1878 1888 proceedings of the society of biblical archaeology 11 (1 10)
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Author: Society of Biblical Archæology (London , England)Volume: 29Publisher: Published at the Officesof the Society.Year: 1907Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHTLanguage: EnglishDigitizing sponsor: GoogleBook from the collections of: Harvard UniversityCollection: americanaNotes: Index est contenu sur les trois premières fiches: v. 1-10, 1878-88 (no 1-2); 11-20, 1888-98 (no 3); v. 21-30, 1899-1908 (no 4-6).TRANSCRIPT
PROCEEDINGS
THE SOCIETYBIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.
NOVEMBER,fUNE,1889.
1888,
VOL.
XI.
NINETEENTH SESSION.
PUBLISHED AT
THE OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY,II,
Hart Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1889.
HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER WAJESTY, ST. martin's lane, LONDON.
COUNCIL,
1888-9.
PresidentP.
LE Page Renouf.
Vice-Presidents
Rev. Frederick Charles Cook, M.A., Canon of Exeter.
Lord Halsbury, The Lord High Chancellor. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., &c. The Right Hon. Sir A. H. Layard, G.C.B., &c. The Right Rev. J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., &c., Bishop of Durham.Walter Morrison, ALP.
Newton, K.C.B., D.C.L., &c., &c. D.C.L., M.D., &c., &c. Rev. George Rawlinson, D.D., Canon of Canterbury. Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c. Vei-y Rev. Robert Payne Smith, Dean of Canterbury.Sir Charles T. Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart.,
Council
Rev. Charles JamesE. A. Wallis Budge,
Ball.
Prof.
A. Macalisler, M.D.
Rev. Canon Beechey, M.A.
Rev. James Marshall.F. D. Mocatta, F.S.A.
M.A.
Arthur Gates.
Alexander Peckover, F.S.A.J.
Thomas
Christy, F. L.S.
Pollard.
Rev. R. Gwynne.Charles Harrison, F.S.A.
F. G. Hilton Price, F.S.A.E.
Rev. Albert Lowy.
Rev.
Towry Whyte, M.A. W. Wright, D.D.
Honorary Treasurer
Bernard T.
Bosantjuet.
Secretary
W.
Harry Rylands, F.S.A
Honorary Secretary for Foreign Correspondence
Rev.
R. Gwynne,
M.A.
Honorary Librarian
William Simpson,
F.
R.G.S.
CONTENTS.
Secretary's
Report
for
1888
...
...
... .,.
......
...
59-6668
List of Council, &c., for
1889
...
...
Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year ending31st December, 1888...
...
...
...
...
67
Donations to Library^Purchases for Library)
...
1-4, 23-24, 57-58, 105-106,
153-154
175-176, 235-236, 289-290...
Nomination of CandidatesElection of
4,
24, 25,...
58,
106, 106,..
154,
176, 236, 290176,...
Members......
...
58,
154,...
236,
290
Errata
...
55
NovemberP.le
6,
1888.Is
No. lxxviii."=1!^?^
Page Renouf
{Presidoit).
(Gen...
xli,.
43)...
Egyptian?Prof.
The Thematic VowelBabylonian Weight
in
Egyptian
5-1011-1415
W.
Wright, D.C.L., L.L.D.
Kufic Gravestones...
...
Prof. Sayce.
...
...
...
Dr. Eezold.P.le
The Woman's Language{President).... ... ... ...
of Ancient Chaldi\;ain...
16-17
Page Renouf
Pronominal Forms... ...
Egyptian
18-21
DecemberF.
4,
1887.
No. lxxix.
Cope Whitehouse.depression......
Letter, presenting ALap of... ... ......
Raiyan...
24
P.
le
Page Renouf (President)...
Two...
Vignettes of the... ......
Book of the DeadDr.
26-28
A. Wiedemann. Youth of Moses ...
On
the...
Legends concerning the...
...
...
...
29-43
Dr. C. Bezold.
Some unpublished Cuneiform
Syllabaries
44-54
CONTENTS.
V
JanuaryDr. A.P.le
8,
1889.
No. lxxx.of
page
Wiedemann.P.
Some MonumentsErrata:
Mont
at
Thebes
69-757677
Renouf.
Inscription at
Kum-el-Ahmar......
Prof. Piehl.
Errata: Textes Egyptiens Inedits
Rev. H. G. Tomkins.the
Note on theNorthern Syria
Name...
Nepiriuriu in...
Karnak
Lists of
...
78-7980-82
Prof. A.P. le P.
H. Sayce.Renouf.
Pronominal Forms
in
Egyptian
...
Remarks
82-83
Dr. Karl Bezold.
Two
Inscriptions of
NabonidusNo. lxxxi....
...
S4-103
FebruaryP. le P.
5,
1889.
Renouf.J. Ball.
Egyptian Phonology, I...
...
10 7- 115
Rev. C.Parts
Inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.
VII and VIII
116-130Duplicates of the Babylonian.........
Dr. C. Bezold.
On Two...
Chronicle
...
...
...
131-13S^39~^4~
Dr. Karl. Piehl.
Sur
le
sens du groupe
*^
A P
'^I
.
Rev. C.
J. Ball.
Note on the
Wood
called
Ukarhia
.
143-144
Robert Brown, Jun., F.S.A.
Names5,
of Stars in Babylonian 145-151
MarchP. le P.
1889.
No. lxxxii.
Renouf
{J^resident).......
A
Coptic Transcription of an... ...
Arabic TextRev. C.PartJ. Ball.
...
...
155-158 159-160
Inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.
IX85,
The CylinderF. L. Griffith.
4-30, British
Museum.
(8
Plates)
Notes on the Text of the d'Orbiney Papyrus 161-172
Dr. Bezold.
A
Cuneiform List of Gods
...
...
...
173-174
April
2,
1889.
No. lxxxiii....
P. le P. Kq\\ou{ {Fresideni). Prof. G.
Parallels in Folk Lore.Sitra.........
177-189
Maspero.
La Reine
...
190-194
Rev.X.
C. J. Ball.
Inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.
The Cylinder A.H. 82-7-14,
1042, British
Museum. 195-210
L
.
7
VI
CONTENTS.PAGE
Notes on the Cylinders 68-7-9, i (5 R- 34) -'ind A.H. 211-218 ... ... ... 82-7-14, 1042 [(A) and (B)] ,.. 219-226 Notes de Philologie Egyptienne ... Prof. Karl Piehl.Dr. A.
Wiedemann.
Stelas of
Libyan Originin
...
... ...
227
F, L. Griffith.
Notes on a Tour
Upper EgyptNo. lxxxiv.
228-234
MayRev. A. Lowy.
7,
1889.
OnThe
the Origin of the
Name Dameshek237
(Damascus)Rev. A. Lowy.Elohistic
and Jehovistic Names of...
Men and WomenRev, C.J. Ball.
in the Bible
...
238-247
Inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.
XLProf.
The Nin-Ma^ CylinderDr.
248-253EgyptianAntiquitiesat
August
Eisenlohr.
Brussels
254-266
Dr.
A.
Wiedemann.
OnPart I
the Legends
concerning the
Youth of Moses.Prof.
267-282in...
Sayce.
(Pronominal Forms...
Egyptian.)...
Letter...
from Dr. NeubauerDr.
...
283-285286-287
C.
Bezold.
Some unpublished
Assyrian "Lists of
Officials"
JuneRev. G. W. Collins.Prof. Maspero.
4,
1889.
No. lxxxv.'. .
'Ashtoreth and the Ashera
...
291-303304-31 318,319
Quelques Termes d'Architecture EgypGraffiti at
tienneProf. Sayce.
GreekBall.
Abydosof Nebuchadrezzar the
Rev.
C.
J.
Inscriptions
Passages of Cylinder 85, 4-30, i The Cuneiform Tablets of Professor Sayce.Great.
Two
320-325Telel-
F.
... 326-413 Armarna, now preserved in the Boulaq Museum Notes on the Text of the d'Orbiney L. Griffith.
Dr. A.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... 414-416 Wiedemann. Texts of the Collection of Mr. Lee 417-421 Texts of the Second Part of the Dr. A. Wiedemann. ... ... ... ... 422-425 ... Eighteenth Dynasty Some Notes on the " Nin-Mag " InscripDr. C. Bezold. 426-430 tion Remarks on the Nin-Mag Inscription ... 431-433 Rev. C J. Ball.
Papyrus
:
ILLUSTRATIONS
Kufic Gravestones.
(2 Plates)
-s
Gravestone of
Muhammad,i
son of Sabah, a.d. 904
Gravestone of Fatima,the dyer.a.d. 102
grand-daughter of
Muhammada.d.r
Gravestone of
Muhammad,a.d.
son of Obaid- Allah,
1054Gravestone of Baraka.
I
1063
...
...
...
^
Two
Vignettes of the
Book
of the
Dead(8 Plates):
Some unpublished Cuneiform83,
Syllabaries.
1
Inscriptions of Nabonidus.81, 7-1, 9.
(5 Plates)
:
Col.
I.
Col. II
85,4-30,2.Col. Ill
Col.
I.
Col. II
Inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.
(2 Plates)... ...
:
A.H. A.H.
83,
II
-18,
1338.1339.
Obverse Plate
I
-1
83,
-18,
Plate II
/
An
unpublished Inscription of Nebuchadrezzar the Great.Cylinder 85, 4-30,...i.
The
British
Museum.
(8 Plates)
D'Orbiney Papyrus
A
Cuneiformverse.
List of
Gods.
K.
2
1
00.
Obverse and Re-
{2 Plates)
...
VUl
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Notes on a TourEl Khannaq toEast
in
Upper Egypt.
(4 Plates)I
:
->i
TAGE
Elephantine to Esh Shedidi.Silsileh.
Plate
Plate
II
Silsileh Shrine.
Plate III
f
"^^^
East Silsileh Stela
Plate
IV81,
J2-4,187.
Some unpublishedObverse.Reverse.verse.
"ListsReverse.
of Officials."
Ditto
Rm.
2,
97.
Obverse and
82, 5-22, 526....
K. 1359.......
Obverse and Re...
(5 Plates)
287
VOL.
XI.
/PROCEEDINGSOF
/
I'ART
THE SOCIETYOF
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY-%:^-
VOL. XI.
NINETEENTH
SESSION.
First Meeting, 6th November, 1888.
%:%
PAGEof the Sign
CONTENTS.
Vol. X. Alphabetical Index. Proceedings, Vols. X. ,Renouf (President) On_ithe ValuesTitle
and Contents.
I
F.
i.F.
P.
^,571-578
Vol. X, pp.
6rH November,P.
1888.
LE Page Renouf {President). Egyptian? The Thematic Vowel
\%
"^7?K
(Gen. XLi, 43)
in
EgyptianGravestones
5-10
Prof.
W. Wright, D.C.L., LL.D. Kufic
n-1415
Prof. Sayce.
Babylonian Weight" Woman's Language{President):
Dr. Bezold.P.
The
" of Ancient Chaldaea
16-17
LE
Page
Renouf
IVonominal
Forms
in
Egyptian
18-21
^PUBLISHED AT
THE OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY,II,
Hart Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
188 8.[No. Lxxvm.]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.II,
Hart
Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
PRICE LIST OF TRANSACTIONS
AND
PROCEEDINGS.To Member
Vol.
I, I,
Part
I
n, n,ill,
III,
IV, IV,
V,
V,VI, VI,
VII,VII,
VII,VIII, VIII,
VIII,
IX,
itammmtrnm
.'*"^
* y-
^ V
::;:;.
^
I
iiitiii
4^
-
Jl-
fcl^-^^^ioi'M^gitiMS^^^ A
(1(1
'^vwna Xau-i-tefi,
the vowelas theisis
preceding the personal ending
fulfils
exactly the
same functionItis
corresponding vovvel incalled the Thematic
(pep-o-jiuu, ag-i-//iiis, \k^/-e-Tov.
whatit
Voivel.'*'
Many of
the questions with which
connected must remain without solutionlogical data are catalogued
until all the necessary philo-
and
classified.
*
The
existence of this thematic vowel has ahvays led
me to doubtan^^^'
the value tu,It is^'^'^
assigned bytrue that
M. de Rouge
in his later writings to the signs^
A and
quite
we haveit
frequent instances of ^is,
Y^
y^-'
''"'^ '*" ''^^'
V
thcviatic
vowel, as
most probably
the
root vovvel
may be>
quite a
different one./'),'
Even
the remarkable instanceis
c-^^'^j
^ '^tcb-it.
g
J
(Denkm.
II, 105,
ihe
putting into a box,'
of no force, for c-"=-^ y^ as a masculine noun as naturallyg>
ends with the suffix^ as
J
J^
9
Nov.
6]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGY.of the facts which at once attract attentionis
[iS88.
One
the concurrence,
of parallel forms like ^
=>
[I [I
nominal or adjective forms. tdifferences
^^ and We do
-^]j^
^
instead
with which,
he
says,
Dehtzsch's theoryI
falls to
the ground.
should
like,
however, to state once more the case of the
supposed tuoman^s language^ and hope to show that no want ofinformation has led
me
to
my
conclusions.
Professor Sayce writes
:
" now, as every Assyriologist knows,signify
the two ideographs erne sal
'the tongue or language of a woman,'
and nothing
else."
I seriously
doubt the correctness of
this assertion.it is
Ifat p.
we take
the two ideographs separately,
sufficient to
look
47 of Dr. Briinnow's List in order to see that '-^]V7 ^""^s, besides the meaning of lisam/, "tongue, language," also that of//,
and further that of a verb saqic sa mt, " to irrigate (said) of the water," and that of tdritii^ "pregnant" {cf. Haupt, S.F.G., p. 16, n. 2; p. 54; U.E.D.D.S.S., p. 521, n. i; Teloni, in my" mouth,"Zeits.,
1885,
p.
107).*
For the
different
meanings of -^col.
I
needed.,
hardly refer top.
my
esteemed{i.e.,
critic's
Elementary Grammar, 2ndII,
43
;t
to
K. 438629,
W.A.I.6),
48),
II
;
to
Rm. 604
when used ideo"woman," and of other substantives, but stands sometimes to express a verb, we might have concluded already from the proper name y '->^ i^ y^ J^{i.e.,
W.A.I. V,
No.
&c.
That
-j^,
graphically, has not always the signification of
^1.
on K. 326
{i.e.,
W.A.I.
Ill,
48, No.
i),
where
^,
according to165,is
the variants given in Delitzsch's Lesestikkt, 2nd ed.,
p. 90,
an abbreviation of -^*
^y*-.
A
glance at K. 38,
i.e.,
the original document of the text published W.A.I.is
II, 19,
No.
2,
shows that Dr. Briinnowili-Jia-lu.^'^'-
right in doubting theis
correctness of;
>-^Jt^
f:yi
=
The'^'-*
sign in question
much
obliterated
it
might be
seen as *~^Tv7'
'^ ^^y
^''^^ans clear.
t
I will
not discuss here the meanings of V^- as given there.
16
Nov.
6]
PROCEKDINGS.
[1888.
I think this
shows well enough that we are unable, unless sup-
ported by paraller passages or by some syllabary, to say that >-^]^-y
and jV mean " tongue, language "and nothing else."*
"
and
"
womanit
"
respectively,
Now
for the
compound
ideograph.
Can
really
be proved
that -^y>^
-^?
signifies " the
tongue or language of a
woman " andthat gram(?)
nothing else
As
to this,
I
mayK>-^'
first
call
attention to the fact,
matically nothing would prevent one from translating "
woman
of
an erne";
for
^
"shade,"
is
scarcely
"wood'''
of the night,"certainly not
but rather "night of the wood,"
"^ff^ Ki^T"*^
" head of an illness," but " illness of the head," nniriis qaqqadi.
There
are,
however, several instances in favour of the usual trans-J^-
lation of '-^][p7
which are only waiting for a final proof fromsecond place, quite well known to "every many compound ideographs none of thesignification or>-^][py
an Assyrian syllabary or other authority.But,isit
not, in the
Assyriologist,"factors
thatits
in
has keptit
original
sound
?
If Professor
Sayce thinkslanguage of aobject,if it
obvious
that
-^ meanselse,
" the tongue
or
woman" and
nothing][BJ
he could not possibly
was asserted that i^
means "wooden garment,"
But we all know, J^l " everything which goes," and so on. from the syllabaries or from parallel texts, that the significations ofthese
^
compound ideographs
are quite different.
Thetions.I
celebrated "re-christening" of the Chaldaean, Babylonian,sufficiently the
and Assyrian kings has shown
danger of such assumpagree with the writer
therefore venture to say thatarticle,
I
must
still
in
The Expositor, whose
by the way, can hardly make the
impression of that of a beginner, but rather of somebody,reading and meaning of >-^][pf
who knowswe
the Assyriological literature quite well, and maintain, that of the true
-^
"
we
are just as ignorant as
were twenty years ago."Yours,(Sec,
C.
BEZOLl).
*
The comparisonat present.
of
'-^I^^'"|
][E|
,
etc.
,
does not give us any elucidation of the
matter
17
C
Nov. 6]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.
[iS88.
PRONOMINAL FORMSDear Mr. Rylands,In the Presidential Address readpersonal pronouns amik^ entu-k, enhc-s^exactly to the
IN EGYPTIAN.
this year before the Philological
Society, Professor Sayce says (p. 35) that
when hete?m,su',
finds the
Egyptian anUim,
mm,
seiiii,
corresponding
Old Semitic anoki ;
a)ifa{,-ka),
si\-{d)nf/,
sunn, he cannot resist the conclusion thatexist
somethis
relationship
must:
between Egyptian and Old Semitic, and he adds,le
in a note
" Mr.
Page Renouf's arguments againstI
conclusion in the
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Arc/icEolog)\ March, 1888, rest
upon whathad
must be allowed to
call
an obsolete theory of
roots.
Years ago, ineffectuallyin'
my
Principles of Comparative Philology, I fancied I
about
marians
disposed of the theory, and the revolution brought Indo-European Comparative Philology by the Neo-Gramhas since deprived it of the support it was once supposed'
to find in the
Indo-European languages." had simply said that he entirely disagreed with me, or that he thought me absolutely wrong from beginning to end, but the I should not have been surprised or have cause to complainIf Professor Sayce;
elaborate
and circumstantial statement contained" in
in his note is of a
very surprising character indeed.I
have not discussed the "conclusion"
question,
and
for
what-
ever
arguments
"
againstin
it
may be"
derived from
my
essay
onis
" Pronominal
Forms
Egyptian
Professor Sayce's imagination
alone responsible.I
have indeed
(p.
262) argued against the assertion that the
" Egyptian pronouns clearly belong to the Semitic family," but
myIt
argument has no connection whatever with any doctrine of roots. " rests " upon the enumeration of the Egyptian personal pronounsseries,
in
exhibiting their relationship to each other.
I
should have
thought that every one, on looking
at the table of series,if
agreed with Benfey as regards cnfu, that
borrowing
it
had been on the part
of
would have had been any Semitic from Egyptian, and notthere
the reverse.
Andfirst
this
is
clearly
what Gesenius thought when he
withdrew his
hypothesis upon the subject.
It is no doubt quite true that I have in other parts of my essay assumed the truth of various philological hypotheses which Professor Sayce has long denied. But if every theory which he has protested
"
Nov.
6]
PROCEEDINGS.
[1888.
against were really exploded, the whole structure of the Science of
Language would be a meretheoryis
ruin.
Heit
has no right to fancy that acontinues, after his criticism,
effectually disposed of
when
to be held by authorities of the highest eminence.
The
theory which he treats so contemptuously
is,
I
suppose,249.If
that of the Pronominal roots
and
their agglutination, p.
Professor Sayce had done
me
the honour to read
me
carefully,
he
would have found out that I was tolerably familiar not only with Bopp and Schleicher and other older scholars, but with the more recent literature of the science, even with Ludwig, and also with the" Jung-grammatiker."
But the form of the theory which
I
gave
is
that contained in
M. Breal's introduction to the French translation of Bopp's Grammar. M. Breal is one of the most eminent teachers of the Science ofLanguage.
He
is
not hostile to the " Jung-grammatiker " or to
Professor Sayce, as
may be
seen from the Introduction which he
wrote to the French translation of the Principles of ComparativePhilology.
The
following extract will
show
that
he was not con" exploded
vertedtheory.
by Professor Sayce's arguments against the
" L'auteur appartient .... plutot a la philologie semitique qu'ala philologie
aryenne.
C'est ce
qui explique certaine inexperiencele
at certains exces
de hardiesse dans
maniement defait
I'etymologie.il
.
.
.
Nous avons peine egalement a comprendre pourquoicontrele
se
prononce
systeme agglutinatif.
Deil
ce
que
la
plupart des desi-
nences ne ce laissent point ramener a des pronoms restes usites engrec
en
latin
ou en
Sanscrit,
racines pronominales sont
un mythe.
compte delequelil
la
grammaire de ces
conclure que les admet alors, pour rendre langues, un inflectional instinct, surcroit pouvoirII
ne s'explique pas autrement,
et
qui ne resemble a rien deC'est
ce que I'experience a jamais permis de constater au linguiste.retourner a la theorie de Fre'deric Schlegel, quifait
sortir,
commeLa
on
I'a dit, la
desinence du theme ainsi quen'est entree
la resine
de
I'arbre.
grammaire comparee
dans
du jour outinatif,
elle
a ecarte cette theorie.
du progr^s qu'k partir En dehors du systeme agglula
voie
on newill,
voit
que
I'arbitraire et la
confusion."*are the " Neo-Grammarians,"
Youwhatis
perhaps, ask
me who
the revolution they have brought about in Indo-European*
Sayce, Priiicipes dc Philologie Co/npanr, A\'ant rrojins,^9.
p. x.
"
Nov.
6]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGY.far
[iS88.
Comparative Philology, and howof this letter?questionsare;
does that bear upon the pointto
It
would take a long timeit
answer the
first
two
suffice
to say that the so-called "
Jung-grammatiker
a coterie of very learned scholars whose merits as such are
universally acknowledged, butat
whose partisanssee
assert for
them claimslike
which the most friendly French scholars smile and Germans areItis
indignant.partisans in
truly laughable to
Englishmen talking
a foreign quarrel,
arising in great
part out of spite,
jealousy and ill-breeding.
The Science
of Language has
made
very
great progress since the days of Schleicher
and Curtius, but bothits
these scholars have most essentially contributed to
direction even
on points where their opinions are no longer followed. The " NeoGrammarians " have well borne their part in this progress, but onlyin conjunction with their contemporaries, Fick, Joh. Schmidt, Ascoli,
Amelung, Begeman, Humperdinck, Verner, CoUitz, Bezzenberger,Schuchardt and others who might be mentioned.*
Onhostile,
the very point where Professor Sayce appeals to these " revo-
lutionists " against
me, they refuse to answer.
Their attitude
is
not
but simply agnostic, and that for reasons which are quite
intelligible.
Strictly confining their enquiries, as they profess to do, to the
Indo-European languages, they can only recognize as " reine hypothetische gebilde" the forms in which others see primitive pronouns.
usf " dass diese sufifixalen Elemente Pronomina sein konnen, bestreitet principiell wol keiner von uns Jiingeren."
But Brugmann
tells
If he could find in the
Indo-European languages proof of the actualsuffixes
existence of words like those which I quoted as being actually currentin
Egyptian speech, his doubts as to the origin of the
would
utterly disappear.I
moreover mentioned an important
criterion for distinguishinglimits of the
between Pronominal and Predicative Roots which thethey could not otherwise but recognise.as in Semitic, whereas
Neo-grammarian enquiries necessarily conceal from them, but whichIt is this, that in Egyptian two or more pronominal roots may enter into
the composition of a word, predicative roots cannot betogether.*
compounded
See V. Ilenr)'in
Sprachforuhitng
in the Revue C)-iti(jtie, 18S5, p. 135 Collitz, Die iieiieste Bezzenberger's Bcitriige, 1886, and various articles of Bezzcn;
berger and I'ick in the Gottiugische gclehiie AnzeJge)-.
t Zitin
I. cut i
gen Stand der Sfrachwissensetiaft,
\>.
119,
20
Nov. 6]
PROCEEDINGS.appeal to the " Jung-grammatiker" on a matter like and can only deceive the ignorant.
[1888.
An
this is
therefore simply idle talk,
M. Dutens,
But a reference to a work which I quoted (p. 249, note), by " Sur Vorigme des exposafits castiels ett Sa7iscrit,^' whichin
obtained the Volney Prize
1884, will show that, even as regardstheory absolutelyis
the Indo-European languages, a
identical
with
mine may be held by teaching of Brugmann,I
a writer
who
thoroughly imbued with the
Osthoff, Paul,
and Leskien.the note of Professor
have,
I
think,
sufficiently
replied to
Sayce, which, though small in compass, was as full of matter as an The usual result of " explosions " under these overloaded gun.
circumstances
is
a sharp recoil upon the personis
who
discharges the
weapon.
But therein
a TrpwTov
-ylrcuco^
at the
bottom of these exis
cathedra utterances.
Why
should Professor Sayce, whoAccadian,
so high
an authorityin speculating
Assyrian,
Vannic, and Hittite, persist
does not?
It
about languages which others know, and which he is not so long since he discovered an Egyptianit
king " whose
name makes
pretty clear that
he belonged
to thewill
Xlllth dynasty."* Let him,backthis
if
he can, find any Egyptologist Inthis
who
remarkable discovery.
Presidential Address he
quotes six Egyptian personal pronouns, three of which no one hasever seen in any text, and the three others are not simple forms,as they should be for comparison with another language, but
com-
pound.than as
M. Breal respects Professor Sayce as a Semitic rather an Aryan scholar, but I know what Semitic scholars think
of his discovery that Joseph was " a deity worshipped by the older inhabitants of Canaan," because among the names inscribed atthere are found "Yaqab-el, 'Jacob the God,' and Iseph-el, ; Joseph the God " and what Breal, or Fick, or Brugmann, or Victor Henry, would think of a professor of Indo-European Com'
Karnak
'
parative Philologyas 'the
who should
interpret Theophilos, or Philotheos,'
god
Philo,' orI
Dorothea as 'the goddess Dora,' oram, dear Mr. Rylands,
Doro.'
Very
faithfully yours,
P. LE P.
ReNOUF.
* Procecdint;.^, 1SS5, P- '^S-
Nov.6]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCILEOLOGY.
[i8S8.
The next Meeting of the Society will be held at 9, Conduit Street, Hanover Square, W., on Tuesday, 4th December, 1888, at 8 p.m., when the following Papers will beread:
Dr. a. Wiedemannof Moses."P.
:
" On
the Legends concerning the
Youth
LE Page Renouf, President:of the Dead."
"Two Vignettes of the
Book
Nov.
6]
PROCEEDINGS.
[i88S.
NOTICES.to the Society become due on the ist of January Those Members in arrear for the current year are requested to send the amount jQi is. at once to the Treasurer, B. T. BosANQUET, Esq., 54, St. James's Street, S.W.
Subscriptions
each year.
Papers proposed
to
be read
at the
Monthly Meetings must be
sent to the Secretary on or before the loth of the preceding month.
Members having New Members to propose are requested to send names of the Candidates on or before the loth of the month preceding the meeting at which the names are to be submitted to the Council. On application, the proper nomination forms may bein the
obtained from the Secretary.Part 2, of the "Transactions" of the Society is in Only a few complete sets of the "Transactions" of the Society now remain ; they may be obtained by application to Hart Street, the Secretary, W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A., 11,Vol. IX,press.
the
Bloomsbury, W.C.
The Library
of the Society,
at
11,
Hart
Street,
Bloomsbury,Friday,
W.C,
is
open
to
Members on Monday, Wednesday, and4,
between the hours of 11 andSociety.
for
the general business of the
As
a
new
list
of
Members
will shortly
be printed. Members arein Vol.
requested to send any corrections or additions they
have made
in the list
which was published
may wish VHI, Part 3.
to
Members are recommended to carefully preserve their copies of the " Proceedings," as they will not be reprinted at the end of the Volume of " Transactions," and if lost can only be supplied at ucharge for each Part, or for the Volumes.
Nov. 6]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH/EOLOGY.
[1888.
THE FOLLOWING BOOKS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY.
BOTTA, Monuments de Ninive. 5 vols., folio. 1847- 1850. Place, Ninive et I'Assyrie, 1866-1S69. 3 vols., folio. Brugsch-Bey, Geographische Inschriften Altaegyptische Denkmaeler.
Vols.
I IIIRecueil de
(Brugsch).
Monumentset J.
Brugsch
Diimichen.
Eg)'ptiens, copies sur lieux et publics par H. (4 vols., and the text by DUmichen
of vols. 3 and 4.)
DiJMiCHEN, Historische
Inschriften, &c., ist series, 1867.
2nd
series, 1869.
Altaegyptische Kalender-Inschriften, 1886.Tempel-Inschriften, 1862.2 vols.,folio.
GoLE.xiscHEFF, Die Metternichstele. Folio, 1877. Lepsius, Nubian Grammar, &c. 1880. De Roug6, Etudes Egyptologiques. 13 vols., complete Wright, Arabic Grammar and Chrestomathy.,
to 1880.
ScHROEDER, Die Phonizische Sprache.HAtrPT, Die Sumerischen Familiengesetze.
Rawlinson, Canon, 6th Ancient Monarchy.
BURKHARDT,
Eastern Travels.
Wilkinson, Materia Hieroglyphica. Malta, 1824-30. {Text only.) Chabas, Melanges Egyptologiques. Series I, III. 1862-1873. Le Calendrierdes Jours Fasteset Nefastes de I'annee lEgyptienne. E. Gavet, Steles de la XII dynastie au Musee du Louvre. Ledrain, Les Monuments Egyptiens de la Bibliotheque Nationale.Nos. I, 2, 3, Memoires de la Mission Archeologique Francais au Caire. Sarzec, Decouvertes en Chaldee. Lefebure, Les Hypogees Royaux de Thebes.
8vo. 1877.
Sainte Marie, Mission a Carthage. GuiMET, Annales du Musee Gumiet. Memoires d'Egyptologie. Lefebure, Le Mythe Osirien. 2nd partie. "Osiris." Lepsius, Les Metaux dans les Inscriptions Egyptiennes, avec notes par W. Berend. D. G. Lyon, An Assyrian Manual. A. Amiaud and L. Mechinealt, Tableau Compare des Ecritures Babylonienneset Assyriennes.
Erman, Aegypten
u.
Ag}'ptisches
Leben im Altertum.der Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer.
2 parts, Mittheilungen aus der
Sammlung
RoBlOU, Croyances de
I'Egj-pte a I'epoque des Pyramides.le
Recherches sur
Calendrier en Egyyjtc et sur
le
chronologic des Lagides.
POGNON, Les
Inscriptions Babyloniennes du
Wadi
Brissa.
IRecocbs
of theBEING
past
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONSOF THE
ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF EGYPT AND WESTERN ASIA.New Series. Edited by Professor Sayce, who will be assisted in the work by Mr. Le Page Renouf, Prof. Maspero, Mr. Budge, Mr. Pinches, Prof. Oppert, M. Amiaud, and other distinguished Egyptian and Assyrianscholars.
The newrespects,
series of
volumes
differs
from
its
predecessor
in
several
more
especially in the larger
amount of
historical, religious,
and
geographical information contained in the introductions and notes, as wellas in references to points of contact
between the monumental records and
the Old Testament.
Translations of Egyptian and Assyrian texts will be
given in the same volume.
Crown octavo
;
Cloth.
4^-.
6c/.
Volume15,
I
now
ready.
Samuel Bagster & Sons, Limited,
Paternoster Row, London.
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY PUBLICATIONS.
CTbe
Bcon3e vnameiits[ShalmaneskrII,
of the
IP^alace
0ates from Balawat.B.C.
859-825.]
Parts
I,
II, III,
and IV have now been issued
to Subscribers.
In accordance wifh the terms of the original prospectus, the price for
each partprice)
is
now
raised to
^i
los.
;
to
Members
of the Society (the original
^11^.
:
:
:
Society of Biblical Archeology.
COUNCIL,
1888.
PresidentP.
LE Page Renouf.
Vice-Presidents
Rev. Frederick Charles Cook, M.A., Canon of Exeter. Lord Halsbury, The Lord High Chancellor. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., &c. The Right Hon. Sir A. H. Layard, G.C.B., &c. The Right Rev. J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., &c., Bishop of Durham.
Walter Morrison, M.P.Sir Charles T.
Newton, K.C.B.,
D.C.L., &c., &c.
Sir Charles Nicholson, Ban., D.C.L., M.D., &c., &c.
Rev. George Rawlinson, D.D., Canon of Canterbury. Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c. Very Rev, Robert Payne Smith, Dean of Canterbury.
Coiinril
W.
A. Tyssen Amherst, M.P., &c. Rev. Charles James Ball. Rev. Canon Beechey, M.A.E. A.
Rev. Albert Lowy. Rev. James Marshall.F.
D. Mocatta.
Wallis Budge, M.A.
Alexander Peckovek, F.S.A,J.
Arthur
Gates. Rev. Prof. T. K. Cheyne, D.D. Thomas Christy, F.L.S.
Pollard,
F, G.
Hilton Price, F.S.A,
E.
TowRY Whyte, M.A,
Charles Harrison, F.S.A.Honorary TreasurerSecretary
Rev. W. Wright, D.D.
BERNARD T.
Bosanquet.F.S.A.
W.
Harry Rylands,
Honorary Secretary for Foreign Co7'respondence
Prof.
A. H, Sayce, M,A.
Honorary Librarian
William Simpson,
F.R.G.S.
HARRISON AND SONS, FKINTERS
IN
OKDINARV TO HER MAJESTY,
ST.
MARTINS LANE,
VO L.
XI.
Part
2.
PROCEEDINGSOF
THE SOCIETYOF
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.
VOL.
XL NINETEENTH SESSION.Second Meeting,^^th
December, 1888.
^^
CONTENTS.PAGEP. i.E P.
Renouf
[Prcsidciil).
Two Vignettes
from the Book of
the Dead.
(Plate)
26-2Sthe Legends concerningtlie
Dr. A.
Wiedemann. On
Voutli of
Moses
29 43
Dr.
C.
Bezolu.
Some
Unpublislied
Cuneiform
Syllabaries.
(S Plales)
44-54
-^'^-
rUBLISHED AT
THE OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY,II,
HAirr Street, Bloomshurv, W.C.
188 8.[No. LXXIX.]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.II,
Hart
Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
PRICE LIST OF TRANSACTIONS PROCEEDINGS.
AND
Vol.
Vol.
PROCEEDINGSOF
THE SOCIETYOF
It
has been suggested to
me
that notwithstanding the
clearness with
which
it
is
stated
on the cover of the
PROCEEDINGS, November,in binding the Contents.I
1888, some error
may
arise
must therefore point out that the
Title,
Contents,
Alphabetical Index, and pages 571-578, should be boundin Vol.
X
;
all
the rest of the number, including the plate,
forms the commencement of Vol. XI.
W.
HARRY RYLANDS.
in
N.B.:The Plate illustrating the Paper by the President this Number, December, 1888, will be issued in January.
Cyrus dans
les
monuments
assyriens, par A. Delattre, S.
[.
The Views
of the Babylonians c concerning Life after Death Cyrus Adler.
'
by
[No. LXXIX.J
2%
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.II,
Hart
Street, Bloomsburv, W.C.
PRICE LIST OF TRANSACTIONS PROCEEDINGS.,n
ANDTo NONMembeks.s.
Memheks. ro ivts.
d.
d.
Vol.
I,
Part
I
lo
6
12
6
few complete sets of the Transactions stil remain or sale, which may be obtained on application to the Secretary, W. 11. Ryi.ands, F.S.A., II, Harl
A
Street,
Bloomsbury, W.C.
PROCEEDINGSOF
THE SOCIETYOF,
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.NINETEENTH SESSION,1888-89.
Second Meeting, \th December^ 1888.P.
LE PAGE RENOUF,IN
Esq., President,
THE CHAIR.
-%'^%'J^-
The
following
Presents
were announced,:
and
thanks
ordered to be returned to the Donors
From
the
Author
:
Les
travaux
hydrauliques
en
Babylonie,
par A. Delattre, S.J.Extrait de la
8vo.Sclent.Oct., 18S8.
Revue des Quest.
L'Exactitude
et la critique
en histoire d'apres un assyriologue,Delattre, S.J.
Reponse a M. Sayce, par A.Extrait
8vo.
du Museon, 1888.la
Encore un mot surSvo.Extrait de la
geographic assyrienne, par A. Delattre,
S. J.
Revue des Quest.
Scient.
Avril, 18S8.].
Cyrus dans
les
monuments
assyriens, par A. Delattre, S.
The Views
of the Babylonians concerning Life after Death, by
Cyrus Adler.[No. LXXIX.J23
D
Dec. 4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.F.LI.
[18S8.
From
Griffith
:
^BibliothecaAn
Orientalis.
8 vols., 1876 to
1882.
8vo.
From
F. G. Hilton Price,
Egyptian Reading Book, Compiled8vo. 188S.
by E. A. Wallis Budge, M.A.
The Secretary read
the following
letter,
which he exMr.
plained had just been received by him, with a map, &c.
Some explanatory remarks were made byChristy,
Thomas
and a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Cope Whitehouse for the map and printed explanations.10,
Cleveland Row,December
St. James's,18S8.
S.W.
Sir,I
'~,th,
have great pleasurelatest
in offering to the Society of Biblical
Archaeology the
mapItis
of thethis
explanatory paper.
Although
map
Raiyan depression with an is autographed by me. it isreduced copy of theofficial
in all respects official.
largely a
map, prepared from independent surveys by engineers in the employment of the Egyptian Government. It has also received in its present form the authoritative approval of Colonel Western, DirectorGeneral of Works, and Major Ross, Inspector-General of Irrigation.
The accompanyingreports.I
paper, also,
is
largely abstracted
from
official
may
venture,
Sir, to
present to you
my
congratulations on this
final
proof that you were justified in extending toeffective
me
the promptIt
and
aid which greatly encouraged
me
at the outset.
was
a serious responsibility
corresponding credit.facilities
which you assumed, and there should be I have also to thank the Council for the
which have been afforded
me
for publication
and
to the
President for the removal of the obstacle interposed by the erroneousinterpretation of the Bulaq papyrus No.Ii.
am, Dear Sir,
faithfully yours.
Cope Whitehouse.
The
following were nominated for election at the next8th,
Meeting on JanuaryRev.jSIissJ.
1889
:
Burleigh, Colvill Galgorm,
Mount
Pleasant Road, Hastings.
Giovanna Gonino, 57, Charhvood24
Street, Pimlico.
Dec.4]
[1888.
PROCEEDINGS.
Sir J.
William Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., McGill University,
Montreal, Canada.Dr. A. G. Paterson, South Lodge, Ascot, Berks.
Harry
J.
Lewis, 34, Leinster Gardens,2,
Hyde
Park,
W.
Miss Weatherall,
Park Place Gardens, Maida
Hill.
Theelected
following were submitted for election, having beenlast
nominated at the
Meeting on November:
6th, 1888,
and
Members
of the Society
Edouard Drouin, 15, Rue INIoncey, Paris. Frank Haes, 28, Bassett Road, Netting Hill, W.Rev.Park,
Thomas W.
Harrison, 38, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington
Rev. Ross C. Houghton, D.D., Portland, Oregon, JJ.S.A. Rev. J. A. Johnston, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A. Rev. William MacGregor, The Manor House, Bolehall, Tamworth.
Dominique Mallet, 19, Rue Mazarine, Paris. Rev. Chauncey Murch, Luxor, Egypt. John Grubb Richardson, MoyoUon, Ireland. S. Schechter, 8, Gascony Avenue, N.W. Leonard Bradbury Winter, 28, Montpelier Road, Brighton.
To
be added to the List of Subscribers
:
The
Theological Seminary, Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.
A"
Paper was read by
P.
LE PAGE
RenoufS.E.B.,
{President)
:
Two
Vignettes of the Book of the Dead."Dr. Gaster,
Remarks were added byRev. C.J. Ball,
Bouverie-Pusey,
Rev. A. Lowy, Rev. Dr. Walker.
by Dr. A. Wiedemann, entitled, " On the Legends concerning the Youth of Moses," was read by thePaperSecretary.
A
Inglis, Dr. Gaster,
Remarks were added by Rev. J. Marshall, Rev. A. Lowy, Dr. and the President.Thanks were returnedfor these
communications.
D
2
"
Dec.
4]
SOCIETY OF. BIBLICAL ARCILEOLOGY.
[1888.
Two
Vignettes from the Book of the Dead.
By
p.
le Page Renouf.
The newspapers haveficentwill,I
already given
some account of a magniit
papyrus recently acquired by the British Museum, and astrust,
very shortly
be published
in
fac-simile,
a detailedfor
description will not be necessary at present.it
The personA?ii,
whomwasall
was written^^^/vvAI
is
called
V\I
LL M?>?
and
his
title
'lA
'^Q^ D
I
I
I
"Scribe of the Sacred Revenue ofI I
I
I
!
I
the gods."
This appears to be ident'cal with an
office
which
in the
Egyptian hierarchy, according to the
Hood|
Papyrus,[1
took pre-
cedence of thefathers."
y^,at
"prophets," and
^,meto
"sacred
The timedynasty,is
which he lived appears to
be that of
the
XlXth
and one of thea
religious texts contained in theII.
papyrus
found on a tablet dated the 45th year of Ramesesitself
The papyruscopies of the
came fromtexts
Theban tomb.and among themthe " Chapter175.
There are several
here which are not usually found inis
Book of
the Dead,
of not dying a second time," which
M. Naville has numberedis
Our
text,
though complete
in itself,
unfortunatelyat
much
shorter
than that published by M. Naville from a papyrus
Leyden.only mention
Of
these additions to the
Book
of the
Dead
I shall
two, as being highly interesting.
Chapter 18 has an introduction made by twovested with the panther's hide, the mthehis
priestly personages,
^ a\whoft
a
;^
(^An-Mdf-ef),
and
^^ {Semerif,Tattu,
"loving son")
bring the deceased and
offerings to the divine
powers
( A
1
y>
^
I
j
fat'astt) of
Helio[)olis,
Seshem, and other places.
The Antnatefin heaven,
says,
"
I
come
to you, ye
mighty powers, who are
on
earth,is
and
in the
nether-world, I bring to you the Osirisall
Ani,
who
without reproach in respect tofor ever!
the gods, that he
may be
with you
26
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.Se/f/eriy S3.ys,;
[188?.
Theto
"I comelet
to you, ye divine powers,
and
I brinii;allot-
you the Osiris Ani,
him have bread,
water,
air,
and an
mentf xJx.
se// )
in Sechet-hotepit,
hke the followers of Horus."to
At the Psychostasia the great company of gods attached(thatis
Toth
the forty-two assessors) say,is
"That which proceeds fromOsiris
thy
mouth
right
andus,
true.letit
The
Ani
is
without sin
(-r
reproach as regards
not be permitted that the Devourcr
(-
there be given toOsiris,
^
rA ^\
'^.
)a>\
'
^^'"''""'f)
should seize upon him, butin
l.t
him the cakes which are displayed|
presence ofin
and permanent allotment
n
N^ 7J77^
,
seh
men)
Sechet-
hotepit, like the followers of Horus."
The 'Devourer The
of the
Dead' appears
for the
first
time in
tluI.
Papyrus of Hunefer (B.M. 9901), who wasthose of the nineteenth and later dynasties.
in the service of Seti
earlier papyri are far less richly illustrated with vignettes
than
But the vignettes of thefull
Papyrus of Ani are not only extremely beautiful, but
of interest
and importance
for the information they conve}^this
The two exampk-sshow whatI
upon the
plate
which accompanies
note
will
mean.
They
are both taken from the Vignettes, of the seventeenth chapter.papyri, ha\e
These Vignettes, which occur on so many funerealgiven rise to
much
conjectural speculation.
The mostGateinfig. i
instructive authority as yet as tois
the nature ofNaville), in
tl
e
the Dublin Papyrus (D. a ofis
M.
whu h
the folding doors are open and the sun
seen passing through.
In the Papyrus of Hunefer (A.
g.)
the doors are also open and the
godgate
sitsis
between them.
On^r^^-^
the Papyrus ofJie-sfaii,
Am
the
name'
of tie'^
writtenI
-^
^
a well
known mythologicalwitli
name,
literally signifying,
"gate of the funereal passages," but
an extension of meaning applied both to the earthly burial place anto a region in the netherworld in
i
which Osiris presides
in
company
with Isis and Horus.
The second examplemalelions, seated
(fig.
2)
is
still
more
interesting.
The twoto
back to back, with the sun
rising out of the " solarsky, are not
mount," and surmounted by the symbol oi the27
be
Dec.
4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGY.
[1888.
confounded with the Lion-pair Shu and Tefnut.
Hitherto our best
guides as to the meaning of this vignette have been the Papyrus of
Queen Net'emet (belonging to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales), and Kenna (Leyden, a). In the latter each of the lions has the Sun-disk upon his head, and Isis and Nephthys kneel on thethe Papyrus ofright
and
left.
They remind oneday.
of the later sign
[T
^^
,
repre-
senting the
dawn oflions,
In the former king Herhor kneels before"^Vfj/
one of the
the legend being
'c^\
^^
tuau,
"the Morrow."Thisis
the pictorial illustration of the sacred gloss
o''
^^'^.cL^'^^^ ^1^'Rais
"^''''^
Yesterday,
the
MorrowPRa.
Osiris
is
the sun which set yesterday and has
risen again as
28
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.
[1^88.
ON THE LEGENDS CONCERNING THE YOUTH OF MOSES.PartI.
By Dr.
A.
Wiedemann.and theologians have commencedby
Orientalists as well as historians
again of late to explain Biblical passages with the help of Jewishtraditions,is
and
tried
even to obtain new historical
facts
it.
It
indeed very surprising to see
how sometimes names and
facts,
only recently
made known;
to us
by monuments, are already to be
found
in these writings
but they contain as well heterogeneous andthis litera-
erroneous notices.ture I
In order to judge of the real value of
worked through the writings bearing on one period, the
results
of which
may
help in the verification of other periods.
Parts of
these studies, which
may be
of interest to the readers of the Prc-
ceedings, I intend to give in the following pages.
Thecanon.
lively interest
which the Jews took
in their great national
heroes did not die out with the conclusion of the Old Testament
As
direct information to complete the
Holy Writings wasfacts
wanting, the endeavour was
made
to
draw always new conclusionsby
from the words and modes of expression, and to obtain new
comparing
different
portions.
Naturally results obtained by suchall
meansare
are of very
little
importance to history,
the
more
so as
we
still
at the present:
time able to follow their bold and far-fetchedis
combinations
but the material
very interesting in assisting us to
obtain a knowledge of the lines of thoughtPalestinianin
among
the learned of the
and Alexandrian Jews,
We
find besides stories directlyit,
connection with the Old Testament, and even taken out of
another series of independent reports trying in a fantastical andrhetorical
way
to
fill
up the chronological gaps
in
the
Sacredstyle
History, and thus differing greatly from the calmof thefirst stories.
and measured
It
is
the Hellenistic influence from Alexandria
which we find here
in the
Jewish writings, and especially
in
the
biographies of biblical persons.
Most of
all,
the
life
of their founder
andwide
favourite hero Moses, principally of thefield for
young Moses, offered a
extravagant combinations, the historical facts beingfill
but few and insufficient to
u[)
a
period of about 40 years.
29
Dec.
4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGY.
[18S8.
Besides, his youth having been passed in Eg)'pt, there was a fair
chance of interweaving it with Egyptian history, and by making use of the knowledge of Egyptian manners and customs, to enliven andenrich the story, givingit,
at the
same
time, a
more
truly historicalin the heart
form than could be added to other traditions preservedof the small country of Palestine.tales glorifying
Thus
the
number
of legends and
Moses grew from century to century; the orthodox Jews show how Moses was their predestined chief sent by God, while the Hellenistic la-.v-giver and prophet from his earliest youth Jews laid the greatest stress on Moses' Egyptian education, culture and political influence at court. These two elements are mixed up and often worked together, as well in the Talmudic, Rabbinic and Mohamedan writings as in the Hellenistic historians and commentators from Artapanos down to Josephus and Philo. In this first part I shall consider some of these legends and with those relating to the first chapter of Exodus exegetic notices the help of the Biblical verses, not in order to show Moses' life in the light of the Jewish tradition, as Beer did (Leben Moses Leipzig, the form of these 1863), or to give the translation of one Midraschliked to;
;
treatises
being
known
to
the
readers
by the learned
articles
of
Rev. Loewy, especially by his interesting translation of the Legend on the Death of Moses {Proc, IX, p. 40, sqq.), but to explain clearly
Verse
by an example how the tradition developed. 6. As Joseph was dead and all his brothers andat the time.
all
who
lived
The Jews
lived,
according to Exodus
xii,
40, for
430 years
in
Egypt, as in Genesis xv, 13 (from here Act. Apost., vii, 6) God In Genesis xv, 16, it prophesied 400 years of oppression to them.is
said that the sojourn lasted four generations,
and
in
Exodus,
vi,
16
20, that the great grandfather of the
man who
emigrated had
entered Egypt.as 100 years.
Here the generation must have been estimated
Josephus does the same when he states (Ant., II, 9, i, r/; Hitzig, Geschichte Israels, I, p. 62) the stay of Bell. Jud., V, 9, 4 the Jews to have been 400 years.;
The
later
commentators thought the number 400 too high, and
already the
LXX
add
to the
number 430
years (Ex.
xii,
40) " lasted thethat
residence in Egypt and Kanaan."
Similarly the
Talmud means
the 430 years ought not to be counted from the Exodus, but from According to the Talmud the LXX (Wunsche, Jerus. Isaac's birth. had undertaken their change in the original text for Tal., p 166)
30
Dec.
4]
.
PROCEEDINGS.
[18S8.
King Ptolemaeus.
So we have here one of those passages where the
translators intentionally
made
the text differ from the original in
order not to offend the Egyptian sovereign, as they did for example in the list of unclean animals, where the hare (lagos) was omitted,
because the royal ancestor bore the name of Lagos.
ThePirke
older RabbinsElieser,c.
hesitate48).
between 210 and 215 years
[cf.
Rabbi
The Seder 01am Rabba
(about
170 A.D.) takes 210 years; Jochebetold at Moses' birth,thearrival
is said to have been 130 years born herself directly after been and to have
in
Egypt.
dream about Moses51), has
in the year 130 after the
Also the fixing of the date of Pharaoh's Eisodus (Midrasch, fol-
been occasioned by similar calculations.
Josephus (Ant,
II,
15,
2) puts the
Exodus 215 years
after Jacob's
arrival in Egypt,
though
this date quite contradicts the rest of his chronological system.
Undoubtedly he took the number from the rabbinic traditions, which often strongly influenced him, and not as Bloch (Quellen des Freudenthal Studien, p. 49) supposes from De Josephus, p. 57;
metrius,
who
also (Euseb. Prcep. ev.:
IX,
c.
29)
Hetill
counts thus
Jacob
in
Egypt
till
Kehat's birth, 17 years
names 215 years Kehat;
Amram's birth, 40 years; Amram till Moses' birth, 78 years; Moses till the Exodus, 80 years.*) But Demetrius follows here only the older rabbinic ideas, and is not to be looked upon asauthority.
Josephus, in another place, estimates(p.
(c.
Ap.,
I,
t^t^)
the
generation to 2)Zh years, as the Greeksordinarily do, adds 30 years,
ex.
Herodotus
II,
142)
and gets thus 170 years
for the so-
journing in Egypt.
Verse
7.
The Jewsolder
increased and had
many
children,
and increased
and became many, so
that the country
was
filled.
The
Greek commentators of the Old Testament havetext,
simply taken over this part of the
or amplified
it
a
liitle,
as
Josephus (Ant.greatly in
II, 9,
i),
who remarks
that the
Jews had increased
and power, on account of their activity p. 603) thinks that on account of the great increase of the Jews, the Egyptian king had feared a war for the mastery between his people and the strangers later on whennumber,in riches
and
virtue.
Philo (Vit. Mos.,
* Salomo,
Apis, p.
35,
counts
:
Levi was 46 years old at Kahatlvs birth,
Kahath 63 years at Amram's liirth, views of the numbers 430 and 215,14, sqq.
Amramcf.
70 years
at
Moses' birth.
Newer
Kuriz, Gesch. des alten Bundes, II, p.
31
Dec.
4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.-EOLOGY.{cf.
[1888.
they had become more powerful and numerous
Exodus
i,
10).
The Rabbins thought it necessary to detail the manner of the increase. The Schemot Rabba (transl. Wiinsche, p. 5 5-^.) relates that some{cf.
Rabbins supposed that each Jewess gave birth to six children at once Jarchi, ad v., 7), others spoke of twelve and even of seventy. As a natural consequence the country was filled with them, as R. Nathan says, " like as with rushes." Aben-Ezra is less extravagantin his notices to this subject,
he gives only two,
three, or four children
at
one birthIt is
to the Jewish
women. numberthe7,
very strange that the
7 is not
found amongthe
all
these
opinions,
while
we
find
in
classic
literature
declarationin
(Trogus in Plinius, Hist. Nat.,births of seven children at once.
3) that there
had been
Egypt
Also other ancient writers (Aristot.3,
Hist. Anim.,
7,
4,
5,
Columella, de re rustica,
8) speak of theit
great fertility of the inhabitants of the Nile valley,
and attributed3,
to
the Nile water (Strabo, 15,Hist. Nat.,7,
p.
695
;
yElian, Hist. Anim.,3,
33;
Plin.,
3; Seneca, Qusest. Nat.,
25).*
Verse
8.
Then came
a
new king
in Egypt,
who knew nothing
of Joseph.
Josephus (Ant., H,
While the old exegitic writers quietly accepted this fact, and cf. Philo) only remarks that Joseph's merits 9, i had been by degrees forgotten, the later authors thought it very improbable that any later sovereign should not have known such an important man as Joseph. So they declare that the king only;
feigned not toJarchi adv.
know Joseph
(Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba,
p. 6 sq.,
8.
Schumann, Vita Mosis,followed them).
Mosis,
I, p.
313,
p. 30, and Keil, Biicher Others supposed the king had
not obeyed Joseph's prescriptions (Onkelos), and not lived accordingto
them (Jonathan and Hierosolym.
paraph.), or finally that the kingI,
did not like Joseph (Bar-hebraeus ad Exodus,
5,
who
calls
the
Pharaoh, Phalamthiosi).
Theabove
expression tZ^IH 'n'PD
"a new king,"II, 9, i,
is
connected with thelike Arta-
interpretation.
Josephus,ev.
had accepted,
panus (Euseb., Praep.
IX, 18) and
Rab
(Sota iia), the theory
that the king belonged to a
new
dynasty.
Josephus' opinion hadthe Syrian Exodusby Rosen-
also great importance in after times.
Not only
* Later notices about the fertility of the Eg}-ptians were collectedmiiller, Altes
und neues Morgenland,
I, p.
252.
32
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.of Edessait,
[1888.
Commentar of Jacobp.
{cf.
Wiseman,
Horse
Syriacai,
I,
266
sq.)
has followedBible,I,
but also numerous later scholars (Cook,
The Holyd. alt.
p. 250,;
Knobel, Exodus,
p. 3
;
Kurtz, Gesch.
Bundes H, p. 24 sq. Schumacher, Handb. d. heil. Gesch., I, These latter take the king p. 140; Schumann, Vita Mosis, p. 28. Ewald (Gesch. des Volkes Israel, IH, p. 17) has for a Hyksos.). contradicted this hypothesis most decidedly, and Hengstenberg (Biicher Moses und Aegypten, p. 267) means that the king was called " new " because he did not know Joseph, and that this disregard of Joseph's merits marks the turning point between the old and the new empire. This last hypothesis is also not a new one,
though the Targum (Jon. andBibl.
Jer.
;
Dillmann, Ex.,
p.
3
;
Keil,
Commentar
liber
d.
Biicher Mosis, p.to
312) thinks the exthe same time the
pression
had been chosen UJin T T
design at
Just like the moderns, the Rabbins were uncertain whether the king was called " new " because
reorganisation that began with the king.
new one as Rab means or on account of his new Samuel opinions the latter being founded on the fact laws as that the Bible does not say "he died" and a new king reigned. The (Sota, p. 225 sq.; Schemot Rabba, p. 6; Jarchi ad v., 8.) Jewish tradition tried to detail the story and person ot this Pharaoh one notice is of interest, where some think him a {cf. Sota, p. 230)he wasreally a
;
;
descendant of the Amalekitic race.cap. 47,is
In the Book of the Jubilees,
told
how he had
a conflict with
Menkeron,
ruler of
Kanaan andgivesp.
Assur,
and was beaten by him.
The Arabic
tradition
Pharaoh the name of Valid (Herbelot, Bibl. Orient., JI, 744 f ), and says that his wife Assiah was Amram's niece, and explains thus Amram's important position at the Egyptian court.Verse9.
And
he spoke
to his people.
Theusif
Bible relates the suppression of the Jews without informing
the king acted thus of his
own
free will or
by the counsel of
his court.
In consequence the opinions of commentators are at
variance.
assumedivine
(Sota, p. 226; Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba, p. 7) Pharaoh was most to blame, and that therefore the punishment reached him the first. The Jelammedenu
Some
that
(fol. 23, col. 3,
;
Sota, p.
quite a contrary opinion.
230; Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba, p. 6) has Pharaoh first opposed himself to his
people when they oppressed the Jews; but the Egyptians dethroned him, and he had to live three months as a private individual. After
33
Dec.4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCII.EOLOGY.and was then readyto
[1888.
that time he regauied his throne,
obey
his
people's wiU.
Others take the middle course between these two series of legends ; they make Pharaoh a tyrant by advice of his Midr. counsellors, of whom several names are cited (Sota, p. 227;
Jalkut ad
2
Mos. cap.
i,
162,
and ad
cap.
2,
168), thus(cf.
:
Balaam, who advised him, and wasxxxi, 8).
killed afterwards
NumbersAbout231sq.;
Job,
who remained
silent,
and was
stricken
by plagues.
the time of
Job's living the Rabbins disagree (Sota, p.p. 224),
Wiinsche, Jerus. Talmud,
but Rabbi Ismael concluded, by
comparing Ex. ix, 20, with Job i, i, that Job was one of Pharaoh's servants, and ranked high in his family (Wiinsche, 1.1.).Jethro,
who
fled
when
the council took place, and was, therefore,
not an accomplice; his children even were rewarded for it afterwards. According to the book de Vita Mosis, p. 12 sq., Balaam had advised
work should be given to the Jews, as they would not people on account of their cunning, known by biblical examples. Jethro opposed to this, and stated that Godthat hard
succeed
in destroying the
always punished thoseat these
who oppres^edother29,
the Jews.
Pharaoh, indignant
words, ordered Jethro immediately back to his province.councillors of the
The Koran mentionsl^A.J^ (Sure
king
:
Hainanwas
28,
5,
7,
38;
38;
40,
25).
This
Haman
assuredly only
enemy
to the
named here because Mahomet had heard him called an Jews. The later, and really biblical Haman, has another
name
with the later Arabs,etc., p. 156).
who
call
him
^u/^^
(c/-
Geiger,
Was
hat
Muhammed,Korali ^,
,li
(Sure 29, 38
;
40,
25).
Already
earlier
than the
Koran
this
par. 14, "
name had been cited in Midrasch Rabba ad IV Mos., Korah was chief manager of Pharaoh's house."of the counsellors was Balaam, of whose anti-
The most important
Jewish feelings the book
de Vita Mosis records several legends.
Jews tailed (p. 17) he went with his two and Mamres (Jonathan ben Huziel on Exodus i, 15, has The sons are cited Zimberes) to Necas, King of the Idumeans. under the names of Jamnes and Mambres by Numenius (Euseb.his plans against the
When
sons, Janes
Praep. ev. 9, 8) as magicians
;
they were chosen by the Egyptians tohis
oppose Musffius, chief of the Jews and very powerful through
34
Dfc.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.to
[1888.
prayers
God.
They were
said
to
have indeed succeeded
in
averting the great plagues sent over Egypt.
Jannes and Jambres, asEv. Nicod, capetc.;
they are also called, play a prominent part as magicians with the old
Jewish and Christian authors,dius,histor.
2
Tim.105
iii,
8,
5.,
Palla-
Lausiac.I, p.
;
Macarius Alexand.,II, p.sq.,
cf.
Fabricius,
Cod.
apocr. N.T.
813
j-^.,
where numerous passages areS.
named, and Freudenthal, Hell. Studien,found their way into the works ofmagician Janes(Apol.2).
173).
Even 11),
classical writers, soi, 2,
in
Pliny (Hist. Nat., 30,
their names we find the and Apuleius
Verses 9-14. Well, the children Israel arethan we.
many and moreetc.
We
will
suppress them,
The
forced work, at which the Israelites laboured by
command
of the Egyptian tyrants, has been closely described and detailed by
The Rabbins relate how at first the Egyptians made the Jews work with kind words and money. But when they showed themselves zealous, and produced numerous bricks in the feeling oftradition.
their strength, the Egyptians
doubled the number of the
tiles
due,
and ordered guards to watch the working Jews (Sota, p. 230 sq.). Others (Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba, p. 9) contradict this so far as by saying that each Jew had to make daily as many bricks as he worked on the first day. It is principally Philo who speaks about the torture of the w^ork the king not only forced the native men to mould tiles, If a but also strangers and made the burdens too heavy to carry. average hindered weakness or illness from doing the was by Jew quantity, which was superintended by the most cruel men to be found, he was condemned to death, and those who died of heat or;
too hard work were thrown aside unburied.
In connection with this
report stands one of the most peculiar explanations which was ever
produced on the rabbinic sideWiinsche,p. 8) that
:
one master
tells (in
Schemot Rabba,;
neck now if do his work, he was answered, "Are you then weaker than Pharaoh?" Surely this is a characteristic example how far such learned deductions, unbridled by
one fastened a brick
to Pharaoh's to
an
Israelite
complained that he was too weak
logical thoughts,
may be
carried.
The workMosis,p.
consisted, as stated in the Bible
and by Philo (de Vitato
608), principally in moulding bricks (not kilning them, asit).
Luther translated
According to Philo they had not only
form
the clay-tiles, but also to provide straw to hold
them
together, as the
35
Dec.4]
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCILEOLOGY.
[1SS8.
Bible states only
much
later
(Exod.
v).
This addition wears quite
an Egyptian stamp, and shows a close knowledge of the customs In a tomb at Thebes are represented the Egyptian of that country. workmen of Tutmes Ill's time occupied in moulding bricks and
Though this representation has nothing to do with the Bible and the Jews, however it may have been so pretended (p. ex. by Hengstenberg, Die Biicher Mose's und ^gypten, p. 79 sq., and Kurtz, Gesch. des alten Bundes, II, p. 25 sq.), it gives a complete illustration of the subject, and corresponds in all itsbuilding with them.details with the biblical records.
Besides the brick-making, a series of other occupations
is
cited
and detailed, especially by Josephus (II, 9, i), who, by Bloch's indeed unproved hypothesis, took it from Artapanos (Euseb. Pra^p. ev. IX, Following his report the Jews had 27).:
1.
To
divide the Nile into several rivulets, a task which also
Philo, de Vita Mosis, p.p. 333,2.
608
[cf.
Philo,
de Confusione Linguarum,
C. Frankf.), ascribed to them,
To;
surround the towns with walls.
Philo goes farther here
(de Vita Mosis, p. 608), saying that they had to build temples, walls
and
cities
and the Book of Jubilees
(cap. 46) defines as their
work
"the rebuilding of every wall and every partition which was destroyed in the land of Egypt."3.
To
construct dykes against the inundation.
4.
To
build
the
pyramids.
Unhistorical
as
this
assertion
is
from chronological reasons, the pyramids having been erected about
2000 years before Moses,even in modern timesp. 25) as a(p.
it
has
nevertheless
often
been cited
ex.
Kurtz, Gesch. des alten Bundes, II,
token of the hard pressure under which the Jews sufferedIn a similar way Aristotle (Pol.8,
in Egypt.
11, p.
224, 27 sq.
Bekk.) quotes the pyramids as an example
how
tyrants used to
oppress a people by average, and hinder them thus from opposinghis
own power.5.
The Jews had
to learn arts
and
to
become accustomedyears,in
to
hard
work.the
This servitude lastedeach
for
400
during which timeefforts
Egyptians vied with
other
their
to
destroy
the Jews with hardships, and the Jews to show themselves equalto the task.
Later authors(Patricid. p. 25,if.
speak
of
still
other
forced
occupations
;
thus
Hotiinger,
Smegma36
oricntale, p. 396) of stone-
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.excavation
[1888.
cutting,
of mountains, agriculture.in
Similar
embellish
ments are often foundinvention.
such writings, and are nothing but pure
work of the Jews the Canon designs the erection Already the ancients had different opinions about the meaning of this word the LXX thought it a name for fortified places (vroXeci dxvpa^), and were followed by Jarchi, ad v. 11, and
As
special
of two rn-3D?:2-
;
Dillmann, Exodus, newer commentators (Knobel, Exodus, p. 5 The Targum and the Schemot Rabba (Wiinsche, p. 8) have p. 6).;
other opinions
;
they think the expressionI,
means
store-house.
Also
Keil (Biicher Mosis,says,xxxii,
p.
314) keeps to this explanation
when he
"they were towns of store and magazine houses28,
"towns
to preserve the harvest"),
{c/. II Chron. which contained the
productions of the country partly for trade (Ewald, Gesch. Israels,II, p. 16), partly for forage for the
army
in times of war,
and notin
fortresses."
When
the Vulgate seems to offer a third version
translating theoriginalItis isis
word " tabernacla," it is probable that in the Hebrew the word was read niw^X!??2 instead of iHli^DOnot possible to decide philologically which interpretationis
the right one, as the worda very short one.*
seldom found, and the passagetried to explainit
The Rabbins229;
with help of
Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba, p. 8); they suppose the name originated in the fact that " they brought the builders into danger," or because "they made the builders poor,"in Sota, p.
etymology (Gemara
but from such speculations no real information
is
gained.
The Hebrew text of the Bible names two of these towns, Ramses and Pithom other texts seem to have cited besides On,;
the Greek Heliopolis.
This might be accepted because thefiir
LXX A
doesthis
it
(Egli, Zeitschrift
wissensch. Theologie, 1870,
p.
326, thinks
the
original
version, whileu.s.f.
Erankel,f.,
Ueber den'HX, at last,
like a
worm
;
(Frankel,
Ueber
palaest.
und Alex.1i^?2"l).
Schriftforschung, p, 38 conjectures that this exposition results from
of the
town-name from the Hebrew rootheight, the reason.
means the
While
in general the tradition only speaks of affliction
by means
of work, the Schemot
Rabba (Wiinsche,
p.
9) reports an addition to
Pharaoh's order, by which he tried to hinder the increase in the
numberthe
of the Jews.
He
forbade the;
workmen{cf.ff.)
to sleep in their
houses where their wives lived
but R. Akibap.
Wiinsche,
1.1.,
and
Gemara
in
Wagenseil, Sota,
237
relates
how
the Jews
evaded the prohibition which menaced38
their tribe
with complete
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.The women took foodto the;
[1888.
decline.
men
at their
working places,
and had there intercourse with themwere born, and God's angelsID,
then they remained at
home
to await the resulting birth of children.
Under an apple-tree these came down to wash the children.combined by help of Ezekiel, La Vita di Mose, p. 160 sq.).xvi,
(Details of God's protection were5,
4,
9,
7.
Cf. Benedetti,
Asthis
soon as the Egyptians discovered the children, they thought ofintention,
killing
them, but the earth swallowed them before they could realize
and oxen came and ploughed over the
place.
We
find nearly the
same idea
in the Vita Mosis.
When Pharaohlived apart
had given the order
to
drown
the children,
many Jews
from their wives, but others did notexterminated through them.lying in the field,
for fear of theirleft
race becoming
The mothers
their little children
and God, who had declared to their fathers " I will increase your seed like the sand on the earth," sent angels to wash the children, and to put two stones near them out of which flowed milk and honey. At the same time hair grew upon the children to protect the whole body, and God ordered the earth to swallow them and to keep them up to the time of their puberty. Then she gave them back again, as is told in Psalm Ixxii " Those flourished like the grass of the earth." * Each now went home, an event which occasioned the custom of the Tabernacle. Also of the children thrown into the river none died, but were saved by God himself.:
Verse
15.
"
And
the king spoke to the
Hebrew
midvvives, of&;c."
whom
one was named Siphra, the other Pua,
The Bible names two midwives who had the charge of killing the Hebrew children, Schiphra and Pua, who do not play any part inthe latter history, so thatto rewardit
could not be provedfulfilled.
if
the divine promise
them had been
To
repair this omission the
Rabbins supposed that Schiphra and Pua were only title-names ordesignations of their profession (so Abarbenel) under which other
persons were to be understood.a by-name of Jochebet,
Thus they said that Schiphra was Pua of Miriam (so pseudo-Jonathan, Jarchi,20) wasp.
ad
V.
15)
;
while others believe that instead of Mirjam, Eliseba, wifevi,
of Aaron (2 Mos.,
meant (Gemarasq.)
in Sota,
p.
243
;
Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba,* Also Psalm cxxix,3,
10
has been brought in connection with the al)ove legendfor also this
:
" The ploughman ploughed over my back, &c.," no harm to the children.
ploughing has done
39
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SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCILEOLOGY.
[1S88.
Another often debated question was whether these midwiveswere Egyptian or Jewish women.tion of the passageit
From an unprejudiced examina-
{cf.
Rosenmiiller, Schol. in Vet. Test., II, 2 p. 16);
would
result in the latter
but in early times another interpretation
had already been adopted,
as
by Josephus,
II, 9, 2,
who
reports that
the king gave Egyptian midwives to the Jews, as he supposed he
would be better obeyed by them than by the Jewish women.the Septuagint
Also
may
refer totH-v
Egyptian women, when'EjiiHuwv.
it
renders the
passage with Tat?
jun/ai's
Luther adopted the same:
view (Auslegung des andern Buches Mosi, Werke 351844,p.
Erlangen,
14),
and a
series of later writers
also,
who
tried even,
though always without success, to explain the names with the help ofthe Egyptian language.
So/,
ex.,
Cox (The Holy
Bible,
I,
p 253),
thinks J^Q meant " splenduit " or " parturio," and that Schiphra was the old-Egyptian chcper, and to be translated "prolific." Ledrain
who
went even
fartlier
(Hist,
du people
d'Israel, p. 63)calls
Egyptain names to the midwives, and he
and gave purely them P-uah and Schep-
Ra (la djgnite de Ra). We find a medial proposition with R. Isar Bar Juda Levita {cit. Schumann, de Vita Mosis, p. 100) who says in his book i>^n FT-i^C (the Egyptian name for Joseph) that he found out that the midwives were Egyptians by birth, but Jewesses byreligion.
Anotlier difficulty in this passage w^as how, from the great of Jews in Egypt, twoit
number;
women wereatleast
able to assist at
all
the births
so
was at an early time assumed (Aben Esra) that the twooften the case, a tribute from the profit of their
women
undoubtedly directedis
500 midwives, and had to pay, asart.
Althoughit
such an acceptance cannot be proved from the Bible, and thoughis
logically very
improbable that the Jews had,
at thatp. 10),
remote time,nevertheless
a kind ot guild of midwives (Dillmann, Exod.,
Aben Esra's supposition found acceptance, and even with more modern writers. Schumann (de Vita Mosis, p. 3S sq.), who thinks themidwives of Egyptianrace,
means
that as two
womenJena,1
could not
suffice, they must have been the heads of a guild, and Weissenborn
(Reiher, falsiloquentia obstetricum Hebraearum.
703, p. 5to
sq.
Kurtz, Gesch. des alten Bundes, II,
p.
27) declares
them
have
been
directors, or at least the
most important of the Jewish mid-
same time great trouble just like Hieronymus, Amhrosius, Luther and Melanchthon did to defend the deceitwives,
and takes
at the
of the midwives to the king, which the
Bible gives without any
40
Dec.
4]
PROCEEDINGS.
[1888.
addition from the moral point of view.
This thought would never
have comeof
to the old
Jewish commentators, to
whom
the moral right
an action which
God
himself rewarded was quite self-evident and
needed no further confirmation.*Verse22.
All sons
who
are
born throw into the water, andlet live.
all
daughters
The Hebrewmale children
text
and the Rabbins only mentioned theJarchi adv.
killing of
{p. ex.,
Midrasch Jalkut ad II Mos. i, Koran, Sur. 28, 5) others seemed;
16; Pirke R. Elieser, part. 48; 164; Elmacinus, p. 46; similarlyto
suppose that
all
children of7,
both sexes were drowned.speaks of the killing of the
Thus the History of the/3/je'0//,
Apostles,
19,
the new-born children in general,
and also Patricid., p. 25, reports that countless children were killed and drowned in the sea.t The Rabbins sought for motives for thesparing of the female children, thoughit
was rather natural, as the
order was the result following upon their opinion
from the original
text
of
although
it
differs
the fear that a deliverer of the Jewish the
nation might grow up.
Thushad
means
that the astrologers
said that they
Schemot Rabba (p. 16, Wiinsche) would kill the boys and
afterwards marry the
girls, for
the Egyptians were very voluptuous.
Thein
Bible;
says
nothing about the duration of the order ofdes andern Buches Mosi20) that the edict was in force
destruction
Luther's notice (Auslegung:
Werke 35
Erlangen, 1844,is
p.
for twenty years,
merely an hypothesis.
(cap. 47) pretends that the boys
The book of Jubilees had been drowned during seven
months up to the day or month when Moses was born. At first sight Cedrenus seems to have had another version when he remarksthat thelittle
Genesis says that the sucklings were killed during
ten months.'the three
But Cedrenus obtainedthatJubilees.
this higher
number by addingsevenp.
months
Moses was hid by
his parents to the
months of the Book of
Philo reports (de Vita Mosis,
604)
that the king ordered the boys to be killed, but keeps silence about
the oppression of the Jews.*
To
the passage
:
"And He madedomos
houses to them,":
cf.
Krafft,
de pietate
obstretricum, qua deus
dicitur aedificasse Israelitis
Jena, 1744.
whom
t Analagous measures are related/, ex. Lysimachus (Joseph, c. Ap., I, 34), after Bocchoris threw the lepers packed up in lead into the sea. Isocrates (in
illaud. Busirin, p. 442) reports Busiris to
have killed
all
the strangers wlio
came
to
his country.
41
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SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH.EOLOGY.give
[1888.
The RabbinsJewish children. gavekilled
manythe:
details relating to the persecution of the
Thusto
out three decrees;
Gemara i, when;
(Sota, p. 256) tells
how Pharaoh
a son was born he was to bethird
2,
he was
be drowned
and the
was even directedlast
against his
own
subjects, the
Egyptians.
This
thought hasdoes not
arisen, as Jarchi (ad 22) proves,
by the
facts that the Bible
say
"when he is born by the Hebrews," but in quite a general way, "when he is born." The Rabbins give the following detailed account Jarchi, who cites the Midrasch Jelammedenu, but used, as {cf.p.
Wagenseil, Sota,
257,
first
pointed out the Midrasch Rabba.p.
Cf.little
Wiinsche, Schemot Rabba,
16; Jalkut
I,
164, gives a
diversion; Synhedrin, loi*^; Sota, 12a):
"On
the day
Moses was
born, the astrologers told Pharaoh that theythat the deliverer of the Jews
had seen
in the stars
had been born that day, but they couldTherefore
not see whether his parents were Egyptian or Jewish.
Pharaohall
killed not only all the Jewish boys
born that day, but also
the Egyptian, and
when next day
the fatal constellation had not
yet disappeared, the king did not withdraw his order until, with the
exposing of Moses, the bad sign vanished.
The Egyptiansit
are said
not to have obeyed the decree, as they thought
impossible that
from their race a saviour and protector of the Jews could arise." The idea of an Egyptian persecution is relatively a late one the;
ancient tradition, as Josephus (Ant.,
II, 9.
2) gives
it,
does not yet
mentionstories,
it.
It is
very interesting to see on comparison with
how
the
Rabbins knewfor
to embellish
new
points the originally simpleconstellations.
instance from
the
celestial
Following
Josephus,this
an Egyptian
priest
prophesied to the king that about
up,
time a boy would be born among the Jews who, when grown would destroy the Egyptian power, raise the Israelites to a mighty power, shine among men on account of his virtues, and leave The king was in great fear, he behind him a famous memory.all
followed the prophet's counsel, and ordered
the Israelite boys toto
be drowneddisobedience.
in
the
river.
The midwives had
look after the
punctual execution of the decree.
Jos