1911 census - volume i statisticians report
DESCRIPTION
1911 Census - Volume I Statisticians ReportTRANSCRIPT
2nd and 3rd APRIL, 1911 .
VOLUME I.
BY
G. H. KNIBBS, CM.G.
Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society', Membre de I'Institut International de Statistique, HonorarY Member
American Statistical Association, and of the Soci~t~ de Statistique de Paris, etc., etc.
COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN.
[0 S No 230.]
PREFACE.
In issuing Volume 1. of the Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 3rd April, 1911, it may be pointed out that Volumes n. and Ill. were pub lished on 30th September, 1914. At that time it was intended to issue shortly thereafter Volume 1. containing the Report of the Statistician and other matter. The disorganisation of duties which resulted from the war and the work involved in the taking of the War Census of 1915 were, however, so great that it has been found impracticable to complete the Volume until now.
The Report, which occupies 438 pages of the present Volume, furnishes in some detail an historical review of Census-taking-ancient, mediooval, and modern-and provides an analysis of the data collected and tabulated at the Australian Census of 1911. In the presentation of the data in this Volume,
,graphical representation has been freely used, and a series of maps has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the geographical distribution and density of the popUlation. A series of Appendices is attached to the Report: these contain copies of the principal instructions issued to Super visors, Enumerators, and Collectors, and the Reports on the collection in the several States furnished by their respective Supervisors. A special feature of the Volume is Appendix A, which, with its index, etc., covers 466 pages, and which, for convenience in issue as a separate publication, has been paginated separately from the earlier portion of the Volume.
This Appendix contains the results of a number of extended investiga tions made with the object of formulating at least some of the elements of a mathematical theory of population, and of resolving and interpreting the large body of crude demographic data, which has been accumulated in the statistical records of Australia.
In conclusion, I desire to place on record my appreciation of the services rendered, directly or indirectly, by the senior officers of the Bureau in connection with the work of the Census. Mr. H. Spondly, who was placed in charge of the organisation for the collection of the Census material; Mr. C. H. Wickens, A.LA. (now Supervisor of Census), who directed the tabulation and analysis of the data; Mr. Gerald Lightfoot, M.A., F.S.S" Barrister-at-Law, to whom were allotted all matters relating to the history of Census-taking, and the preparation of an account of the preliminary arrangements for the Census of 1911; and Mr. F. W. BarfQrd, M.A., A.LA., who helped in the compilation of the Life Tables; all rendered valuabl.e assistance; while Messrs. J. Stonham, M.A., E. T. McPhee, and F. D. Rossiter, M.A., rendered material aid by assuming increased responsibilities, involved through other officers being directly engaged on Census duties.
CENSUS BUREAU,
•
HL-CENSUSES OF MODERN TIMES 19
IV.-CENSUS TAKING IN AUSTRALIA 36
V.-THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS ACT 1905 57
VL-THE CENSUS SCHEDULE 59
VIH.-COLLECTION AND COMPILATION 79
IX.-POST·CENSAL ADJUSTMENT OF POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE INTERCENSAL PERIOD 1901·1911 85
X.-AGES 90
XL-BIRTHPLACES 114
2. CENSUS REGULATIONS .•
439
442
3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING IN THE HOUSEHOLDERS' SCHEDULES, CONSISTING OF THE PERSONAL
CARDS "A" AND THE HOUSEHOLDERS' CARDS "B." 445
4. ARRANGEMENTS CONCERNING EMPLOYMENT OF STATE OFFICERS UNDER THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS
ACT 1905 •• 447
6. INSTRUCTIONS TO RECORD CLERKS ASSISTING STATE SUPERVISORS OF CENSUS
7. FINANCIAL INSTRUCTIONS
9. INSTRUCTIONS TO COLLECTORS
•• 450
453
455
457
463
10. REPORTS OF STATE SUPERVISORS ON THE COLLECTION OF DATA FOR THE CENSUS OF 3RD APRIL, 1911 469
INDEX •• 490
A. THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF POPULATION, OF ITS CHARACTER AND FLUCTUATIONS, AND OF
THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THEM 1.466
B. ON THE MATERIALS FOR, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF, TABLES OF NATALITT, ISSUE, AND
ORPHANHOOD 467·480
Nrunber. Page.
1. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Crude Data, and Adjusted Results-Census of 1911 -Males . 95
2. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Crude Data, and Adjusted Results-Census of 1911 -Females 95
3. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Adjusted -Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Males 96
4. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Adjusted -Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Females 96
5. Ages of Population in each State, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Males 96
6. Ages of Population in each State, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Females .. 96
7. Commonwealth Population at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Male& .. 97
8. Commonwealth Population at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Females 97
9. Commonwealth Population below each Age Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Males 97
10. Commonwealth Population below each Age Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Females 97
11. PopUlation in States at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Males .. 98
12. Population in States at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Pemales 98
13. PopUlation in States under each Age, Adjusted Results~Census of 1911-Males 98
14. Population in States under each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-J<'emales .. 98
15. Masculinity of Commonwealth Population- Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911 100
16. Adult Population of the Commonwealth- 1881 to 1912 102
17. Metropolitan Population-Census of 1911- Males 111
18. Metropolitan Population-Census of 1911- }'emales 111
19. Birthplaces of Australian Population-Cen- suses of 1891, 1901, and 1911 .. 117
20. Ages and Birthplaces-Australasia, Europe, and all other Birthplaces-Census of 1911- Males 121
21. Ages and Birthplaces-Asia, Africa, America, Polynesia, and at Sea-Census of 1911- Males 122
22. Ages and Birthplaces-Australasia, Europe, and all other Birthplaces-Census of 1911- }'emales 122
23. Ages and Birthplaces-Asia, Africa, America, Polynesia, and at Sea-Census of 1911- Females 122
24. Percentage of Total Population at each Age- Census of 1911 .. 124
25. Masculinity according to Birthplace-Census of 1911 124
Number. Page.
26. Length of Residence of Oversea Population- Census of 1911-Males . . .. .. 125
27. Length of Residence of Oversea Population- Census of 1911-Females 125
28. Native-born Population according to States of Birth-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Persons 131
29. Ages and Birthplaces of Native-born Popula- tion-Census of 1911-Males .. 136
30. Ages and Bhthplaces of Native-born Popula- tion-Census of 1911-Females . . .. 136
31. Ages of Native-bom Population of Australia, 1911 136
32. Masculinity of Native-bom, according to Age, 1911 138
33. European-born Population of Australia-1891, 1901, and 1911-Persons 147
34. Masculinity of European-born Population of Australia, 1911 .. . . 150
35. Oversea Population of Australia, 1911-Ac- cording to States-Males and }'emales 157
36. Oversea Population of Australia, 1911-Ac cording to length of Residence-Males and Females 157
37. Length of Residence and State in which enu; merated, 1911-Males .. 158
38. Length of Residence and State in which enu- merated, 1911-Pemales 158
39; Length of Residence and Age, 1911-Males .. 161
40. Length of Residence and Age, 1911-Females 161
41. Metropolitan Oversea Population, 1911-Males and Pemales • . 164
42. Length of Residence of Metropolitan .Oversea Population, 1911-Males 164
43. Length of Residence of Metropolitan Oversea ·Population, 1911-Females 164
44. Number and Proportion above 5 years of age, unable to read-Commonwealth, 1891, 1901, and 1911-(a) Number 168
45. Number and Proportion above 5 years of age, unable to read-Commonwealth, 1891, 1901, and 1911-(b) Proportion 168
46. Number and Proportion of Illiterates in Age groups above 5-Commonwealth, 1911- (a) Number 173
47. Number and Proportion of Illiterates in Age groups abo~e 5-Commonwealth, 1911- (b) Proportion .. 173
48. Schooling as at 3rd April, 1911-Common- wealth-Males and Females .. 178
49. Children aged 6-13 last Birthday-Males and Pemales, 1911 180
·50. Schooling and Age (sexes combined)-Com- monwealth, 1911 182
51. Proportionate Distribution (sexes combined) -Commonwealth, 1911 182
52. 53. Number of S
Ages, 1911 and
Number. Page.
54. Prppprtipn pf State SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 . . . . . . . . .. 184
55. Prppprtipnate Age Distributipn pf State SchppI Pupils-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 185
56. Number pf Private SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 .. 186
57. Prppprtipn pf Private SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 .. 187
58. Prppprtipnate Age Distributipn pf Private SchppI Pupils-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 188
59. Number pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 192
60. Prppprtion pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indi- cated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 .. 192
61. Prpportipnate Age Distributipn pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Receiving Educa- tipn, 1911 193
62. Metrppplitan Pupils, 1911-Males and Fe- males 194
63. Metrppplitan Children, aged 6-13, last birth- day, 1911-Males and Females. . 196
64. Number pf Metrppplitan Children, aged 6-13, not indicated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 197
65. Metrppplitan Prppprtipn npt indicated as Re- ceiving Educatidn, 1911 198
66. Prppprtionate Age Distribution pf Metrpppli- tan Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Re- ceiving Educatipn, 1911 198
67. Distributipn accprding to. Religipn-Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 200
68. Distributipn accprding to. Religipn-Metrppp- litan Areas, 1911 212
69_ Blind Perspns and Deaf Mutes, 1911 .. 217
70. Blindness accprding to Age-Commpnwealth, 1911 218
71. Deafmutism accprding to. Age-Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 218
72. Npn-Eurppean Races (Full-blppd), 1911 223
73. N on-Eurppean Races (Half-caste), 1911 223 74. Principal Npn-Eurppean Races (Full-blopd)-
Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 225
76. Cpnjugal Cpnditipn of the Cpmmpnwealth Pppulatipn, 1911 243
77. Commpnwealth Males, Cpnjugal Cunditipn and Age, 1911 244
78. Cpmmpnwealth Females, Cpnjugal Cpnditipn and Age, 1911 .. 245
79. "Never Married" Males, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to 1911 246
80_ "Never Married" Males, Commpnwealth Prp- portipns, 1881 to. 1911 .. 247
81. "Never Married" Females, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 .. 248
82. ' , Never Married" Females, Cpmmpnwealth prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 248
83. Married Males, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 249
84. Married Males, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 249
85. Married Females, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 250
86. Married Females, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 251
87. Widowers, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 251
88. Widpwers, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 252
89. Widpws, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to 1911 252
90. Widpws, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 253
Number. Page.
91. "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed Persons-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- Males 257
92. "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed Perspns-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 td 1911- Females 257
93. Prppprtipns "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- Males 257
94. Prppprtipns "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- ,Females 257
95 Number and Age pf Absentees, Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 263
96. Percentage and Age pf Absentees, Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 263
97. Relative Ages pf Husbands and Wives, Cpm- mpnwealth, 1911 266
98. Average Difference pf Age, Husbands and Wives, Commpnwealth, 1911 .. 267
99. Birthplaces pf the Partners pf Australian-bprn Husbands and Wives, 1911 268
100. Tptal Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 275
101. Tptal Issue pf Wives-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911.. 275 102. Tptal Issue pf Australian-bprn Wives-Cpm-
mpnwealth, 1911 276
103. Age and Average Issue of Husbands and Wives, 1911 280
104. Age, Birthplace, and Average Issue pf Wives -Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 283
105. Age, Religipn, and Average Issue pf Wives- Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 284
106. Class pf Occupatipn, Age, and Average Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 287
107. Grade pf Occupatio.n, Age, and Average Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 288
108. Metrppplitan and Extra-Metrppplitan Average Issues accprding to. Age, 1911-Husbands .. 292
109. MetrppplItan and Extra-Metropplitan Average Issues according to Age, 1911-Wives 292
110. Cpmmpnwealth Deaths in Age-grpups, 1881- 1910-Males 303
111. Cpmmpnwealth Deaths in 1910-Females
Age-grpups, 1881- .. 303
113. Deaths - Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910 - Males and Females 315
114. Years pf Life at each Age-Cpmmonwealth, 1881-1910-(a) Males 316
115. Years pf Life at each Age-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 316
116. Cpmputed and Adjusted Values pf P-x -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1901-1910-(a) Males 321
117. Cpmputed and Adjusted Values of P-x -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1901-1910-(b) Females 321
118. Number Surviving at each Age (lx) -Cpm- mpnwealth; 1881-1910-(a) Males .. 328
119. Number Surviving at each age (lx) -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 328
120. Numbers Dying (dx)-Cpmmonwealth, 1881- 1910-(a) Males 328
121. Numbers Dying (dx ) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881- 1910-(b) Females 328
122. Australian Rates pf Mprtality (qx) 1881-1910 -(a) Males 329
123. Australian Rates pf Mprtality (qx), 1881-1910 -(b) Females " 329
124. Expectatipn pf Life (;x) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(a) Males .. 330
125. Expectatipn pf Life (;x) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 330
INDEX TO GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS. ix
Number. Page.
126. Number Surviving, 1901-1910 (lx)-Common- wealth and States-Ca) Males 332
127. Number Surviving, 1901-1910 (lx) -Oommon- wealth and States-(b) Females 332
128. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x)-Oommon- wealth and States-Ca) Males 334
129. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x)-Common- wealth and States-(b) Females 334
130. Number Surviving in Various Countries, 1901- 1910 (lx) -(a) Males.. .. . . .. 338
131. Number Surviving in Val'ions Oountries, 1901- 1910 (lx) -(b) Females 338
132. Numbers Surviving ,(lx)-Aust'ralia, and Eng- land and Wales, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 338
133. Numbers Surviving (lx)-Australia, and Eng- land and Wales, 1901-1910-(b) Females 338
134. Rates of Mortality (qx) for Various Ooun- tries, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 339
1H5. Rates of Mortality (qx) for Various Ooun- tries, 1901-1910-(b) Females H39
136. Rates of Mortality (qx) of Australia, and of England and Wales, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 340
137. Rates of Mortality (qx) of Australia, and of England and Wales, 1901-1910-(b) Fe- males 340
138. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x) in Oer- tain Oountries-(a) Males 341
139. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (ex) in Cer- tain Countries-Cb) Females.. 341
140. Expectation of Life in Australia, and in Eng land and Wales, 1901-1910 (~x) -(a) Males 341
141. Expectation of Life in Australia, and in Eng land and Wales, 1901-1910 (~x) -(b) 1<'e- males 341
142. Annuity Values (ax) at 3~ per cent.-(a) Males 345
143. Annuity Values (ax) at :It per cent.-(b) Fe- males 345
144. Breadwinners-Propol·tion per cent. of Popu- lation, 1911-Males and Females 350
145. Numbers in Each Class of Occupation-Oom- monwealth, 1911-Males and Females 352
146. Variations in Numbers in Each Occupation Class-Oommonwealth, 1891 to 1911-Males and Females 357
Number. Page.
147. Numbers in Each Grade of Occupation-Oom- monwealth, 1911-Males and 'E'emales 359
148. Proportional Distribution of Males, according to Class of Occupation and Age-Oommon- wealth, 1911 375
149. Proportional Distribution of Females, accord- ing to Class of Occupation and Age-Oom- monwealth, 1911 376
150. Proportional Distribution of Males, accord- ing to Grade of Occupation and Age-Com- monwealth, 1911 378
151. Proportional Distribution of Females, accord- ing to Grade of Occupation and Age-Oom- monwealth, 1911 :179
152. Unemployment Rates in Classes of Occupa tion-Oommonwealth, 3rd April, 1911- Males and Females 391
153. Unemployment Rates in States, 3rd April, 1911 Males and Females 391
154. Non-European Proportion per 1000 in each Class of Occupation-Commonwealth, 1911- Males and Females 394
155. Number of Occupied Private Dwellings, ac cording to Number of Rooms-Oommon- wealth, 1911 401
156. Inmates of Private Dwellings according to Number of Rooms-Commonwealth, 1911 .. 404
157. Average Number of Inmates per Private Dwelling-Commonwealth, 1911 407
158. Average Number of Inmates per Room, Pri- vate Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 408
159. Materials of Occupied Private Dwellings- Oommonwealth, 1911 409
160. Inmates of Private Dwellings-Common- wealth, 1911 411
161. Average Number of Inmates per Private Dwelling-Commonwealth, 1911 41:1
162. Average Weekly Rental Value per Dwelling, Private Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 .. 417
163. Average Weekly Rental Value per Room, Pri- vate Dwellings-Oommonwealth, 1911 418
164. Average Weekly Rental Value per Inmate, Pri- vate Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 419
INDEX TO CENSUS MAPS.
Oommonwealth of Australia Facing Page 425 Northern Territory Facing Page 432
New South Wales "
§1. Introduction- 1. General 2. The Census at Various Periods
§2. {Jensuses in Ancient Times-
1. Babylonian Census .. 2. Egyptian Census 3. Early Chinese Census 4. Hebrew Census 5. Greek Census 6. Roman Census
PAGE
PAGE §3. Medireval Censuses-
1. Adoption of Census by Christian Europe 4 2. Medireval Censuses .. 4
§4. Revival of Census-taking in Modern Times-
1. Revival of Census-taking .. 5 2. Later Developments of the Modern Cen-
sus 5
CHAPTER II.-MODERN METHODS OF CENSUS-TAKING.
§1. Objects and Uses of the Census- §2. Methods of Enumeration-
1. General 11
1. General 6 2. Manner of Determining the Locality Qf
2. Demographic 6 Population .. 11 3. Methods of Recording the Population 11
3. Social .. 8 4. The Form of the Schedule 12
4. Ethnographic 9 5. The Scope of the Census 13 6. Methods of Tabulation 14
5. Statistical and Administrative 10 7. Intercensal Periods .. 16
CHAPTER IlL-CENSUSES OF MODERN TIMES.
§1. Great Britain and Ireland- 1. England and Wales 2. Scotland 3. Ireland
§2. British Possessions and Dependeneies
A.-Introduetion- 1. General 2. Census Methods
B.-Africa-
23 23
1. Cape of Good Hope 24 2. Natal .. 25 3. The Orange Free State 25 4. The Transvaal and Swaziland 25 5. Mauritius 25 6. Seychelles Archipelago 25 7. Protectorates and Minor Posses-
sions 25
U.-Asia- 1. India .. 25 2. Ceylon 26 3. Hong-Kong 27
D.-Australasia- 1. Commonwealth of Australia 27 2. N~w Zealand 28
E.-British North America- 1. Canada 30 2. Newfoundland and Labrador 31
F.-West Indies and British South America- 1. General 32 2. Bahama Islands 32 3. British Honduras 32 4. Other British Possessions 32
§3. Foreign Countries-
A.-Europe~ 1. General 2. Spain .. 3. Germany 4. Sweden 5. France 6. Belgium 7. Norway 8. Switzerland 9. Italy
10. Austria 11. Greece 12. Russia .. 13. Netherlands
B.-America- 1. The United States
32 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34
34
CHAPTER IV.-CENSUS TAKING IN AUSTRALIA.
§1. Introduction- PAGE PAGE §4. Queensland-
1. General 36 2. Dates of Censuses in Australia 36 3. Uniformity in Census Methods 37 4. The Census Conference, 1890 37 5. The Census Conference, 1900 38 6. Results of Conferences 39 7. The Progressive Development of the
Schedules " 39 8. Cost of Censuses 41
1. Early Enumerations in Moreton Bay Dis- trict 49
2. First Census of Colony of Queensland, 1861 49
3. The Census of 1864 50 4. The Census of 1868 50 5. The Census of 187l 50 6. The Censuses of 1876, 1881, 1886, and
1891 50 7. Tl- - Census of 1901 51
§2. New South Wales- §5. South Australia-
1. Musters and Enumerations in Early Days 41 2. First Regular Census, 1828 41 3. The Census of 1833 42 4. The Census of 1836 42 5. The Census of 1841 42 6. The Census of 1846 43 7. The Census of 1851 43 8. The Census of 1856 43 9. The Censuses of 1861, 187l, and 1881 44
10. The Census of 1891 45 11. The Census of 1901 46
1. Introduction 52 2. Dates of Censuses and Authority under
which taken 52 3. Census Methods 52 4. Scope of Inquiries 52 5. Remuneration of Collectors and Total Cost
of Census .. 52
§6. Western Australia-
1. Early Enumemtions 53 2. The-First Census, 1848 53 3. The Census of 1854 .. 53 4. Censuses of 1859 and 1870 53
§3. Victoria- 5. Censuses of 1881 and 1891 53
§1.
§2.
§1.
§2.
1. Early Enumerations 6. The Census of 190~ .. 54
2. The Censuses of 1841, 1846, and 1851 3. The Census of 1854 .. 4. The Census of 1857 " 5. The Censuses of 1861, 187l, and 1881 6. The Census of 1891 .. 7. The Census of 1901 .. 8. Cost of Collection 1857 to 1901
46 46 91· Tasmania- 47 1. Introduction 47 2. Early Censuses 47 . 3. The Census of 1881 48 4. The Census of 1891 48 5. The Oensus of 1901 49 6. Cost of Censuses, 1861 to 1901
CHAPTER V.-THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS ACT, 1905.
Introduction- 3. Particulars in Schedule
1. General 57 4. Nature of Householder's Schedule 2. Administration 57…
VOLUME I.
BY
G. H. KNIBBS, CM.G.
Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society', Membre de I'Institut International de Statistique, HonorarY Member
American Statistical Association, and of the Soci~t~ de Statistique de Paris, etc., etc.
COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN.
[0 S No 230.]
PREFACE.
In issuing Volume 1. of the Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 3rd April, 1911, it may be pointed out that Volumes n. and Ill. were pub lished on 30th September, 1914. At that time it was intended to issue shortly thereafter Volume 1. containing the Report of the Statistician and other matter. The disorganisation of duties which resulted from the war and the work involved in the taking of the War Census of 1915 were, however, so great that it has been found impracticable to complete the Volume until now.
The Report, which occupies 438 pages of the present Volume, furnishes in some detail an historical review of Census-taking-ancient, mediooval, and modern-and provides an analysis of the data collected and tabulated at the Australian Census of 1911. In the presentation of the data in this Volume,
,graphical representation has been freely used, and a series of maps has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the geographical distribution and density of the popUlation. A series of Appendices is attached to the Report: these contain copies of the principal instructions issued to Super visors, Enumerators, and Collectors, and the Reports on the collection in the several States furnished by their respective Supervisors. A special feature of the Volume is Appendix A, which, with its index, etc., covers 466 pages, and which, for convenience in issue as a separate publication, has been paginated separately from the earlier portion of the Volume.
This Appendix contains the results of a number of extended investiga tions made with the object of formulating at least some of the elements of a mathematical theory of population, and of resolving and interpreting the large body of crude demographic data, which has been accumulated in the statistical records of Australia.
In conclusion, I desire to place on record my appreciation of the services rendered, directly or indirectly, by the senior officers of the Bureau in connection with the work of the Census. Mr. H. Spondly, who was placed in charge of the organisation for the collection of the Census material; Mr. C. H. Wickens, A.LA. (now Supervisor of Census), who directed the tabulation and analysis of the data; Mr. Gerald Lightfoot, M.A., F.S.S" Barrister-at-Law, to whom were allotted all matters relating to the history of Census-taking, and the preparation of an account of the preliminary arrangements for the Census of 1911; and Mr. F. W. BarfQrd, M.A., A.LA., who helped in the compilation of the Life Tables; all rendered valuabl.e assistance; while Messrs. J. Stonham, M.A., E. T. McPhee, and F. D. Rossiter, M.A., rendered material aid by assuming increased responsibilities, involved through other officers being directly engaged on Census duties.
CENSUS BUREAU,
•
HL-CENSUSES OF MODERN TIMES 19
IV.-CENSUS TAKING IN AUSTRALIA 36
V.-THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS ACT 1905 57
VL-THE CENSUS SCHEDULE 59
VIH.-COLLECTION AND COMPILATION 79
IX.-POST·CENSAL ADJUSTMENT OF POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE INTERCENSAL PERIOD 1901·1911 85
X.-AGES 90
XL-BIRTHPLACES 114
2. CENSUS REGULATIONS .•
439
442
3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING IN THE HOUSEHOLDERS' SCHEDULES, CONSISTING OF THE PERSONAL
CARDS "A" AND THE HOUSEHOLDERS' CARDS "B." 445
4. ARRANGEMENTS CONCERNING EMPLOYMENT OF STATE OFFICERS UNDER THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS
ACT 1905 •• 447
6. INSTRUCTIONS TO RECORD CLERKS ASSISTING STATE SUPERVISORS OF CENSUS
7. FINANCIAL INSTRUCTIONS
9. INSTRUCTIONS TO COLLECTORS
•• 450
453
455
457
463
10. REPORTS OF STATE SUPERVISORS ON THE COLLECTION OF DATA FOR THE CENSUS OF 3RD APRIL, 1911 469
INDEX •• 490
A. THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF POPULATION, OF ITS CHARACTER AND FLUCTUATIONS, AND OF
THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THEM 1.466
B. ON THE MATERIALS FOR, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF, TABLES OF NATALITT, ISSUE, AND
ORPHANHOOD 467·480
Nrunber. Page.
1. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Crude Data, and Adjusted Results-Census of 1911 -Males . 95
2. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Crude Data, and Adjusted Results-Census of 1911 -Females 95
3. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Adjusted -Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Males 96
4. Ages of Commonwealth Population, Adjusted -Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Females 96
5. Ages of Population in each State, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Males 96
6. Ages of Population in each State, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Females .. 96
7. Commonwealth Population at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Male& .. 97
8. Commonwealth Population at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Females 97
9. Commonwealth Population below each Age Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Males 97
10. Commonwealth Population below each Age Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911- Females 97
11. PopUlation in States at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Males .. 98
12. Population in States at and above each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-Pemales 98
13. PopUlation in States under each Age, Adjusted Results~Census of 1911-Males 98
14. Population in States under each Age, Adjusted Results-Census of 1911-J<'emales .. 98
15. Masculinity of Commonwealth Population- Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911 100
16. Adult Population of the Commonwealth- 1881 to 1912 102
17. Metropolitan Population-Census of 1911- Males 111
18. Metropolitan Population-Census of 1911- }'emales 111
19. Birthplaces of Australian Population-Cen- suses of 1891, 1901, and 1911 .. 117
20. Ages and Birthplaces-Australasia, Europe, and all other Birthplaces-Census of 1911- Males 121
21. Ages and Birthplaces-Asia, Africa, America, Polynesia, and at Sea-Census of 1911- Males 122
22. Ages and Birthplaces-Australasia, Europe, and all other Birthplaces-Census of 1911- }'emales 122
23. Ages and Birthplaces-Asia, Africa, America, Polynesia, and at Sea-Census of 1911- Females 122
24. Percentage of Total Population at each Age- Census of 1911 .. 124
25. Masculinity according to Birthplace-Census of 1911 124
Number. Page.
26. Length of Residence of Oversea Population- Census of 1911-Males . . .. .. 125
27. Length of Residence of Oversea Population- Census of 1911-Females 125
28. Native-born Population according to States of Birth-Censuses of 1881, 1891, 1901, and 1911-Persons 131
29. Ages and Birthplaces of Native-born Popula- tion-Census of 1911-Males .. 136
30. Ages and Bhthplaces of Native-born Popula- tion-Census of 1911-Females . . .. 136
31. Ages of Native-bom Population of Australia, 1911 136
32. Masculinity of Native-bom, according to Age, 1911 138
33. European-born Population of Australia-1891, 1901, and 1911-Persons 147
34. Masculinity of European-born Population of Australia, 1911 .. . . 150
35. Oversea Population of Australia, 1911-Ac- cording to States-Males and }'emales 157
36. Oversea Population of Australia, 1911-Ac cording to length of Residence-Males and Females 157
37. Length of Residence and State in which enu; merated, 1911-Males .. 158
38. Length of Residence and State in which enu- merated, 1911-Pemales 158
39; Length of Residence and Age, 1911-Males .. 161
40. Length of Residence and Age, 1911-Females 161
41. Metropolitan Oversea Population, 1911-Males and Pemales • . 164
42. Length of Residence of Metropolitan .Oversea Population, 1911-Males 164
43. Length of Residence of Metropolitan Oversea ·Population, 1911-Females 164
44. Number and Proportion above 5 years of age, unable to read-Commonwealth, 1891, 1901, and 1911-(a) Number 168
45. Number and Proportion above 5 years of age, unable to read-Commonwealth, 1891, 1901, and 1911-(b) Proportion 168
46. Number and Proportion of Illiterates in Age groups above 5-Commonwealth, 1911- (a) Number 173
47. Number and Proportion of Illiterates in Age groups abo~e 5-Commonwealth, 1911- (b) Proportion .. 173
48. Schooling as at 3rd April, 1911-Common- wealth-Males and Females .. 178
49. Children aged 6-13 last Birthday-Males and Pemales, 1911 180
·50. Schooling and Age (sexes combined)-Com- monwealth, 1911 182
51. Proportionate Distribution (sexes combined) -Commonwealth, 1911 182
52. 53. Number of S
Ages, 1911 and
Number. Page.
54. Prppprtipn pf State SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 . . . . . . . . .. 184
55. Prppprtipnate Age Distributipn pf State SchppI Pupils-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 185
56. Number pf Private SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 .. 186
57. Prppprtipn pf Private SchppI Pupils-States and Ages, 1911 .. 187
58. Prppprtipnate Age Distributipn pf Private SchppI Pupils-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 188
59. Number pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 192
60. Prppprtion pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indi- cated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 .. 192
61. Prpportipnate Age Distributipn pf Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Receiving Educa- tipn, 1911 193
62. Metrppplitan Pupils, 1911-Males and Fe- males 194
63. Metrppplitan Children, aged 6-13, last birth- day, 1911-Males and Females. . 196
64. Number pf Metrppplitan Children, aged 6-13, not indicated as Receiving Educatipn, 1911 197
65. Metrppplitan Prppprtipn npt indicated as Re- ceiving Educatidn, 1911 198
66. Prppprtionate Age Distribution pf Metrpppli- tan Children, aged 6-13, npt indicated as Re- ceiving Educatipn, 1911 198
67. Distributipn accprding to. Religipn-Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 200
68. Distributipn accprding to. Religipn-Metrppp- litan Areas, 1911 212
69_ Blind Perspns and Deaf Mutes, 1911 .. 217
70. Blindness accprding to Age-Commpnwealth, 1911 218
71. Deafmutism accprding to. Age-Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 218
72. Npn-Eurppean Races (Full-blppd), 1911 223
73. N on-Eurppean Races (Half-caste), 1911 223 74. Principal Npn-Eurppean Races (Full-blopd)-
Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 225
76. Cpnjugal Cpnditipn of the Cpmmpnwealth Pppulatipn, 1911 243
77. Commpnwealth Males, Cpnjugal Cunditipn and Age, 1911 244
78. Cpmmpnwealth Females, Cpnjugal Cpnditipn and Age, 1911 .. 245
79. "Never Married" Males, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to 1911 246
80_ "Never Married" Males, Commpnwealth Prp- portipns, 1881 to. 1911 .. 247
81. "Never Married" Females, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 .. 248
82. ' , Never Married" Females, Cpmmpnwealth prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 248
83. Married Males, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 249
84. Married Males, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 249
85. Married Females, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 250
86. Married Females, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 251
87. Widowers, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to. 1911 251
88. Widpwers, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 252
89. Widpws, Cpmmpnwealth Numbers, 1881 to 1911 252
90. Widpws, Cpmmpnwealth Prppprtipns, 1881 to. 1911 253
Number. Page.
91. "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed Persons-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- Males 257
92. "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed Perspns-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 td 1911- Females 257
93. Prppprtipns "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- Males 257
94. Prppprtipns "Never Married," Married, and Widpwed-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881 to. 1911- ,Females 257
95 Number and Age pf Absentees, Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 263
96. Percentage and Age pf Absentees, Cpmmpn- wealth, 1911 263
97. Relative Ages pf Husbands and Wives, Cpm- mpnwealth, 1911 266
98. Average Difference pf Age, Husbands and Wives, Commpnwealth, 1911 .. 267
99. Birthplaces pf the Partners pf Australian-bprn Husbands and Wives, 1911 268
100. Tptal Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 275
101. Tptal Issue pf Wives-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911.. 275 102. Tptal Issue pf Australian-bprn Wives-Cpm-
mpnwealth, 1911 276
103. Age and Average Issue of Husbands and Wives, 1911 280
104. Age, Birthplace, and Average Issue pf Wives -Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 283
105. Age, Religipn, and Average Issue pf Wives- Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 284
106. Class pf Occupatipn, Age, and Average Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 287
107. Grade pf Occupatio.n, Age, and Average Issue pf Husbands-Cpmmpnwealth, 1911 .. 288
108. Metrppplitan and Extra-Metrppplitan Average Issues accprding to. Age, 1911-Husbands .. 292
109. MetrppplItan and Extra-Metropplitan Average Issues according to Age, 1911-Wives 292
110. Cpmmpnwealth Deaths in Age-grpups, 1881- 1910-Males 303
111. Cpmmpnwealth Deaths in 1910-Females
Age-grpups, 1881- .. 303
113. Deaths - Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910 - Males and Females 315
114. Years pf Life at each Age-Cpmmonwealth, 1881-1910-(a) Males 316
115. Years pf Life at each Age-Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 316
116. Cpmputed and Adjusted Values pf P-x -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1901-1910-(a) Males 321
117. Cpmputed and Adjusted Values of P-x -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1901-1910-(b) Females 321
118. Number Surviving at each Age (lx) -Cpm- mpnwealth; 1881-1910-(a) Males .. 328
119. Number Surviving at each age (lx) -Cpm- mpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 328
120. Numbers Dying (dx)-Cpmmonwealth, 1881- 1910-(a) Males 328
121. Numbers Dying (dx ) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881- 1910-(b) Females 328
122. Australian Rates pf Mprtality (qx) 1881-1910 -(a) Males 329
123. Australian Rates pf Mprtality (qx), 1881-1910 -(b) Females " 329
124. Expectatipn pf Life (;x) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(a) Males .. 330
125. Expectatipn pf Life (;x) -Cpmmpnwealth, 1881-1910-(b) Females 330
INDEX TO GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS. ix
Number. Page.
126. Number Surviving, 1901-1910 (lx)-Common- wealth and States-Ca) Males 332
127. Number Surviving, 1901-1910 (lx) -Oommon- wealth and States-(b) Females 332
128. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x)-Oommon- wealth and States-Ca) Males 334
129. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x)-Common- wealth and States-(b) Females 334
130. Number Surviving in Various Countries, 1901- 1910 (lx) -(a) Males.. .. . . .. 338
131. Number Surviving in Val'ions Oountries, 1901- 1910 (lx) -(b) Females 338
132. Numbers Surviving ,(lx)-Aust'ralia, and Eng- land and Wales, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 338
133. Numbers Surviving (lx)-Australia, and Eng- land and Wales, 1901-1910-(b) Females 338
134. Rates of Mortality (qx) for Various Ooun- tries, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 339
1H5. Rates of Mortality (qx) for Various Ooun- tries, 1901-1910-(b) Females H39
136. Rates of Mortality (qx) of Australia, and of England and Wales, 1901-1910-(a) Males .. 340
137. Rates of Mortality (qx) of Australia, and of England and Wales, 1901-1910-(b) Fe- males 340
138. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (~x) in Oer- tain Oountries-(a) Males 341
139. Expectation of Life, 1901-1910 (ex) in Cer- tain Countries-Cb) Females.. 341
140. Expectation of Life in Australia, and in Eng land and Wales, 1901-1910 (~x) -(a) Males 341
141. Expectation of Life in Australia, and in Eng land and Wales, 1901-1910 (~x) -(b) 1<'e- males 341
142. Annuity Values (ax) at 3~ per cent.-(a) Males 345
143. Annuity Values (ax) at :It per cent.-(b) Fe- males 345
144. Breadwinners-Propol·tion per cent. of Popu- lation, 1911-Males and Females 350
145. Numbers in Each Class of Occupation-Oom- monwealth, 1911-Males and Females 352
146. Variations in Numbers in Each Occupation Class-Oommonwealth, 1891 to 1911-Males and Females 357
Number. Page.
147. Numbers in Each Grade of Occupation-Oom- monwealth, 1911-Males and 'E'emales 359
148. Proportional Distribution of Males, according to Class of Occupation and Age-Oommon- wealth, 1911 375
149. Proportional Distribution of Females, accord- ing to Class of Occupation and Age-Oom- monwealth, 1911 376
150. Proportional Distribution of Males, accord- ing to Grade of Occupation and Age-Com- monwealth, 1911 378
151. Proportional Distribution of Females, accord- ing to Grade of Occupation and Age-Oom- monwealth, 1911 :179
152. Unemployment Rates in Classes of Occupa tion-Oommonwealth, 3rd April, 1911- Males and Females 391
153. Unemployment Rates in States, 3rd April, 1911 Males and Females 391
154. Non-European Proportion per 1000 in each Class of Occupation-Commonwealth, 1911- Males and Females 394
155. Number of Occupied Private Dwellings, ac cording to Number of Rooms-Oommon- wealth, 1911 401
156. Inmates of Private Dwellings according to Number of Rooms-Commonwealth, 1911 .. 404
157. Average Number of Inmates per Private Dwelling-Commonwealth, 1911 407
158. Average Number of Inmates per Room, Pri- vate Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 408
159. Materials of Occupied Private Dwellings- Oommonwealth, 1911 409
160. Inmates of Private Dwellings-Common- wealth, 1911 411
161. Average Number of Inmates per Private Dwelling-Commonwealth, 1911 41:1
162. Average Weekly Rental Value per Dwelling, Private Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 .. 417
163. Average Weekly Rental Value per Room, Pri- vate Dwellings-Oommonwealth, 1911 418
164. Average Weekly Rental Value per Inmate, Pri- vate Dwellings-Commonwealth, 1911 419
INDEX TO CENSUS MAPS.
Oommonwealth of Australia Facing Page 425 Northern Territory Facing Page 432
New South Wales "
§1. Introduction- 1. General 2. The Census at Various Periods
§2. {Jensuses in Ancient Times-
1. Babylonian Census .. 2. Egyptian Census 3. Early Chinese Census 4. Hebrew Census 5. Greek Census 6. Roman Census
PAGE
PAGE §3. Medireval Censuses-
1. Adoption of Census by Christian Europe 4 2. Medireval Censuses .. 4
§4. Revival of Census-taking in Modern Times-
1. Revival of Census-taking .. 5 2. Later Developments of the Modern Cen-
sus 5
CHAPTER II.-MODERN METHODS OF CENSUS-TAKING.
§1. Objects and Uses of the Census- §2. Methods of Enumeration-
1. General 11
1. General 6 2. Manner of Determining the Locality Qf
2. Demographic 6 Population .. 11 3. Methods of Recording the Population 11
3. Social .. 8 4. The Form of the Schedule 12
4. Ethnographic 9 5. The Scope of the Census 13 6. Methods of Tabulation 14
5. Statistical and Administrative 10 7. Intercensal Periods .. 16
CHAPTER IlL-CENSUSES OF MODERN TIMES.
§1. Great Britain and Ireland- 1. England and Wales 2. Scotland 3. Ireland
§2. British Possessions and Dependeneies
A.-Introduetion- 1. General 2. Census Methods
B.-Africa-
23 23
1. Cape of Good Hope 24 2. Natal .. 25 3. The Orange Free State 25 4. The Transvaal and Swaziland 25 5. Mauritius 25 6. Seychelles Archipelago 25 7. Protectorates and Minor Posses-
sions 25
U.-Asia- 1. India .. 25 2. Ceylon 26 3. Hong-Kong 27
D.-Australasia- 1. Commonwealth of Australia 27 2. N~w Zealand 28
E.-British North America- 1. Canada 30 2. Newfoundland and Labrador 31
F.-West Indies and British South America- 1. General 32 2. Bahama Islands 32 3. British Honduras 32 4. Other British Possessions 32
§3. Foreign Countries-
A.-Europe~ 1. General 2. Spain .. 3. Germany 4. Sweden 5. France 6. Belgium 7. Norway 8. Switzerland 9. Italy
10. Austria 11. Greece 12. Russia .. 13. Netherlands
B.-America- 1. The United States
32 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34
34
CHAPTER IV.-CENSUS TAKING IN AUSTRALIA.
§1. Introduction- PAGE PAGE §4. Queensland-
1. General 36 2. Dates of Censuses in Australia 36 3. Uniformity in Census Methods 37 4. The Census Conference, 1890 37 5. The Census Conference, 1900 38 6. Results of Conferences 39 7. The Progressive Development of the
Schedules " 39 8. Cost of Censuses 41
1. Early Enumerations in Moreton Bay Dis- trict 49
2. First Census of Colony of Queensland, 1861 49
3. The Census of 1864 50 4. The Census of 1868 50 5. The Census of 187l 50 6. The Censuses of 1876, 1881, 1886, and
1891 50 7. Tl- - Census of 1901 51
§2. New South Wales- §5. South Australia-
1. Musters and Enumerations in Early Days 41 2. First Regular Census, 1828 41 3. The Census of 1833 42 4. The Census of 1836 42 5. The Census of 1841 42 6. The Census of 1846 43 7. The Census of 1851 43 8. The Census of 1856 43 9. The Censuses of 1861, 187l, and 1881 44
10. The Census of 1891 45 11. The Census of 1901 46
1. Introduction 52 2. Dates of Censuses and Authority under
which taken 52 3. Census Methods 52 4. Scope of Inquiries 52 5. Remuneration of Collectors and Total Cost
of Census .. 52
§6. Western Australia-
1. Early Enumemtions 53 2. The-First Census, 1848 53 3. The Census of 1854 .. 53 4. Censuses of 1859 and 1870 53
§3. Victoria- 5. Censuses of 1881 and 1891 53
§1.
§2.
§1.
§2.
1. Early Enumerations 6. The Census of 190~ .. 54
2. The Censuses of 1841, 1846, and 1851 3. The Census of 1854 .. 4. The Census of 1857 " 5. The Censuses of 1861, 187l, and 1881 6. The Census of 1891 .. 7. The Census of 1901 .. 8. Cost of Collection 1857 to 1901
46 46 91· Tasmania- 47 1. Introduction 47 2. Early Censuses 47 . 3. The Census of 1881 48 4. The Census of 1891 48 5. The Oensus of 1901 49 6. Cost of Censuses, 1861 to 1901
CHAPTER V.-THE CENSUS AND STATISTICS ACT, 1905.
Introduction- 3. Particulars in Schedule
1. General 57 4. Nature of Householder's Schedule 2. Administration 57…