1/9/07184 lecture 21. 1/9/07184 lecture 22 electric charge everyday example: when walking on a...

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Page 1: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 1

Page 2: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 3

Charge (2)Charge (2) Normally objects around us do not seem to carry a net charge. They have equal amounts of positive and negative charge and are

thus electrically neutral.

Demo:• If we rub a plastic rod with fur, the rod will become charged

• If we bring two charged plastic rods together, they will repel each other

• If we rub a glass rod with silk, the rod will become charged• If we bring together a charged plastic rod and a charged glass rod,

they will attract each other

Negative charge: an excess of electrons Positive charge: a deficit of electrons

Page 3: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 4

• Cargas del mismo signo se repelen y de signo opuesto se atraen

Nótese que la electricidad es algo diferente de la gravitación ….

“Ley de las cargas”“Ley de las cargas”

+

-

+

-

-

+

m2m1

Page 4: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 5

ElectrostaticaElectrostatica

Cual es la fuerza entre un objeto eléctricamente cargado (q) y un objeto neutro (0)?

Nótese que siempre es atractiva !!

Por qué?+q

0+++++

- ----Polarización!

Page 5: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 7

Carga del ElectrónCarga del Electrón

Se puede definir la unidad de carga en terminos de la carga de un electrón**…• Un electrón es una partícula elemental con

carga q = -e, donde •e = 1.60210-19 C

• Un protón es una partícula ‘elemental’ con q = +e

e = 1.602 x 10-19 C

** El ampere (André-Marie Ampère (1775 - 1836)]. es la 4ta unidad básica en el SI

como el metro, el segundo y el kilogramo

Page 6: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 8

Coulomb of ChargeCoulomb of Charge

A full coulomb is a very large amount of charge!• A lightning discharge can contain 10’s of coulombs• Demo - Wimshurst machine

The number of electrons required to produce 1 coulomb of charge is

Because a coulomb is a large amount of charge, everyday examples of static electricity typically involve• 1 microcoulomb = 1 C = 10-6 C• 1 nanocoulomb = 1 nC = 10-9 C• 1 picocoulomb = 1 pC = 10-12 C

1819-

1024.6C 101.602

C 1

eN

Page 7: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 9

El quantum de cargaEl quantum de carga

La carga electrica esta’ cuantizada

La carga mas pequenha observable es la del electron

Robert Millikan (1868 - 1953) y el experimento de la gota de aceite

Carga del electron = e =1.60210-19 C

Page 8: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 10

La estructura atómicaLa estructura atómica

Sistema planetario infinitesimal??!

Electricamente neutro: electrones ‘orbitando’ alrededor de un nucleo ‘en reposo’

Ejemplo: 12C tiene 6 protones, 6 neutrones and 6 electrones

Isotopos

Page 9: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 15

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI

MRI stands for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

MRI produces high quality images of living tissue without causing any damage.

The quality of an MRI image (signal-to-noise) is proportional to the the magnitude of the magnetic field• High field mean high quality images

Superconducting magnets can produce up to four times the magnetic field of a room-temperature magnet.

Magnetic Field = 1.5 T

Magnetic Field = 3.0 TYue Cao, Stephen Whalen, Jie Huang, Kevin L. Berger, and Mark C. DeLano, Human Brain Mapping 20:82–90(2003). (MSU Radiology)

Page 10: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 16

Dielectricos, Semiconductores, Conductores, SuperconductoresDielectricos, Semiconductores, Conductores, Superconductores

Dielectricos = aislantes, no conducen o conducen muy mal la electricidad En el conductor los electrones se mueven como si fuesen un fluido Semiconductores tienen un comportamiento electrico

como aislante y conductor Superconductividad: solo a muy bajas temperaturas

Replica del 1er transistor en 1947

Chip con millones de transistors

Page 11: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 17

Ley de CoulombLey de Coulomb

Fuerza eléctrica entre cargas puntuales…

dependencia 1/r2

como en gravitación K constante de Coulomb 0 permitividad del

vacío

221

r

qqkF

2

212

00

2

29

NmC

1085.8 , 4

1or

CNm

1099.8

kk

Page 12: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 18

The Electric FieldThe Electric Field

Field TheoryThe electric force is not “action at a distance” but is the action of a field.

A field is a physical entity that extends throughout a volume of space and exerts forces.

Electric field = E(x,t)Magnetic field = B(x,t)

Page 13: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 19

Campo Eléctrico Campo Eléctrico

Una carga crea o genera un campo alrededor de ella y otras cargas sienten ese campo

Carga de prueba: carga puntual positiva muy pequenha tal que no modifica el campo original

+Test charge q +

qF

E

Page 14: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 21

Algunas propiedades de las lineas de campo

Algunas propiedades de las lineas de campo

La intensidad del campo eléctrico está representada por la densidad de líneas

La dirección del campo eléctrico es tangente a las líneas de campo

Strong

Weak

Page 15: 1/9/07184 Lecture 21. 1/9/07184 Lecture 22 Electric Charge  Everyday example: When walking on a carpet on a dry winter’s day and then touching a door

1/9/07 184 Lecture 2 22

Lineas de campo: carga puntualLineas de campo: carga puntual

2D

3D

rr

kq ˆ)(2

xE