186.Молекулярная физика Ч 2 Явления переноса.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
-
: 2.
: .. ,
.. , ..
-
2009
Copyright & A K-C
-
- 22 2009 ., 1 . / /, - .-. , . .. . 1 / 2 /. : 010701 , 010803 - , 010801
Copyright & A K-C
-
3
-2/1
.
, , ,
. :
dxdVSF h= , (1)
S ;
dxdV
, -
; , :
( - ). - .
- . , , - . - , -. , , , , . , - , -
f = 6rV , (2) r ; V .
f, mg Q. . - f, . :
0634
34 33 =-- rVgrgr phrprp , (3)
.
Copyright & A K-C
-
4
)(92 2
Vgr
rrh -= . (4)
: V = l/t, l , , t .
(4),
)(92 2
ltgr rrh -= . (5)
, (5) . R
)4,21(
)(92 2
Rrl
tgr
+
-=
rrh .
: , -
, -2, . , -
(. 1). , . , l, , . -2, . 2.
. 1. R = (3,125 0,025)
1 -
2 3
Copyright & A K-C
-
5
4, 5 6 - 7 . - . - - 0,005 . 1 . 8, - . 9 , .
. 2. -2
1. , - .
2. , - 5.
3. 2 3, - (. 3). n1 3.
4. (. 3). n2 3.
5. d1 = n1 n2. 6. 2 3, (. 3).
m1 2.
. 3. -2
9 8 1 2
7 6 5 4 3
Copyright & A K-C
-
6
7. - , . m2.
8. d2 = m1 m2. 9. = (d1 + d2)/2. 10. (. 1).
l . 11. 10 , .
12.
10 , ( ) t . 13. , .
( -), , 110 .
1. .. / .. , .. .
. : , 1976. 480 . 2. .. / .. . ., 1975. . 138143. 3. .. /
.. . ., 1986. . 203204. 4. . /
. .. . ., 1967. . 226230.
1. . . 2. , , -
, . 3. , ,
. 4. , . 5. ,
?
n1, n2, d1, m1, m2, d2, , t, c , ,
Copyright & A K-C
-
7
-2/2
NaCl, .
dxdVSF h= , (1)
S ;
dxdV
, -
; ( ), -
. ( ) V, t
R l .
4
8V R Pt
lp
hD
= , (2)
P .
, , -
. U- (. 1), 1, - n, - 2. 1 3. 4 - . - ( ) . 5.
Copyright & A K-C
-
8
. 1.
-, 0 . - , (2)
ltPR
lPtR
hp
hp
8800
44 D=
D ,
t t0 - ;
P 0 .
, P/0 /0, 0 .
000 t
trrhh = , (3)
0 0 .
: , , , , , , , -, .
Copyright & A K-C
-
9
1.
1. , . - , . 20 .
2. (2050 3) . , 5, m - 2. t0 1, m n .
3. 5 , . 4. t -
. 1. 1
5. ,
. 20 - 2.
6. - NaCl 20 .
2
2. 10%-
NaCl 1. 10%- -
. . 2. 10 , -
. .
3. 5 , , .
, % t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, , , 0 5
10 15 20 25
, % 5 10 15 20 25 , /3 1034 1071 1109 1148 1190
Copyright & A K-C
-
10
4. , .
10%- NaCl - 3.
3
5. 10 ( 80), -
. 4. 4
6. -
. . 7. ,
.
1. .. / .. , .. . . : , 1976. 480 .
2. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2: . 576 .
3. .. / .. . . : . ., 1981. 400 .
1. .
. 2. , -
. 3. . 4. , -
.
, 30 40 50 60 70 80 , /3 1070 1066 1062 1060 1058 1056
, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, , ,
Copyright & A K-C
-
11
-2/3
-4 -
.
-4 .. - 1 105 . . 1.
. 1.
1 2. -
. 2 - , , - 3 4, . 2 5, - 6. 1,5 , - , .
-, , . ( ).
Copyright & A K-C
-
12
, - .
2 - . . , 2 . . - mgR, m , R 4. m0gR, m0 , - .
2 , , . - . , -
drdw , ,
drdV .
, r, - dr h, ,
,2drdrrh
drdVSF wphh -=-= (1)
, S = 2rh .
drdhrFrM wp 32-== . (2)
(2)
whp dhrdrM 23 -= . (3)
r1 r2 1 2 . (3), .
r = r1 = 0, r = r2 = . ,
-=2
1 023
r
rhd
rdrM
wph .
, ,
21
22
22
212
21
22
22
21 84
rrrrhN
rrrrh
--=
--= hpph , (4)
N 1 . :
Copyright & A K-C
-
13
08 21
22
22
212
0 =---
rrrrhNgRmmgR hp . (5)
(5)
NmmK
Nmm
rhrrrgR 00
22
21
2
21
22
8)( -
=-
-
=p
h . (6)
(6) K h 1 . (6) , N m , - = tg = /.
actg == ah . (7)
: -4, , .
, -
2 1, h - .
(12 ), (510) 2. 35 , . N.
45 . - N = N (m), = tg (. 2). , , -, m0.
. 2. (6),
(7).
Copyright & A K-C
-
14
: 1. m, , -
. 2. . 3.
-4 11 % ( ).
1. .. / .. , .. .
. : , 1976. 480 . 2. .. / .. . . :
. ., 1973. 360 .
1. , , , .
2. , .
3. .
-2/4
-
.
: - ( ), - ( -) .
-.
Copyright & A K-C
-
15
. , , Q, d S, , , :
tcd SddxdTQ -= , (1)
; dT/dx .
vcV lrc = 31
, (2)
; ; V :
pmRTV 8= ;
v . , -
. , , -, , - . , , . r, dr L. - (1) q = Q/d, . . , 1 ,
2 .d T d Tq S rLd r d r
c c p= - = - (3)
, 2 .d r L d T
r qp c
= -
-=2
1
2
1
2 T
T
R
R
dTq
Lr
dr pc
2
1 21
2ln ( )R L T TR q
p c= - , (4)
T1, R1 T2, R2 .
Copyright & A K-C
-
16
(4) - :
2
1
1 2
ln
2 ( )
RqR
L T Tc
p=
-. (5)
(5) , . , - , , - .
(), , . - , .
HH UIq = , IH ;
UH . -
RP, P
HP
UIR
= ,
P
HP
RUUq = , (6)
UP . (6) (5),
TLRdDlnUU
P
HP
Dpc
2= , (7)
D d ; =
(). -
. ,
- :
. (1 )H O O OR R ta= + , (1 )H OR R ta= + ,
Copyright & A K-C
-
17
R0 t = 0 oC; - .
R0, .
.
(1 )H H OO OH O
R RT t t tR
aa
D-
= - = + .
, H
HH I
UR = , P
PH R
UI = O.H
O.HO.H I
UR = , P
O.PO.H R
UI = ,
.
.
.
.
( )(1 )H OH OP P O
H O
P O
UU tU UT U
U
a
aD
- += , (8)
UH, UH.O t0; UP, UP.O - t0.
1-3, . 1.
. 1. 1-3 :
1 -3; 2 -3; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 -
; 7
Copyright & A K-C
-
18
, , - 4. 2, -, . 5. UP UH -. , 1. - D, - d, L, - .
1. . -.
2. UP ( ) - 0,06 , - ( ).
3. UH ( ) .
4. . 23 35 UP.O. 1.
5. UP UP 0,31,5 .
6. 2 , - , UH - UH.
7. . 56 35 - UP.
8. 1. 1
UP,
UH.O,
t0,
UP,
UH,
,
, /()
9. ,
, .
Copyright & A K-C
-
19
1. (8) - , (7) 1.
2. - .
3. .
1. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2: . 576 .
2. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2.
1. . 2. ? -
? 3. ?
? 4. ,
? 5. ? -
? 6. -
. 7. . 8. -
? 9. -
. 10. -
. 11.
? 12.
, ?
Copyright & A K-C
-
: 2.
: ,
,
..
. 6084/16. . . 1,2. 150 . 397.
-
. 394000, . , . . , 10. . 208-298, 598-026 ()
http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail: [email protected]
- .
394000, . , . , 3. . 204-133
Copyright & A K-C