19th Century Westernization /Modernization

Russia – JapanCommonality: prior experience of imitation: Russia –

Byzantium; Japan-China

Chapter 27

• I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance• 1861, Russia begins social, political reform•  

Russian Expansion, 1815-1914

• I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial AdvanceII. Protest and Revolution in RussiaIII. Japan: Transformation without Revolution

Overview: Russia was behind in industrialization compared to other western nations. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great adopted many western industrial ways but did not tolerate liberal reforms.

Russia's Industrialization: • Doesn't develop as quickly as diplomatic sect• Looks to previous civilizations for industrialization such as Byzantine

Empire• Serfdom becomes extended as a social aspect (still remains

agricultural economy with few advances in foreign equipment but no significant change)

VOCABULARY: emancipation of serfs, zemstvoes, trans-Siberian railroad

Political: Conservative monarchy (Alexander II)

Economic: Serfdom (serf based labor); technologically behind

Conflict: The Crimean war 1853- Russia felt obligation to protect the Christian in the Balkans

-Helped created Serbia and Bulgaria (1870)

Reaction: Alexander II passed political reforms:

Political ReformsIssue: Serfdom ended in western Europe 1789; US 1865, Hungary /

Prussia 1848.1861 – The emancipation of the Serfs – ended serfdom1. Created greater urban labor force2. Did not spur agriculture productivity3. Aristocratic class preserved4. Redemption payment created hardship5. Freed serfs lacked political powerGreater Reforms by Alexander II – created “Zemstvoes” –local

/regional voice-Promoted military merit promotion-Increase education (result: women gained skills/traveled outside Russia; upper class women sought professional occupation: medicine)-Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance 1870– Trans Siberian Railroad

Protests /Revolts

1. Protests due to famine; peasants in debts; business and professionals demand political voice

2. Intelligentsia demanded greater reforms (political freedom)- rise of radicalism; Marxism/Bolsheviks – Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

1870 – Alexander II tightened reforms (Okhrana used to subdue radicalism); censorship, arrest dissidents, etc.

1881- Alexander II assassinatedNicholas II

Conservative and repressed minority groups (“Pogroms” mass execution of Jews. Result – Jewish emigration

Russo-Japanese War 1904 –Japanese Victory (Treaty of Portsmouth)

Protests continued:Results: Duma formed Interior Minister “Piotyr

Stolypin” introduced Stoypin Reforms:1. Granted greater redemption payment to

peasants2. Peasants to buy/sell land

3. Allowed wealthy peasants to become rural

capitalist – “Kulaks”

Farmers of the kolkhozes protest againstthe kulaks in 1930 Russian well to do peasants “kulaks”

Japan Overview: A resource poor nation Japan depended on imports of Western equipment and raw material (coal) for industrial purposes; paid with silk production.

Isolation ended in 1853 with visit from Commodore Mathew Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa

• III. Japan: Transformation without Revolution 

• B. The Challenge to IsolationCommander Matthew Perry

• 1853, Japanese ports forced to open•  • Shogunate bureaucrats• Open doors reluctantly• Others want to end isolation• Conservative daimyos for isolation•  • Unrest• 1868, shogunate defeated• Meiji restoration• Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)•  

Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914

Meiji restoration Charter Oath – Japan new constitution 1868

• Parliamentary constitution. The five articles of the Charter Oath were the following:

• (1) “Deliberative assemblies shall be established on an extensive scale, and all governmental matters shall be determined by public discussion.”

• (2) “All classes, high and low, shall unite to carry out vigorously the plan of government.”

• (3) “All classes shall be permitted to fulfill their just aspirations so that there will be no discontent.”

• (4) “Evil customs of the past shall be discontinued, and new customs shall be based on the just laws of nature.”

• (5) “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world in order to promote the welfare of the empire.”

Meiji Era – Literacy rate high (40% men; 15% women)-Dutch Studies in Nagasaki

Industrial and political changes:1. Abolish feudalism2. Replaced daimyos with district administrators3. Centralize rule by the Meiji4. Abolish Samurai class5. New army based on national conscription6. Political reforms: Meiji leaders to travel abroad

Formed Diet (dual parliamentary) with coequal powersHouse of Peer House of Representatives(kizokui) (Shugiin)

Upper House Lower House

Emperor Meijiat Age 27

Economic /Industries1. New govt. Banks provided capital for industries2. State built railroads3. Islands connected by steamers4. Land reforms; clear ownership5. Mines, shipyards, metallurgical plants6. Hired western advisors7. Expanded education (i.e. department of agriculture

established at univeristy)-public schools created; curriculum emphasized science, math,

along with loyalty to the national gvt.-western style of dress and fashion grew in popularity-Shinotism gained new ground because it stressed allegiance

to the emperor.

RESULTSCapitalist Enterprise “Zaibatsu” (4 main zaibatsu)

– Many formerSamurai took advantage and benefitted 1. Takatoshi Mitsui (Sake/textile)2. Iwasaki Mitsubishi (shipping/mining/ship

building)3. Masamoto Sumitomo (medicine; copper refinery)4. Yasuda Zenjiro – Brokerage/shipping

Yasuda Zenjiro

Sino Japanese War 1894-95

Issue: Influence over KoreaResult: Treaty of Shimonosekia. China recognized Korea’s independenceb. China gave up Liadong Peninsulac. Japan gained Taiwan

Russo-Japanese War – 1904-05 demonstrated Japan’s military strength with a modern military force (Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II was the second most powerful navy in the Pacific War in World War II; third largest navy in the world. During the first years of the war the Imperial Japanese Navy dominated the Western Pacific.

The naval air service was one of the most potent air forces in the world before its destruction in World War II.)