss for the HVAC heating function (see DIN V 18599-7).

If there are several heating coils which are all connected to a common hot water network supplied by acommon generator (or by a common central heating plant with multiple generators), then equation (7) can beapplied in a similar manner.

If several completely separate heat generation systems are used, equation (7) shall be applied separately foreach system in order to determine the generator heat output individually for each system. An example of asystem of this kind would be one in which one heating coil is heated by a boiler and a second electrically-heated heating coil is also installed.

5.4.2.3 Internal heat sources due to the heating system

The contribution QI,h of the internal heat sources due to the heating system (as well as the fraction QI,h* of

heating energy supply to the HVAC system) shall be calculated from the distribution heat losses Qh,d (Qh*,d)

and storage losses Qh,s (Qh*,s) of the heating system.

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5.4.3 Cooling (cooling system and HVAC cooling function)

When the energy balance of a cooling system is being calculated, on the one hand the thermal quantitiesdelivered directly to the building zone or building by room conditoning (e.g. cooled ceilings, decentralizedcoolers, silent cooling etc.) are assessed together, and on the other hand, the thermal quantities delivered by

the cooling function of an HVAC system (with one or more cooling coils) are assessed together with theadditional expenditure required for supplying this cooling function.

5.4.3.1 Generator cooling energy output to the cooling system

Equation (8) is used to calculate the generator cooling energy output (the cooling energy the generator is toprovide). In this equation, the energy need for cooling (i.e. that part to be provided to the cooled zone byconventional cooling systems, not via the HVAC system) is added to the losses due to control and emission,distribution and storage (where applicable). DIN V 18599-7 contains a detailed description of how todetermine the system losses.

Qc,outg = Qc,b,i + Qc,ce + Qc,d + Qc,s (8)

where

Qc,outg is the generator cooling energy output to the cooling system;

Qc,b,i is the energy need for cooling (i.e. the fraction which is supplied to the space via static cooling

surfaces), see 5.3.3;

Qc,ce is the control and emission loss of the cooling system (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qc,d is the distribution loss of the cooling system (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qc,s is the storage loss of the cooling system (see DIN V 18599-7).

If there are several completely separate cooling systems, equation (8) shall be applied separately for eachsystem in order to determine the cooling energy output individually for each generator.

5.4.3.2 Generator cooling energy output for the HVAC cooling function

The term generator cooling energy output for the HVAC cooling function is used to describe the sum of allenergy quantities which one or more generators are to provide to the HVAC system when it is running incooling mode. This includes the energy need for the cooling coil as well as the losses due to the control andemission, distribution and storage of cold water occurring between the location where the cooling is carriedout and the location where the cooling energy is transferred to the air stream. This is described by equation

(9). DIN V 18599-7 contains a detailed description of how to determine the system losses.

Qc*,outg = Qc*,b,i + Qc*,ce + Qc*,d + Qc*,s (9)

where

Qc*,outg is the generator cooling energy output for the HVAC cooling function;

Qc*,b,i is the energy need for the cooling coil as calculated using equation (5);

Qc*,ce is the control and emission loss for the HVAC cooling function (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qc*,d is the distribution loss for the HVAC cooling function (see DIN V 18599-7);

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Qc*,s is the storage loss for the HVAC cooling function (see DIN V 18599-7).

If there are several cooling coils which are all connected to a common cold-water network supplied by acommon generator (or by a common central refrigeration plant with multiple units), then equation (9) can beapplied by analogy. If individual cooling coils are supplied by several completely separate systems, equation

(9) shall be applied separately for each system in order to determine the cooling energy output individually foreach generator.

5.4.3.3 Internal heat sinks due to the cooling system

The energy contribution QI,c of the internal heat sinks due to the cooling system (as well as the fraction QI,c* of

the cooling energy supply to the HVAC system) shall be calculated from the losses Qc,d (Qc*,d) of the coolant-

conducting distribution system and the storage losses Qc,s (Qc*,s).

5.4.4 Humidification in HVAC systems

5.4.4.1 Generator heat output for water vapour supply to the HVAC system

The energy balance of the water vapour supply to the HVAC system is calculated according to the methoddetermined by the type of heating and cooling system. The generator heat output for the supply of watervapour is calculated on the basis of the sum of the water vapour required for humidifying the air in the HVACsystem and the energy losses due to the heat control, emission and distribution of the water vapour. Therelationships between these quantities are described by equation (10). DIN V 18599-7 contains additionalinformation.

Qm*,outg = Qm*,b + Qm*,ce + Qm*,d (10)

where

Qm*,outg is the generator heat output for humidification;

Qm*,b is the energy need for humidification (see 5.3.4);

Qm*,ce is the control and emission loss of humidification (see DIN V 18599-7);

Qm*,d is the distribution loss of humidification (see DIN V 18599-7).

5.4.4.2 Internal heat sources due to the water vapour supply

The energy contribution of the internal heat sources due to the supply of water vapour QI,m* are to be

calculated from the internal heat losses Qm*,d of the water vapour distribution system.

5.4.5 Ventilation of residential buildings

Calculations for the energy balance of the ventilation system of a residential building take into account theheat quantities which are delivered via the ventilation system, either with or without a heating function, to thebuilding or building zone being heated, as well as the additional energy requirements for the technicalinstallations supplying this service.

5.4.5.1 Generator heat output to the ventilation system for residential buildings

Equation (11) is used to calculate the generator heat output (the heat energy the generator must supply). The

losses due to the control and emission, distribution and storage of heat (where applicable) are added to the

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energy need of the residential ventilation system. DIN V 18599-6 contains a detailed description of how todetermine the system losses.

Qrv,outg = Qrv,b + Qrv,ce + Qrv,d + Qrv,s (11)

where

Qrv,outg is the generator heat output to the residential ventilation system;

Qrv,b is the energy need of the residential ventilation system (see 5.3.4)

Qrv,ce is the control and emission loss of the residential ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-6);

Qrv,d is the distribution loss of the residential ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-6);

Qrv,s is the storage loss of the residential ventilation system (see DIN V 18599-6).

If there are several completely separate systems supplying heat, equation (11) shall be applied separately foreach system in order to determine the generator heat output individually for each system.

5.4.5.2 Internal heat sources of ventilation systems for residential buildings

The energy contributions QI,rv by the internal heat sources of the residential ventilation system shall be

calculated on the basis of the heat distribution losses Qrv,d and storage losses Qrv,s.

5.4.6 Domestic hot water supply

The calculation of the energy balance of the domestic hot water system takes into account the heat quantities

delivered as net energy to the building or building zone being heated and the energy losses of the technicalinstallations supplying this service.

5.4.6.1 Generator heat output for hot water production

Equation (12) is used to calculate the generator heat output (i.e. heat energy the generator must supply) forthe domestic hot water supply. The losses due to the control and emission, distribution and storage of heat(where such losses occur) are added to the energy need of the domestic hot water system. DIN V 18599-8contains a detailed description of how to determine the system losses.

Qw,outg = Qw,b + Qw,ce + Qw,d + Qw,s (12)

where

Qw,outg is the generator heat output for domestic hot water;

Qw,b is the energy need for domestic hot water (see 5.3.5)

Qw,ce is the control and emission loss of the domestic hot water supply (see DIN V 18599-8);

Qw,d is the distribution loss of the domestic hot water supply (see DIN V 18599-8);

Qw,s is the storage loss of the domestic hot water supply (see DIN V 18599-8).

If there are several completely separate heating systems, equation (12) shall be applied separately for eachsystem in order to determine the generator heat output individually for each generator. An example of a

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multiple system of this kind would be a building which is partly supplied directly by localized electrical water-heaters and partly by a central domestic hot water system.

5.4.6.2 Internal heat sources due to the domestic hot water supply

The energy contributions QI,w by the internal heat sources of the domestic hot water system shall becalculated on the basis of the heat distribution loss Qw,d and the storage loss Qw,s.

5.4.7 Energy for other process heating or cooling requirements

The heat or cooling energy output for other process heating or cooling requirements can be determined byadding the net energy to all system losses between the place of generation and the place where the energy istransferred to the respective application.

5.5 Balancing of delivered energy (energy use)

The delivered energy is the sum of the energy needs, s

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